Cited by 125T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyGut microbiota and healthInflammatory Bowel Disease

T lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa: defense and tolerance

Open access
Ma, Hongdi, Tao, Wanyin, Zhu, Shu·2019·Cellular & Molecular Immunology

Abstract

Although lymphocytes are known to circulate throughout lymphoid tissues and blood, they also establish residency in nonlymphoid organs, most prominently in barrier tissues, such as the intestines. The adaptation of T lymphocytes to intestinal environments requires constant discrimination between natural stimulation from commensal flora and food and pathogens that need to be cleared. Genetic variations that cause a defective defense or a break in tolerance along with environmental cues, such as infection or imbalances in the gut microbiota known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders via the activation of T lymphocytes in the intestines. Elucidation of the immune mechanisms that distinguish between commensal flora and pathogenic organisms may reveal therapeutic targets for the prevention or modulation of inflammatory diseases and boost the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the development and adaptation of T lymphocytes in the intestine, how these cells protect the host against pathogenic infections while tolerating food antigens and commensal microbiota, and the potential implications of targeting these cells for disease management and therapeutics.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41423-019-0208-2

Cites

127 of 127 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ma, H., Tao, W., & Zhu, S.
Affiliations
University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
Corresponding author
Zhu, Shu
Venue
Cellular & Molecular Immunology
Published
2019-02-20
Volume
16
Issue
3
Pages
216-224
ISSN
  • 1672-7681 (ISSN-L)
  • 2042-0226
OpenAlex
W2916434170
Cited by
125
References
128
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5
FWCI
1.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cellular and Molecular Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Keywords
intestinal mucosa, immune tolerance, commensal microbiota, dysbiosis, food antigens, barrier immunity, intestinal inflammation, cancer immunotherapy, T cell differentiation, host defense against infection
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Intestinal Mucosa, Lymphocyte Activation, T-Lymphocytes, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Adaptive Immunity, Microbiota, Dysbiosis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review