A Novel Amino Lipid Series for mRNA Delivery: Improved Endosomal Escape and Sustained Pharmacology and Safety in Non-human Primates
Open accessAbstract
The success of mRNA-based therapies depends on the availability of a safe and efficient delivery vehicle. Lipid nanoparticles have been identified as a viable option. However, there are concerns whether an acceptable tolerability profile for chronic dosing can be achieved. The efficiency and tolerability of lipid nanoparticles has been attributed to the amino lipid. Therefore, we developed a new series of amino lipids that address this concern. Clear structure-activity relationships were developed that resulted in a new amino lipid that affords efficient mRNA delivery in rodent and primate models with optimal pharmacokinetics. A 1-month toxicology evaluation in rat and non-human primate demonstrated no adverse events with the new lipid nanoparticle system. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the improved efficiency can be attributed to increased endosomal escape. This effort has resulted in the first example of the ability to safely repeat dose mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles in non-human primate at therapeutically relevant levels.
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Moderna has developed an ionizable lipid (Lipid H, SM-102), whose tail adopts larger branches which increases potency, and whose introduced ester bonds increase biodegradability.
“Based on these observations, Moderna has developed an ionizable lipid (namely Lipid H, SM-102), whose tail adopts larger branches which in turn increases potency, and whose introduced ester bonds increase biodegradability (Fig. 7).290,291”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [290]
All three major players in the mRNA vaccine field previously optimized lipid nanoparticles, constructs typically consisting of an ionizable lipid and one or more helper lipids to improve stability and promote endosomal escape.
“All three major players in the mRNA vaccine field have previously optimized so-called lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), constructs that typically consist of an ionizable lipid and one or more helper lipids to improve LNP stability and promote endosomal escape upon cellular uptake [12,13]”
From The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
The use of the SM-102 lipid in Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccine was found to outperform Onpattro's MC3 LNPs for intramuscular delivery of mRNA in rodents and non-human primates, given its improved tolerability and higher endosomal escape efficiency.
“the usage of the SM-102 lipid in Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccine was found to outperform Onpattro's MC3 LNPs for the intramuscular (i.m.) delivery of mRNA in rodents and non-human primates, given its improved tolerability and higher endosomal escape efficiency [12,13]”
From The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Endosomal escape can be increased by optimizing the pKa values of ionizable lipids.
“Endosomal escape can be increased by optimizing the pKa values of ionizable lipids66,76–78,88,100,140.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Biodegradable lipids can be applied to improve the biocompatibility of lipid nanoparticles.
“To improve the biocompatibility of lipid nanoparticles, biodegradable lipids can be applied76–78,108,179.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
The delivery efficacy of mRNA could be improved by rational design of lipids through modulation of head groups and hydrophobic tails to increase cellular uptake and endosomal escape of lipid nanoparticle-mRNA formulations.
“Moreover, the delivery efficacy of mRNA could be improved, for example, by rational design of lipids through modulation of head groups and hydrophobic tails to increase cellular uptake and endosomal escape of lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations64,66,76–78,88,97,100,114,140,141.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
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- Authors
- Sabnis, S., Kumarasinghe, E. S., Salerno, T., Mihai, C., Ketova, T., Senn, J. J., Lynn, A., Bulychev, A., McFadyen, I., Chan, J., Almarsson, Ö., Stanton, M. G., & Benenato, K. E.
- Affiliations
- Moderna Therapeutics (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Benenato, Kerry E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1509-1519
- ISSN
- 1525-0016 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5986714
- OpenAlex
- W2791854174
- Cited by
- 820
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 14.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- mRNA delivery, lipid nanoparticles, endosomal escape, structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, non-human primates
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Lipids, Primates, RNA, Messenger, Rats, Nanoparticles
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