Cited by 1,999Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsMultiple Sclerosis Research Studies

Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease

Li, Qingyun, Barres, Ben A.·2018·Nature Reviews Immunology

Abstract

Microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages in the brain are mononuclear phagocytes that are increasingly recognized to be essential players in the development, homeostasis and diseases of the central nervous system. With the availability of new genetic, molecular and pharmacological tools, considerable advances have been made towards our understanding of the embryonic origins, developmental programmes and functions of these cells. These exciting discoveries, some of which are still controversial, also raise many new questions, which makes brain macrophage biology a fast-growing field at the intersection of neuroscience and immunology. Here, we review the current knowledge of how and where brain macrophages are generated, with a focus on parenchymal microglia. We also discuss their normal functions during development and homeostasis, the disturbance of which may lead to various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nri.2017.125

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  • Microglia clear myelin debris and influence oligodendrocytes and myelin formation in MS lesions.

    “Accumulating evidence shows that microglia clear myelin debris and influence oligodendrocytes and myelin formation in MS lesions (Irfan et al. 2022; Li and Barres 2018).”
  • Microglia arise from yolk sac erythromyeloid precursors and migrate into the brain parenchyma during early development.

    “It is believed that microglia arise from yolk sac erythromyeloid precursors and migrate into the brain parenchyma during early development [43,44,45].”

    From The Cuprizone Model: Dos and Do Nots (2020) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Under normal conditions, microglia help maintain homeostasis by providing neurotrophic support and clearing harmful substances, such as amyloid plaques, through phagocytosis.

    “Under normal conditions, they help maintain homeostasis by providing neurotrophic support and clearing harmful substances, such as amyloid plaques, through phagocytosis [8, 9, 10].”
  • These controversial outcomes highlight a complex dual role of microglia, also observed in other brain diseases, and might be attributed to total removal of microglia being harmful, whereas targeting specific microglia activation states later in disease might prolong survival time.

    “These controversial outcomes highlight a complex dual role of microglia also observed in other brain diseases [54,55,56] and might be attributed to the fact that the total removal of microglia might be harmful, whereas targeting specific microglia activation states later in disease might prolong survival time.”

    From Loss of Homeostatic Microglia Signature in Prion Diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [56]

  • Primary EMPs, secondary EMP-derived fetal liver monocytes, and HSC-derived fetal liver monocytes contribute to all tissue macrophages, with microglia arising solely from primary EMP.

    “Thus, primary EMPs, secondary EMP-derived fetal liver monocytes, and HSC-derived fetal liver monocytes contribute to all tissue macrophages, with microglia arising solely from primary EMP.”

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Authors
Li, Q., & Barres, B. A.
Affiliations
Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
  • Li, Qingyun
  • Barres, Ben A.
Venue
Nature Reviews Immunology
Published
2017-11-20
Volume
18
Issue
4
Pages
225-242
ISSN
  • 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
  • 1474-1741
OpenAlex
W2769071992
Cited by
1,999
References
64
Citations by year
2026: 181 · 2025: 266 · 2024: 302 · 2023: 255 · 2022: 298 · 2021: 270 · 2020: 211 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 1
FWCI
11.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Keywords
microglia, mononuclear phagocytes, brain development, brain homeostasis, neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, neuroinflammation
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cell Differentiation, Homeostasis, Humans, Macrophages, Models, Neurological, Microglia, Models, Immunological

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