Fusing subnational with national climate action is central to decarbonization: the case of the United States
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Approaches that root national climate strategies in local actions will be essential for all countries as they develop new nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. The potential impact of climate action from non-national actors in delivering higher global ambition is significant. Sub-national action in the United States provides a test for how such actions can accelerate emissions reductions. We aggregated U.S. state, city, and business commitments within an integrated assessment model to assess how a national climate strategy can be built upon non-state actions. We find that existing commitments alone could reduce emissions 25% below 2005 levels by 2030, and that enhancing actions by these actors could reduce emissions up to 37%. We show how these actions can provide a stepped-up basis for additional federal action to reduce emissions by 49%—consistent with 1.5 °C. Our analysis demonstrates sub-national actions can lead to substantial reductions and support increased national action.
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Currently, 25 US governors have committed to meeting the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement.
“Currently, 25 US governors have committed to meeting the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement (9), and 23 of these, and the District of Columbia, have set economy-wide GHG reduction targets using statutory and/or legally binding executive action (10).”
From A framework for localizing global climate solutions and their carbon reduction potential (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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Edmonds, J., Fujimori, S., Iyer, G. C., McJeon, H. C., O’Rourke, P., Pedersen, J. S. T., van Vuuren, D. P., & Yu, S. (2024) · Review of Environmental Economics and Policy · doi:10.1086/728206 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTax expenditures as tools for state-level climate action in the U.S.
Gilmore, E., & Clair, T. S. (2025) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2025.2482111 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Murombedzi, J. C., & Chikozho, C. (2023) · International Journal of the Commons · doi:10.5334/ijc.1159 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Greening the G7 Economies through a More Inclusive Climate Club
Barbier, E. B. (2023) · doi:10.56506/kyix1306 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jakob, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93968-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ittipornpaisarn, P., & Sae-Lim, P. (2025) · International Journal of Disclosure and Governance · doi:10.1057/s41310-025-00309-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Staying on track: a bottom-up Paris-aligned pathway driven by COP initiatives
Roelfsema, M., Dafnomilis, I., den Elzen, M. G. J., Harmsen, M. J. H. M., de Boer, H. S., Doelman, J., & van Vuuren, D. P. (2026) · Energy and Climate Change · doi:10.1016/j.egycc.2026.100237 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Greenhouse gas accounting in urban digital twins
Lylykangas, K. S., Dembski, F., Joutsiniemi, A., & Heinonen, J. T. (2026) · Environmental Research Infrastructure and Sustainability · doi:10.1088/2634-4505/ae5a57 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Lichtman, R. (2024) · npj Climate Action · doi:10.1038/s44168-024-00117-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Will the United States make its most dramatic climate pledge yet?
Tollefson, J. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01000-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aggregating the Impacts of Non-State and Subnational Climate Actions: An Exploration of Methods
Elliott, C., Cyrs, T., Singh, N., & Sharp, A. (2022) · doi:10.46830/wriwp.20.00056 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing Subnational Climate Action in G-20 Cities and Regions: Progress and AmbitionPreprint
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Accelerating climate action through an inclusive, innovative, and iterative stocktake
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Huang, X., Peng, W., Zhao, A., Ou, Y., Kennedy, S., Iyer, G. C., McJeon, H. C., Cui, R. Y., & Hultman, N. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4807756
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The Public Utility Data Liberation Project: Providing Open Data For a Clean Energy Transition
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- Authors
- Hultman, N. E., Clarke, L., Frisch, C., Kennedy, K., McJeon, H., Cyrs, T., Hansel, P., Bodnar, P., Manion, M., Edwards, M. R., Cui, R., Bowman, C., Lund, J., Westphal, M. I., Clapper, A., Jaeger, J., Sen, A., Lou, J., Saha, D., Jaglom, W., Calhoun, K., Igusky, K., deWeese, J., Hammoud, K., Altimirano, J. C., Dennis, M., Henderson, C., Zwicker, G., & O’Neill, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Rocky Mountain Institute (US)
- World Resources Institute (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hultman, Nathan E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2020-10-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5255-5255
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7568566
- OpenAlex
- W3092988441
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 11.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Communities in ADDI (University of the Basque Country) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Bloomberg Family Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
- Keywords
- subnational climate action, national climate strategies, decarbonization, emission reduction, Paris Agreement, Nationally Determined Contributions, corporate climate commitments, integrated assessment models, 1.5°C target, United States climate policy, federal climate policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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