T lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa: defense and tolerance
Open accessAbstract
Although lymphocytes are known to circulate throughout lymphoid tissues and blood, they also establish residency in nonlymphoid organs, most prominently in barrier tissues, such as the intestines. The adaptation of T lymphocytes to intestinal environments requires constant discrimination between natural stimulation from commensal flora and food and pathogens that need to be cleared. Genetic variations that cause a defective defense or a break in tolerance along with environmental cues, such as infection or imbalances in the gut microbiota known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders via the activation of T lymphocytes in the intestines. Elucidation of the immune mechanisms that distinguish between commensal flora and pathogenic organisms may reveal therapeutic targets for the prevention or modulation of inflammatory diseases and boost the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the development and adaptation of T lymphocytes in the intestine, how these cells protect the host against pathogenic infections while tolerating food antigens and commensal microbiota, and the potential implications of targeting these cells for disease management and therapeutics.
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The intestinal epithelium constitutes one of the greatest surface barriers in mammals and is in continuous contact with the gut luminal environment.
“The intestinal epithelium constitutes one of the greatest surface barriers in mammals and is in continuous contact with the (gut luminal) environment.”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [321]
The intestine wall is made up of two primary layers: a one cell layer epithelium and the underlying lamina propria.
“Composed by a mucosa, the intestine wall is made up of primary two layers, namely a one cell layer epithelium and the underlying lamina propria [320, 321].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [321]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ma, H., Tao, W., & Zhu, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Shu
- Venue
- Cellular & Molecular Immunology
- Published
- 2019-02-20
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 216-224
- ISSN
- 1672-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 2042-0226
- PMC
- PMC6460495
- OpenAlex
- W2916434170
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Keywords
- intestinal mucosa, immune tolerance, commensal microbiota, dysbiosis, food antigens, barrier immunity, intestinal inflammation, cancer immunotherapy, T cell differentiation, host defense against infection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Intestinal Mucosa, Lymphocyte Activation, T-Lymphocytes, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Adaptive Immunity, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
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