The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The art of using t-SNE for single-cell transcriptomics
Open accessAbstract
Single-cell transcriptomics yields ever growing data sets containing RNA expression levels for thousands of genes from up to millions of cells. Common data analysis pipelines include a dimensionality reduction step for visualising the data in two dimensions, most frequently performed using t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE). It excels at revealing local structure in high-dimensional data, but naive applications often suffer from severe shortcomings, e.g. the global structure of the data is not represented accurately. Here we describe how to circumvent such pitfalls, and develop a protocol for creating more faithful t-SNE visualisations. It includes PCA initialisation, a high learning rate, and multi-scale similarity kernels; for very large data sets, we additionally use exaggeration and downsampling-based initialisation. We use published single-cell RNA-seq data sets to demonstrate that this protocol yields superior results compared to the naive application of t-SNE.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection
McInnes, L., Healy, J., Saul, N., & Großberger, L. (2018) · Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.00861 · Cited by 9,826
SCANPY: large-scale single-cell gene expression data analysis
Wolf, F. A., Angerer, P., & Theis, F. J. (2018) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1382-0 · Cited by 8,881
Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells
Zheng, G. X. Y., Terry, J. M., Belgrader, P., Ryvkin, P., Bent, Z. W., Wilson, R., Ziraldo, S. B., Wheeler, T. D., McDermott, G. P., Zhu, J., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14049 · Cited by 7,353
The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis
Cao, J., Spielmann, M., Qiu, X., Huang, X., Ibrahim, D. M., Hill, A. J., Zhang, F., Mundlos, S., Christiansen, L., Steemers, F. J., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0969-x · Cited by 4,490
Single-cell transcriptomics of 20 mouse organs creates a Tabula Muris
The Tabula Muris Consortium, coordination, O., coordination, L., processing, O. C. A., sequencing, L. P. A., analysis, C. D., annotation, C. T., Writing group, Supplemental text writing group, & Principal investigators (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0590-4 · Cited by 2,842
Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System
Zeisel, A., Hochgerner, H., Lönnerberg, P., Johnsson, A., Memic, F., van der Zwan, J., Häring, M., Braun, E., Borm, L. E., La Manno, G., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.021 · Cited by 2,552
Shared and distinct transcriptomic cell types across neocortical areas
Tasic, B., Yao, Z., Graybuck, L. T., Smith, K. A., Nguyen, T. N., Bertagnolli, D., Goldy, J., Garren, E., Economo, M. N., Viswanathan, S., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0654-5 · Cited by 1,746
Adult mouse cortical cell taxonomy revealed by single cell transcriptomics
Tasic, B., Menon, V., Nguyen, T. N., Kim, T. K., Jarsky, T., Yao, Z., Levi, B., Gray, L. T., Sorensen, S. A., Dolbeare, T., et al. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4216 · Cited by 1,714
Wolf, F. A., Hamey, F. K., Plass, M., Solana, J., Dahlin, J. S., Göttgens, B., Rajewsky, N., Simon, L., & Theis, F. J. (2019) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1663-x · Cited by 1,698
Amir, E.-A. D., Davis, K. L., Tadmor, M. D., Simonds, E. F., Levine, J. H., Bendall, S. C., Shenfeld, D. K., Krishnaswamy, S., Nolan, G. P., & Pe'er, D. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2594 · Cited by 1,550
Cited by
UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction
McInnes, L., Healy, J., & Melville, J. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.03426 · Cited by 7,101
A guide to machine learning for biologists
Greener, J. G., Kandathil, S. M., Moffat, L., & Jones, D. T. (2022) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00407-0 · Cited by 2,127
Interpretable machine learning: Fundamental principles and 10 grand challenges
Rudin, C., Chen, C., Chen, Z., Huang, H., Semenova, L., & Zhong, C. (2022) · Statistics Surveys · doi:10.1214/21-ss133 · Cited by 958
Molecular architecture of the developing mouse brain
La Manno, G., Siletti, K., Furlan, A., Gyllborg, D., Vinsland, E., Mossi Albiach, A., Mattsson Langseth, C., Khven, I., Lederer, A. R., Dratva, L. M., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03775-x · Cited by 563
A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex
BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN), BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) Corresponding authors, Callaway, E. M., Dong, H.-W., Ecker, J. R., Hawrylycz, M. J., Huang, Z. J., Lein, E. S., Ngai, J., Osten, P., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03950-0 · Cited by 522
Self-citationPhenotypic variation of transcriptomic cell types in mouse motor cortex
Scala, F., Kobak, D., Bernabucci, M., Bernaerts, Y., Cadwell, C. R., Castro, J. R., Hartmanis, L., Jiang, X., Laturnus, S., Miranda, E., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2907-3 · Cited by 398
“Positioning all cells on reference maps made with t distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) 22,23 also showed good overall coverage (Fig.”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Specious Art of Single-Cell Genomics
Chari, T., & Pachter, L. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457696 · Cited by 379
The Human Lung Cell Atlas: A High-Resolution Reference Map of the Human Lung in Health and Disease
Schiller, H. B., Montoro, D. T., Simon, L. M., Rawlins, E. L., Meyer, K. B., Strunz, M., Vieira Braga, F. A., Timens, W., Koppelman, G. H., Budinger, G. R. S., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2018-0416tr · Cited by 245
Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas
Scala, F., Kobak, D., Shan, S., Bernaerts, Y., Laturnus, S., Cadwell, C. R., Hartmanis, L., Froudarakis, E., Castro, J. R., Tan, Z. H., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12058-z · Cited by 193
Self-citationAnalytic Pearson residuals for normalization of single-cell RNA-seq UMI data
Lause, J., Berens, P., & Kobak, D. (2021) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02451-7 · Cited by 195
Self-citationGorin, G., Fang, M., Chari, T., & Pachter, L. (2022) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010492 · Cited by 186
COVID-19 diagnosis by routine blood tests using machine learning
Kukar, M., Gunčar, G., Vovko, T., Podnar, S., Černelč, P., Brvar, M., Zalaznik, M., Notar, M., Moškon, S., & Notar, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90265-9 · Cited by 179
Single-cell ATAC sequencing analysis: From data preprocessing to hypothesis generation
Baek, S., & Lee, I. (2020) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.012 · Cited by 151
He, S., Leanse, L. G., & Feng, Y. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.113922 · Cited by 141
Single-cell DNA methylome and 3D multi-omic atlas of the adult mouse brain
Liu, H., Zeng, Q., Zhou, J., Bartlett, A., Wang, B.-A., Berube, P., Tian, W., Kenworthy, M., Altshul, J., Nery, J. R., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06805-y · Cited by 139
Neuronal types in the mouse amygdala and their transcriptional response to fear conditioning
Hochgerner, H., Singh, S., Tibi, M., Lin, Z., Skarbianskis, N., Admati, I., Ophir, O., Reinhardt, N., Netser, S., Wagner, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01469-3 · Cited by 110
The landscape of biomedical research
González-Márquez, R., Schmidt, L., Schmidt, B. M., Berens, P., & Kobak, D. (2024) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2024.100968 · Cited by 89
Self-citationChartrand, T., Dalley, R., Close, J., Goriounova, N. A., Lee, B. R., Mann, R., Miller, J. A., Molnar, G., Mukora, A., Alfiler, L., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adf0805 · Cited by 88
Senescent-like Blood Lymphocytes and Disease Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Yildiz, O., Schroth, J., Tree, T., Turner, M. R., Shaw, P. J., Henson, S. M., & Malaspina, A. (2023) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200042 · Cited by 39
Mapping circuit dynamics during function and dysfunction
Gorur-Shandilya, S., Cronin, E. M., Schneider, A. C., Haddad, S. A., Rosenbaum, P., Bucher, D., Nadim, F., & Marder, E. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.76579 · Cited by 27
Sparse Reduced-Rank Regression for Exploratory Visualisation of Paired Multivariate Data
Kobak, D., Bernaerts, Y., Weis, M. A., Scala, F., Tolias, A. S., & Berens, P. (2021) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics · doi:10.1111/rssc.12494 · Cited by 24
Self-citationReynolds, K. E., Huang, E., Sabbineni, M., Wiseman, E., Murtaza, N., Ahuja, D., Napier, M., Murphy, K. M., Singh, K. K., & Scott, A. L. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04181-w · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Kobak, D., & Berens, P.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2019-11-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5416-5416
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2989747508
- Cited by
- 1,115
- References
- 18
- FWCI
- 30.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
