The prevalence of hypertension in paediatric Turner syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Cardiovascular related deaths account for over 40% of the excess mortality in Turner syndrome (TS). Hypertension, a modifiable risk factor for both aortic dilatation and dissection, is more commonly encountered in TS during childhood and adolescence. Treatment of hypertension is currently recommended beyond the age of 16 years in TS to help reduce the risk of aortic dissection. This study aims to determine the prevalence of hypertension in paediatric patients with TS and explore the associated methodologies of blood pressure evaluation reported in these studies. Three online databases were searched (Medline, Embase and Web of Science) for literature which reported a prevalence, or allowed calculation of prevalence, of hypertension in patients with TS who were 18 years of age or younger. Seventeen studies which met the primary eligibility criteria, with a total of 1948 patients, were included. The estimated pooled prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents with TS was 16% (95% CI: 8.9-24.6%). There was significant heterogeneity detected between the studies. The prevalence of hypertension in those studies which assessed 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) was 21.1% (95% CI: 15.2-27.6%) compared those which used another method of blood pressure measurement which was 13.5% (95% CI: 5.2-24.4%). Given the impact of hypertension with long-term health outcomes and the reversibility of these same outcomes by addressing abnormal blood pressure, prompt and early diagnosis of hypertension in young girls with TS should be prioritised. We recommend the use of 24-h ABPM in screening for hypertension in the paediatric TS population.
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The prevalence of hypertension is as high as 20%-40% in children and up to 60% in adults with TS.
“The prevalence of hypertension is as high as 20%-40% in children441,453 and up to 60% in adults with TS.357,452,454-456”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [453]
Two systematic reviews of hypertension in pediatric and primarily adult TS case series were published in 2022.
“Two systematic reviews of hypertension in pediatric (127 full texts) and primarily adult (63 full texts) TS case series were published in 2022.453,458”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [453]
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“The method of assessment for diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents with TS was not specified in the international clinical practice guideline for TS [9].”
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“Whilst congenital anomalies in particular bicuspid aortic valves contribute to this excess risk of aortic dissection, non-congenital circulatory disease is also thought to play a role [5, 6].”
BackgroundMajor Vascular Anomalies in Turner Syndrome: Prevalence and Magnetic Resonance Angiographic Features
Ho, V. B., Bakalov, V. K., Cooley, M., Van, P. L., Hood, M. N., Burklow, T. R., & Bondy, C. A. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000142290.35842.b0 · Cited by 316 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundDissection of the aorta in Turner syndrome: two cases and review of 85 cases in the literature
Carlson, M., & Silberbach, M. (2007) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052019 · Cited by 206 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Aortic dissection in TS occurs at a much younger age in the second and third decade compared to non-TS related aortic dissection [4].”
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“in adult patients have shown a beneficial effect on blood pressure with sex hormone replacement [42, 43].”
BackgroundEnd Organ Damage In Hypertension
Schmieder, R. E. (2010) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0866 · Cited by 185 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Not only has hypertension been identified as a risk factor for aortic dissection in TS but the end-organ effects of hypertension including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular damage and nephropathy are well documented in the general population [45].”
BackgroundHypertension is a major risk factor for aortic root dilatation in women with Turner's syndrome
Elsheikh, M., Casadei, B., Conway, G. S., & Wass, J. A. H. (2001) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01154.x · Cited by 173 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies in adults with TS document a frequency of hypertension of up to 50% [8].”
BackgroundAortic dissection in Turner syndrome
Bondy, C. A. (2008) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0b013e3283129b89 · Cited by 152 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The risk of aortic dissection in women with TS is up to 100-fold higher compared to the general population and is associated with a significantly high risk of mortality [3].”
BackgroundBlood pressure and Turner syndrome
Nathwani, Unwin, Brook, & Hindmarsh (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00960.x · Cited by 139 · cited 2× · see citing works
“We identified a number of studies which included subjects up to the age of 22 which were not included in our study due to the age restrictions we set at the beginning of the review process to ensure the results were generalisable to a purely paediatric TS population [10, 11, 55].”
BackgroundTurner Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Aortic Dilation in the Young
Lopez, L., Arheart, K. L., Colan, S. D., Strickman-Stein, N., Lopez‐Mitnik, G., Lin, A. E., Reller, M. D., Ventura, R., & Silberbach, M. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2807 · Cited by 119 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
MethodInfluentialNocturnal hypertension and impaired sympathovagal tone in Turner syndrome
Gravholt, C. H., Hansen, K. W., Erlandsen, M., Ebbehøj, E., & Christiansen, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000200509.17947.0f · Cited by 90 · cited 2× · see citing works
“in adult patients have shown a beneficial effect on blood pressure with sex hormone replacement [42, 43].”
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The influence of renal and cardiovascular abnormalities on blood pressure in Turner syndrome
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Accuracy of Automated Blood Pressure Measurement in Children: Evidence, Issues, and Perspectives
Stergiou, G. S., Boubouchairopoulou, N., & Kollias, A. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08553 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
An evaluation of early cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome
O'Gorman, C. S., Syme, C., Lang, J., Bradley, T. J., Wells, G. D., & Hamilton, J. K. (2013) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12079 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous studies which have compared blood pressure in children with TS to a control population have also shown higher blood pressures in these girls from a young age [40].”
ResultCurrent topic: Measurement and interpretation of blood pressure
Goonasekera, C. D. A. (2000) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.82.3.261 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Arterial hypertension in Turner syndrome
Groote, K. D., Demulier, L., Backer, J. F. A. D., Wolf, D. D., Schepper, J. D., T'Sjoen, G. G., & Backer, T. L. M. D. (2015) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000599 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Aortic dimensions in Turner syndrome
Quezada, E., Lapidus, J., Shaughnessy, R., Chen, Z., & Silberbach, M. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37208 · Cited by 65 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
Lebenthal, Y., Levy, S., Sofrin-Drucker, E., Nagelberg, N., Weintrob, N., Shalitin, S., de Vries, L., Tenenbaum, A., Phillip, M., & Lazar, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00027 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Turner Syndrome and Associated Problems in Turkish Children: A Multicenter Study
Yeşilkaya, E., Bereket, A., Darendelıler, F., Baş, F., Poyrazoğlu, Ş., Aydın, B. K., Darcan, Ş., Dündar, B. N., Büyükinan, M., Kara, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.1771 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
Depression, Levels of Anxiety and Self-Concept in Girls with Turner's Syndrome
Kılıç, B. G., Ergür, A. T., & Öçal, G. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2005.18.11.1111 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Anxiety disorders are common in girls with TS [51]; and clinic measured blood pressure may not allow differentiation between true hypertension and white coat hypertension.”
BackgroundSas, T., Cromme-Dijkhuis, A. H., Keizer-Schrama, S. M. D. M., Stijnen, T., van Teunenbroek, A., & Drop, S. L. S. (1999) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70170-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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“Studies which have assessed the natural history of hypertension in a TS population have shown an increased prevalence of hypertension with age [41, 52].”
BackgroundPrevalence of Hypertension and Albuminuria in Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes
Cioana, M., Deng, J., Hou, M., Nadarajah, A., Qiu, Y., Chen, S. S. J., Rivas, A., Banfield, L. E., Chanchlani, R., Dart, A. B., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6069 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Physiological and catecholamine response to sympathetic stimulation in turner syndrome
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“There is some evidence that the renin-aldosteroneangiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system appear to be altered in TS and therefore we suggest hypertensive agents targeting these systems may have a beneficial role in treatment of hypertension in these patients [42, 53, 54].”
BackgroundTurner syndrome in childhood and adolescence
McCarthy, K., & Bondy, C. A. (2008) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.3.6.771 · Cited by 44 · cited 4× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialIncreased aortic stiffness in prepubertal girls with Turner syndrome
De Groote, K., Devos, D., Van Herck, K., De Wolf, D., Van der Straaten, S., Rietzschel, E., Raes, A., Vandekerckhove, K., Panzer, J., De Wilde, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.03.006 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in normotensive women with Turner’s syndrome
Andersen, N. H., Hjerrild, B. E., Sørensen, K., Pedersen, E. M., Stochholm, K., Gormsen, L. C., Hørlyck, A., Christiansen, J. S., & Gravholt, C. H. (2006) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.081471 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lack of this normal mechanism, termed ‘non-dipper’, has been associated with increased morbidity and is likely to play a part in the end-organ damage, including left ventricular hypertrophy observed in ‘normotensive’ women with TS [49, 50].”
BackgroundVasculopathy in the Young Turner Syndrome Population
Lawson, S. A., Urbina, E. M., Gutmark‐Little, I., Khoury, P. R., Gao, Z., & Backeljauw, P. F. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1140 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Children with TS have also been shown to have additional risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity with vasculopathy detected as early as 9 years of age [46].”
BackgroundLos, E., Quezada, E., Chen, Z., Lapidus, J., & Silberbach, M. (2016) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.07065 · Cited by 30 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
MethodInfluentialMajor vascular anomalies in Turner syndrome: Prevalence and magnetic resonance angiographic features
Ho, V., Bakalov, V. K., & Cooley, M. (2005) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/j.accreview.2004.12.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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“Five used an oscillometric device [26, 27, 31, 33, 34].”
MethodResultInfluentialBlood Pressure Behaviour and Control in Turner Syndrome
Virdis, R., Cantu, M. C., Ghizzoni, L., Ammenti, A., Nori, G., Volta, C., Cravidi, C., Vanelli, M., Balestrazzi, P., Bernasconi, S., et al. (1986) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641968609046595 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is some evidence that the renin-aldosteroneangiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system appear to be altered in TS and therefore we suggest hypertensive agents targeting these systems may have a beneficial role in treatment of hypertension in these patients [42, 53, 54].”
BackgroundBrun, S., Cleemann, L., Holm, K., Salskov, G., Erlandsen, M., Berglund, A., Andersen, N. H., & Gravholt, C. H. (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11742 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, a recent study in young adults with TS showed that despite effective oestrogen replacement, blood pressure increased significantly during adolescence and young adulthood [44].”
BackgroundImpaired Vascular Function of the Aorta in Adolescents with Turner Syndrome
An, H. S., Baek, J. S., Kim, G. B., Lee, Y. A., Song, M. K., Kwon, B. S., Bae, E. J., & Noh, C. I. (2016) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-016-1478-4 · Cited by 23 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Children With Turner Syndrome
Akyürek, N., Atabek, M. E., Eklioğlu, B. S., & Alp, H. (2013) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-013-0740-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Left ventricular thickness is increased in nonhypertensive Turner's syndrome
Sozen, A. B., Cefle, K., Kudat, H., Ozturk, S., Oflaz, H., Akkaya, V., Palanduz, S., Demirel, S., Ozcan, M., Goren, T., et al. (2009) · Echocardiography · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.00902.x · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lack of this normal mechanism, termed ‘non-dipper’, has been associated with increased morbidity and is likely to play a part in the end-organ damage, including left ventricular hypertrophy observed in ‘normotensive’ women with TS [49, 50].”
BackgroundNatural history of hypertension in Turner syndrome during a 12-year pragmatic interventional study
Sandahl, K., Wen, J., Erlandsen, M., Andersen, N. H., & Gravholt, C. H. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15292 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Studies which have assessed the natural history of hypertension in a TS population have shown an increased prevalence of hypertension with age [41, 52].”
BackgroundLee, S. H., Jung, J. M., Song, M. S., Choi, S. J., & Chung, W. Y. (2013) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2013.28.8.1169 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Safety and Efficacy of Human Growth Hormone Treatment in Girls with Turner Syndrome
Price, D., Clayton, P., Crowne, E. H., & Roberts, C. R. (1993) · Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000182768 · Cited by 15 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
BackgroundMethodAkyürek, N., Atabek, M. E., Eklioglu, B. S., & Alp, H. (2015) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-015-1098-4 · Cited by 12 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
MethodCharacteristics and progression of hearing loss in children with Turner's syndrome
Hamberis, A. O., Mehta, C. H., Dornhoffer, J. R., & Meyer, T. A. (2020) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.28264 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Chen, R., Lin, X., Yuan, X., & Yang, X. (2018) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.026 · Cited by 10 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
MethodTahhan, N., Mura, T., Jeandel, C., Guillaumont, S., Villeon, G. D. L., Vincenti, M., Soulatges, C., Matecki, S., & Amédro, P. (2018) · Progress in Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ppedcard.2018.08.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Valencia, E., Serna-Higuita, L. M., Medina, C., & Arango, Á. I. (2011) · Colombia medica · doi:10.25100/cm.v42i1.751 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tahhan, N., Mura, T., Jeandel, C., Guillaumont, S., Villeon, G. D. L., Vincenti, M., Soulatges, C., Matecki, S., & Amédro, P. (2017) · Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1878-6480(17)30929-1 · Cited by 1 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Author (Year of Publication) External validity items Internal validity items Overall score Overall risk of bias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akyürek (2014) [25] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Moderate Quezada (2015) [31] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 Moderate Hamberis (2020) [23] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 High Tahhan (2019) [32] 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1…”
MethodValencia, E., Serna-Higuita, L. M., Betancur, L. M., Medina, C., & Arango, Á. (2011) · Univalle Digital Repository (University of Valle) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome.
Gravholt, C. H., Andersen, N. H., Christin-Maitre, S., Davis, S. M., Duijnhouwer, A., Gawlik, A., Maciel-Guerra, A. T., Gutmark-Little, I., Fleischer, K., Hong, D., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae050 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Rashidian, P., Parsaei, M., Karami, S., Sharifi, T. S. S., Sadin, Z., & Salehi, S. A. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06801-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This condition affects about 1 in every 2000‒2500 females born alive [3].”
BackgroundApproach to the Patient With Turner Syndrome
Turner, H. E., Johannsen, E. B., Smyth, A., Orchard, E., & Gravholt, C. H. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf517 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Groote, K. D., Patel, S. R., Mortensen, K. H., Witvrouwen, I., Duijnhouwer, A. L., Brown, N. M., Grewal, J., Chatfield, K. C., Dorfman, A. T., & Prakash, S. K. (2025) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.32139 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Journal of Human Hypertension special issue on sex and gender differences in hypertension
Connelly, P. J., & Delles, C. (2023) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-023-00847-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Importantly, this special issue provides the scope to discuss underrepresented and underserved populations who may experience hypertension, including women [13, 14], gender-diverse individuals [15], those with chromosomal aneuploidies [16], the young [17], and those living in low and middle income countries [18].”
BackgroundTurner syndrome transition clinic in the West of Scotland: a perspective
Zahra, B., Sastry, A., Freel, M., Donaldson, M., & Mason, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1233723 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationX-chromosome gene dosage shapes MASLD beyond sex hormones
Jamalinia, M., Targher, G., & Lonardo, A. (2026) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2026.05.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Refractory hypertension complicated with Turner syndrome: A case report
Hu, S., Liu, J., Tang, H., Xie, X., & Wei, Y. (2024) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.1515/biol-2022-0934 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Additionally, the patient displayed a non-dipper pattern in blood pressure rhythm, suggesting a possible association with nocturnal sympathetic nervous system dysfunction and alterations in sympa-thetic-vagal nerve tone [14].”
BackgroundAnalysis of Semi-Rural and Urban Hypertension Prevalence Using WHO Measures
Agrawal, S. K., & Dewangan, T. (2023) · Journal of Angiotherapy · doi:10.25163/angiotherapy.729406
- Authors
- McCarrison, S., Carr, A., Wong, S. C., & Mason, A.
- Affiliations
- Royal Hospital for Children (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mason, Avril
- Venue
- Journal of Human Hypertension
- Published
- 2022-12-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 675-688
- ISSN
- 0950-9240 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5527
- PMC
- PMC10403354
- OpenAlex
- W4310675947
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Human Hypertension (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- Turner syndrome, hypertension, pediatric hypertension, prevalence, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, blood pressure measurement methods, aortic dissection, aortic dilatation, cardiovascular risk, hypertension screening, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Blood Pressure, Child, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Turner Syndrome, Prevalence, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
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