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The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective
Open accessAbstract
mRNA technologies have the potential to transform areas of medicine, including the prophylaxis of infectious diseases. The advantages for vaccines range from the acceleration of immunogen discovery to rapid response and multiple disease target manufacturing. A greater understanding of quality attributes that dictate translation efficiency, as well as a comprehensive appreciation of the importance of mRNA delivery, are influencing a new era of investment in development activities. The application of translational sciences and growing early-phase clinical experience continue to inform candidate vaccine selection. Here we review the state of the art for the prevention of infectious diseases by using mRNA and pertinent topics to the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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“Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapy recently emerged as an effective platform for treatment of infectious diseases and cancer (Jackson et al., 2020; Mascola and Fauci, 2020).”
From A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 (2020) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“mRNA vaccines still suffer from decreased efficacy due to poor RNA stability in solution and in vivo and to limited expression of the payload mRNA; these are all pivotal issues that need to be carefully optimized for preclinical and clinical applications3–6.”
From Combinatorial optimization of mRNA structure, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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Citations
Cites
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Emerging roles of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) in human disease
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BackgroundAn update on novel approaches for diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection
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Advances in the Application of Nanomaterials to the Treatment of Melanoma
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Semi-enzymatic synthesis of pseudouridine
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“13 Unlike conventional vaccines such as inactivated viruses or protein subunits, mRNA vaccines do not require the co-administration of adjuvants.”
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“…of RNA vaccines are that they do not insert into the host genome [32], avoid potential safety issues and allow for targeting multiple targets [33], have intrinsic adjuvant properties [34], and only need to be presented to the immune system through entry into the host cytoplasm, where their…”
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“mRNA vaccines offer several potential advantages over conventional whole virus or recombinant protein-based vaccines, including ease and speed of manufacturing, scalability, reliability, and flexibility of antigen design.(6) However, these vaccines have important workflow requirements, including storage at very low an…”
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“This highly efficient lipid-based delivery of mRNA [63] along with the largescale production of mRNA lipid nanoparticles by microfluidics [64] offered a therapeutic answer to the covid-19 pandemic by providing the first mRNA vaccine in humans used worldwide [65].”
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“Tis process generates an adaptive immune response, fostering antibody and cell-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins [32, 33].”
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COVID-19 vaccine capacity: Challenges and mitigation – The DCVMN perspective
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“Messenger RNA (mRNA) technologies provide advantages of accelerated immunogen discovery and response times [8].”
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“In particular major impact is expected in the fields of infectious diseases [9, 10]] and cancer [11–17], but shall also encompass hereditary and other chronic or acute health issues [8, 18, 19].”
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“Collaboration through international partnerships and initiatives aimed at improving vaccine manufacturing and distribution capabilities in resource-limited settings is essential for overcoming these obstacles and closing existing health disparities [24].”
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Nanomedicine approaches against SARS-CoV-2 and variants
Zhang, H., Liu, Y., & Liu, Z. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.004 · Cited by 8
mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases and future direction
Aleem, M. T., Munir, F., Shakoor, A., & Gao, F. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112320 · Cited by 10
Strategic deactivation of mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines: New applications for siRNA therapy and RIBOTACs
Hulscher, N., McCullough, P. A., & Marotta, D. E. (2024) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.3733 · Cited by 9
“19 Both the mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines encode a SARS-CoV-2 prefusion full-length Spike (S) glycoprotein and include stabilizing substitutions at the K986 and V987 positions.”
Gerold, M. N., Toth, E., Blair, R. H., Gao, R. Y., Nadkarni, D. V., Barua, S., Woods, J., Rowlen, K. L., & Dawson, E. D. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12101144 · Cited by 8
“…(HA) [14,16] proteins and neuraminidase (NA) proteins [16,17], and combination seasonal influenza/COVID-19 vaccine targets [14,16]. mRNA comprises (5 ′ to 3 ′ ) a 5 ′ cap, a 5 ′ untranslated region (UTR), the coding sequence for the antigen of interest, a 3 ′ UTR, and a 3 ′ polyA tail [18,19].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHawksbee, L., McKee, M., & KING, L. P. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067367 · Cited by 8
COVID-19 Vaccine: Review of the Mechanism of Action of Different Types of Vaccine
Wong, L.-A., Yap, C. G., Jahan, N. K., & Pillai, N. (2022) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1108624 · Cited by 8
“Conventional (non-replicating) mRNA-based vaccines encode the antigen of interest whereas the latter encodes both the antigen, as well as the viral replication machinery for intracellular mRNA amplification [60] [61].”
BackgroundLessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic: Vaccine platform is a key player
Alhashemi, S. H., Ahmadi, F., & Dehshahri, A. (2022) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.002 · Cited by 11
“The chemical synthesis instead of biological production of a vaccine can be considered a significant achievement in industrial production [65,66].”
mRNA—From COVID-19 Treatment to Cancer Immunotherapy
Kŕause, W. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020308 · Cited by 8
“Vaccine mRNA manufacturing is rapid and cheap by using an IVT from a DNA template with T7 RNA polymerase [60,61].”
Updated Considerations for the Immunopharmacological Aspects of the “Talented mRNA Vaccines”
Perrotta, C., Fenizia, C., Carnovale, C., Pozzi, M., Trabattoni, D., Cervia, D., & Clementi, E. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11091481 · Cited by 9
“…advantages over the DNA-based ones. mRNA can be easily synthetized to encode for any kind of protein antigen and the mRNA enclosed within mRNA-based vaccines can be adapted to a vast plethora of pathologies, including emerging epidemics and cancers, exploiting the same manipulable platforms [93].”
BackgroundRETRACTED ARTICLE: An overview on mRNA-based vaccines to prevent monkeypox infection
Natami, M., Gorgzadeh, A., Gholipour, A., Fatemi, S. N., Firouzeh, N., Zokaei, M., Ali, S. H. M., Kheradjoo, H., Sedighi, S., Gholizadeh, O., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02355-1 · Cited by 10
“Adaptive and innate immune responses identify the target protein [108]. mRNA treatments provide many advantages in terms of reduced risk of pre-existing or anti-vector immunity, enhanced safety, precise dosage control, and the potential for multiple administrations.”
BackgroundRetractedDo RNA vaccines obviate the need for genotoxicity studies?
Cimolai, N. (2020) · Mutagenesis · doi:10.1093/mutage/geaa028 · Cited by 8
Harnessing Computational Strategies to Overcome Challenges in mRNA Vaccines
Zhao, S., Chen, J., Dai, T., Li, G., Huang, L., Xin, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., He, X., Huang, H., et al. (2025) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00047.2024 · Cited by 7
Development of an in situ CAR-T cell protocol through optical and PSMA-targeted PET imaging
Zhang, N., Seo, J. W., Robinson, E. R., Rivera‐Rodriguez, A., Wang, J., Guo, Y., Czerwinski, D. K., Kim, H. R., Tumbale, S. K., Raie, M. N., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2504950122 · Cited by 8
“T cell generation, nonviral vectors, such as LNPs encapsulating mRNA (LNP - mRNA) technology ( 21 , 22 ), offer a scalable alternative to viral vectors, such as lentiviral vectors (LVs), which are often limited by safety concerns and production complexities.”
Quintana, V. M., Caillava, J., Byk, L. A., Mondotte, J. A., Battini, L., Tarte, P., Samsa, M. M., Filomatori, C. V., & Alvarez, D. E. (2025) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110487 · Cited by 7
“The most usual design follows the organization of alphavirus genomes, preserving viral 5 ′ and 3 ′ UTRs (6).”
Um, H., Kim, S., Hwang, J., Lee, Y., Wang, S. X., & Lee, J. (2025) · BioChip Journal · doi:10.1007/s13206-025-00244-9 · Cited by 7
“These mRNA vaccines enable rapid vaccine development against newly emerging viruses or their variants, closely matching the speed of their emergence [7, 8].”
Expanding global access to mRNA vaccines
Eshaghi, B., Langer, R., & Jaklenec, A. (2026) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-026-00424-8 · Cited by 8
“Purification must remove residual DNA, enzymes, unincorporated nucleotide triphosphates, truncated transcripts and dsRNA 50,76,77 .”
Mura, M., Simon, F., de Santi, V. P., Tangy, F., & Tournier, J. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10091555 · Cited by 7
“The great winner of the world vaccine race was undoubtedly the mRNA vaccine technology [4,5].”
BackgroundA comparative study of the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy among cancer patients: mRNA versus non-mRNA
Rachman, A., Iriani, A., Sukrisman, L., Rajabto, W., Mulansari, N. A., Lubis, A. M., Cahyanur, R., Prasetyawaty, F., Priantono, D., Rumondor, B. B., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281907 · Cited by 8
Wang, Y., Wang, S., Huang, L., Mao, W., Li, F., Lin, A., Zhao, W., Zeng, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, D., et al. (2024) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.12.041 · Cited by 7
Vosoughi, P., Naghib, S. M., Rahmanian, M., & Mozafari, M. R. (2025) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115680266325847241121034100 · Cited by 7
Li, J., Long, H., Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Li, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Cai, J., Luo, L., & Peng, Y. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13010052 · Cited by 7
Cardoso, S., de Sousa, F. P., Filho, P. D. A. P., & Azzoni, A. R. (2022) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-022-07239-x · Cited by 7
“The optimization of the purification strategy is seen as one of the main achievements leading to the reduction of innate sensing and increasing the efficiency of the mRNA vaccine prototypes [13].”
BackgroundNucleic Acid-Based COVID-19 Therapy Targeting Cytokine Storms: Strategies to Quell the Storm
Abusalah, M. A. H., Khalifa, M., Al-Hatamleh, M. A. I., Jarrar, M., Mohamud, R., & Yean, C. Y. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12030386 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, mRNA vaccines offer scalable, rapid manufacturing with little platform altering [227], and a fast-responding strategy to overcome the current pandemic dilemma [228].”
BackgroundVaccine production and supply need a paradigm change
Kritharis, A., Tamer, I. M., & Yadav, V. G. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1002/cjce.24399 · Cited by 7
Recent and advanced nano-technological strategies for COVID-19 vaccine development
Nwagwu, C. S., Ugwu, C. N., Ogbonna, J. D., Onugwu, A. L., Agbo, C. P., Echezona, A. C., Ezeibe, E. N., Uzondu, S. W., Kenechukwu, F. C., Akpa, P. A., et al. (2022) · Methods in microbiology · doi:10.1016/bs.mim.2022.03.001 · Cited by 7
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mRNA as a medicine in nephrology: the future is now
Granata, S., Stallone, G., & Zaza, G. (2023) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfad196 · Cited by 7
“…nucleotide is 2 (cid:2) O-methylated to form a Cap 1 structure ( m7 GpppN 2 (cid:2) Om N ) , and, in ∼ 50% of transcripts, the second cap-proximal nucleotide is 2 (cid:2) O-methylated to form a Cap 2 structure ( m7 GpppN 2 (cid:2) Om N 2 (cid:2) Om ) , which reduces mRNA immunogenicity [ 14 , 15 ].”
BackgroundOuranidis, A., Choli‐Papadopoulou, T., Papachristou, E., Papi, R. M., & Kostomitsopoulos, N. G. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9080890 · Cited by 7
“In addition, IVT mRNA does not require the cumbersome handling of eukaryotic cultures, presents uniform quality, while the autologous translation pathway ameliorates the risk of any inappropriate post-translational modifications in a biomimetic fashion [20].”
BackgroundRNA-Based Therapies in Kidney Diseases
Hu, L., Jin, T., Zhang, N., Ding, J. J., & Li, L. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s505252 · Cited by 6
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Purification of plasmid DNA using a novel two stage chromatography process
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, N. A. C., Kester, K. E., Casimiro, D., Gurunathan, S., & DeRosa, F.
- Affiliations
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (US)
- Sanofi (United States) (US)
- Translate Bio (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Nicholas A. C.
- Venue
- npj Vaccines
- Published
- 2020-02-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-11
- ISSN
- 2059-0105 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7000814
- OpenAlex
- W3004539389
- Cited by
- 498
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 28
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- npj Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, infectious disease prevention, mRNA delivery, vaccine production, translation efficiency, vaccine development, biotechnology industry, pharmaceutical industry
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