Cited by 118Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchFluoride Effects and RemovalChemical Analysis and Environmental Impact

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Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) blood levels after contamination of a community water supply and comparison with 2013–2014 NHANES

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Graber, Judith M., Alexander, Cora, Laumbach, Robert J., Black, Kathleen, Strickland, Pamela Ohman, Georgopoulos, Panos G., Marshall, Elizabeth G., Shendell, Derek G, Alderson, Donald, Mi, Zhongyuan, Mascari, Michael, Weisel, Clifford P.·2019·Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

DOI 10.1038/s41370-018-0096-zPMC PMC6380951

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Abstract

Introduction Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were detected in the community water supply of Paulsboro New Jersey in 2009.Methods A cross-sectional study enrolled 192 claimants from a class-action lawsuit, not affiliated with this study, who had been awarded a blood test for 13 PFAS. Study participants provided their blood test results and completed a survey about demographics; 105 participants also completed a health survey. Geometric means, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of exposure of PFNA blood serum concentrations were compared to that of the 2013-2014 NHANES, adjusted for reporting level. Associations between PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS and self-reported health outcomes were assessed using logistic regression.Results PFNA serum levels were 285% higher in Paulsboro compared with U.S. residents. PFNA serum levels were higher among older compared with younger, and male compared to female, Paulsboro residents. After adjustment for potential confounding, there was a significant association between increased serum PFNA levels and self-reported high cholesterol (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.29).Discussion/conclusion Further investigation into possible health effects of PFAS exposure in Paulsboro and other community settings is warranted. Since exposure has ceased, toxicokinetics of PFAS elimination should be explored.

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Bjørke‐Monsen, A., Varsi, K., Averina, M., Brox, J. H., & Huber, S. (2020) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000131 · Cited by 27
Surveying the Chemical Anthropocene
Hendlin, Y. H. (2021) · Environment and Society · doi:10.3167/ares.2021.120111 · Cited by 27
Thermal processing reduces PFAS concentrations in blue food – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Vendl, C., Pottier, P., Taylor, M. D., Bräunig, J., Gibson, M., Hesselson, D., Neely, G. G., Lagisz, M., & Nakagawa, S. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119081 · Cited by 26
Contamination of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in agricultural soils: A review
Biswas, B., Joseph, A., Parveen, N., Ranjan, V. P., Goel, S., Mandal, J., & Srivastava, P. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124993 · Cited by 27
Prenatal perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and neurodevelopment in toddlers: Findings from SMBCS
Zhang, B., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Dai, Y., Feng, C., Lin, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, J., Qi, X., Chang, X., et al. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137587 · Cited by 27
Sorptive removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in organic-free water, surface water, and landfill leachate and thermal reactivation of spent sorbents
Sun, R., Sasi, P. C., Alinezhad, A., & Xiao, F. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100311 · Cited by 27
PFASs intake from fish, eggs and drinking water in Greece in relation to the safety limits for weekly intake proposed in the EFSA scientific opinion of 2020
Costopoulou, D., Vassiliadou, I., & Leondiadis, L. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131851 · Cited by 23
Evaluation and validation of methodologies for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum of birds and mammals
Szabo, D., Marchiandi, J., Green, M. P., Mulder, R. A., & Clarke, B. O. (2022) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-022-03962-3 · Cited by 28
“2 ng [PFOA] mL−1) [30] and the occupationally exposed people (e.”
Background
Embryonic exposure to PFAS causes long-term, compound-specific behavioral alterations in zebrafish
Hawkey, A. B., Mead, M., Natarajan, S., Gondal, A., Jarrett, O., & Levin, E. D. (2023) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107165 · Cited by 25
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and human health: a review of exposure routes and potential toxicities across the lifespan
Ly, C. Y. S., Alrazihi, L. A., Wong, S. T., & Wong, S. F. (2025) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1093/etojnl/vgaf172 · Cited by 27
Lipoprotein profiles associated with exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the EuroMix human biomonitoring study
Papadopoulou, E., Nicolescu, A. F., Haug, L. S., Husøy, T., Deleanu, C., Dirven, H. A. A. M., & Lindeman, B. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119664 · Cited by 24
Multi-site study of communities with PFAS-contaminated drinking water: Methods, demographics, and PFAS serum concentrations
Pavúk, M., Adgate, J. L., Bartell, S. M., Bell, E. M., Brown, L. M., Laumbach, R. J., Schaider, L. A., Erve, T. J. V. ‘., Bailey, J. M., Botelho, J. C., et al. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109589 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Determinants of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure among Wisconsin residents
Pomazal, R., Malecki, K. M. C., Stanton, N., Shelton, B. R., Lange, M., Irving, R., Meiman, J. G., Remucal, C. K., Cochran, A. L., & Schultz, A. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119131 · Cited by 26
Recent advances in the remediation of perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated contaminated sites
Marquínez-Marquínez, A. N., Loor-Molina, N. S., Quiroz-Fernández, L. S., Maddela, N. R., Luque, R., & Rodríguez-Díaz, J. M. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.115152 · Cited by 23
Use of Tox21 screening data to profile PFAS bioactivities on nuclear receptors, cellular stress pathways, and cytochrome p450 enzymes
Ooka, M., Sakamuru, S., Zhao, J., Qu, Y., Fang, Y., Tao, D., Huang, R., Ferguson, S., Reif, D. M., Simeonov, A. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134642 · Cited by 22
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in white-tailed sea eagle eggs from Sweden: temporal trends (1969–2021), spatial variations, fluorine mass balance, and suspect screening
Haque, F., Soerensen, A. L., Sköld, M., Awad, R., Spaan, K. M., Lauria, M. Z., Plassmann, M. M., & Benskin, J. P. (2023) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d3em00141e · Cited by 26
Asthma and decreased lung function in children exposed to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): An updated meta-analysis unveiling research gaps
Rafiee, A., Faridi, S., Sly, P. D., Stone, L., Kennedy, L. P., & Mahabee-Gittens, E. M. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119827 · Cited by 20
The Impact of Smoking on the Association between Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAS) and Thyroid Hormones: A National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Analysis
van Gerwen, M. A. G., Alpert, N., Alsen, M., Ziadkhanpour, K., Taioli, E., & Genden, E. M. (2020) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics8040116 · Cited by 20
Critical review on PFOA, kidney cancer, and testicular cancer
Stevenson, E. D., Kleinman, M. T., Bai, X., Barlaz, M. A., Abraczinskas, M., Guidry, V. T., Watson, J. G., & Chow, J. (2021) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10962247.2021.1975995 · Cited by 20
Examining disparities in PFAS plasma concentrations: Impact of drinking water contamination, food access, proximity to industrial facilities and superfund sites
Li, S., Goodrich, J. A., Costello, E. J., Walker, D. I., Cardenas‐Iniguez, C., Chen, J. C., Alderete, T. L., Valvi, D., Rock, S., Eckel, S. P., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120370 · Cited by 23
An overview of the impact of PFAS on animals, humans, and the environment using a One Health approach
Ferretti, F., Barbarossa, A., & Bardhi, A. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-37412-9 · Cited by 23
“The exception is PFNA, for which studies have found associations with total cholesterol (Graber et al. 2018; Seo et al. 2018; Fu et al. 2014; Zeng et al. 2015; Jain and Ducatman 2019; Lin et al. 2019; Nelson et al. 2019).”
From persistence to progress: assessing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) environmental impact and advances in photo-assisted fenton chemistry for remediation
Walker, T., & Milligan, D. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fenvc.2025.1591290 · Cited by 18
Unwanted Ingredients—Highly Specific and Sensitive Method for the Extraction and Quantification of PFAS in Everyday Foods
Roberts, J., McNaughtan, M., & Prieto, H. D. L. H. (2023) · Food Analytical Methods · doi:10.1007/s12161-023-02451-2 · Cited by 16
Nontarget analysis and fluorine atom balances of transformation products from UV/sulfite degradation of perfluoroalkyl contaminants
Bowers, B. B., Lou, Z., Xu, J., Silva, A. O. D., Xu, X., Lowry, G. V., & Sullivan, R. C. (2023) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d2em00425a · Cited by 19
Strengthening Australia’s Chemical Regulation
Gabriela, A., Leong, S., Ong, P. S. W., Weinert, D., Hlubucek, J., & Tait, P. W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116673 · Cited by 16
Species-Specific Unbound Fraction Differences in Highly Bound PFAS: A Comparative Study across Human, Rat, and Mouse Plasma and Albumin
Ryu, S., Burchett, W., Zhang, S., Modaresi, S. M. S., Areiza, J. A., Kaye, E. M., Fischer, F. C., & Slitt, A. L. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12040253 · Cited by 16
Thermochemistry of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Melin, T. R. L., Harell, P., Ali, B., Loganathan, N., & Wilson, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.27023 · Cited by 13
The effect and potential mechanisms of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure on kidney stone risk
Cui, Y., Wu, A., Liu, H., Zhong, Y., & Yi, K. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118087 · Cited by 13
Perfluorooctanoic acid serum concentrations and half-lives in a community exposed to contaminated drinking water in New York State
Lewis-Michl, E. L., Forand, S. P., Hsu, W., Savadatti, S. S., Liu, M., Moore, J., Wu, Q., Mullin, E. J., & Aldous, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-025-00769-z · Cited by 14
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure science: current knowledge, information needs, future directions
Cheng, B., Alapaty, K., Zartarian, V. G., Poulakos, A. G., Strynar, M. J., & Buckley, T. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-021-03710-7 · Cited by 14
Moving toward fiber-based products free of PFAS: Industry response to regulations for paper packaging, hygiene and textile products
Lendewig, M., Márquez, R., Franco, J., Vera, R. E., Vivas, K. A., Forfora, N., Venditti, R. A., & González, R. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108428 · Cited by 13
Understanding prenatal household exposures to per- and polyfluorylalkyl substances using paired Biological and dust measurements with sociodemographic and housing variables
Wallis, D. J., Miller, K. E., DeLuca, N. M., Thomas, K., Fuller, C., McCord, J. P., Hubal, E. A. C., & Minucci, J. M. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.109157 · Cited by 11
Associations between serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and asthma morbidity in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-18)
Burbank, A. J., Fry, R. C., & Keet, C. A. (2023) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Global · doi:10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100078 · Cited by 10
Detection of Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Interrupted Energy Transfer
Concellón, A., & Swager, T. M. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202309928 · Cited by 10
An oat fiber intervention for reducing PFAS body burden: A pilot study in male C57Bl/6 J mice
Schlezinger, J. J., Biswas, K., Garcia, A., Heiger‐Bernays, W., & Bello, D. (2024) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2024.117188 · Cited by 10
Structure-specific variation in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances toxicity among genetically diverse Caenorhabditis elegans strains
Leuthner, T. C., Zhang, S., Kohrn, B. F., Stapleton, H. M., & Baugh, L. R. (2025) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaf014 · Cited by 9
Toxicity assessment of historical aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) using cell-based assays
Ojo, A. F., Peng, C., Annamalai, P., Megharaj, M., & Ng, J. C. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119806 · Cited by 9
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and cardiovascular risk: lipid profile as a mediator
Wang, X., Cao, Y., Chen, X., Jian, G., Ma, F., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., & Xiao, W. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02811-3 · Cited by 8
“Additionally, multivariable models identified positive associations of PFDeA, PFUA, and PFHxS with CVD prevalence [25].”
Exposure range matters: considering nonlinear associations in the meta-analysis of environmental pollutant exposure using examples of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and birth outcomes
Guo, P., Warren, J. L., Deziel, N. C., & Liew, Z. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae309 · Cited by 7
Thermoresponsive Cationic Polymers: PFAS Binding Performance under Variable pH, Temperature and Comonomer Composition
Frazar, E. M., Smith, A., Dziubla, T. D., & Hilt, J. Z. (2022) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels8100668 · Cited by 7
Associations of internal persistent organic pollutant levels with sex hormones: An analysis by sex and menopausal status in a Spanish cohort
Pérez-Díaz, C., Echeverría, R., Pérez-Carrascosa, F. M., Salcedo‐Bellido, I., Requena, P., Barrios‐Rodríguez, R., Ramos, J. J., Olea, N., Fernández, M. F., Martín‐Olmedo, P., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112876 · Cited by 4
Receptor-specific inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion induced by PFAS in THP1-derived macrophages: a structure-activity relationship study
Amstutz, V. H., Mircheva, A., Cengo, A., Bergsma, C., Sijm, D. T. H. M., & Vrolijk, M. F. (2025) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2025.111793 · Cited by 5
Comparative transcriptomic analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances-induced responses of exponential and stationary phase Escherichia coli
Wintenberg, M., Vasilyeva, O. B., & Schaffter, S. W. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-12109-4 · Cited by 4

Authors: Graber, J. M., Alexander, C., Laumbach, R. J., Black, K., Strickland, P. O., Georgopoulos, P. G., Marshall, E. G., Shendell, D. G., Alderson, D., Mi, Z., Mascari, M., & Weisel, C. P.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Graber, Judith M.
ORCID: Graber, Judith M.
Laumbach, Robert J.
Black, Kathleen
Georgopoulos, Panos G.
Shendell, Derek G
Weisel, Clifford P.
Venue: Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-11-27
Volume: 29
Issue: 2
Pages: 172-182
ISSN: 1559-0631 (ISSN-L)
1559-064X
DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0096-z
PMC: PMC6380951
OpenAlex: W2903063066
Cited by: 118
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 4.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES005022)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
Keywords: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, perfluorohexanoic acid, class actions, NHANES comparison, serum concentration, hypercholesterolemia, toxicokinetics
MeSH terms: Adult, Caprylates, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, New Jersey, Nutrition Surveys, Water Pollution, Chemical, Water Supply, Biomarkers, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Self Report

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Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) blood levels after contamination of a community water supply and comparison with 2013–2014 NHANES

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