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Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Open accessAbstract
Human behaviour is central to transmission of SARS-Cov-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and changing behaviour is crucial to preventing transmission in the absence of pharmaceutical interventions. Isolation and social distancing measures, including edicts to stay at home, have been brought into place across the globe to reduce transmission of the virus, but at a huge cost to individuals and society. In addition to these measures, we urgently need effective interventions to increase adherence to behaviours that individuals in communities can enact to protect themselves and others: use of tissues to catch expelled droplets from coughs or sneezes, use of face masks as appropriate, hand-washing on all occasions when required, disinfecting objects and surfaces, physical distancing, and not touching one's eyes, nose or mouth. There is an urgent need for direct evidence to inform development of such interventions, but it is possible to make a start by applying behavioural science methods and models.
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“In line with the BCW intervention development tool, a first step in understanding which interventions are appropriate to generating behaviour change (in this context we refer to the change in or maintenance of social distancing behaviour) is to identify the COM factors that the intervention needs to target [10, 11].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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“The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) can be used as a guiding tool to support this [10, 11].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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“The survey items were guided by the COM-B model [10], to provide a theoretical framework a priori, and were deemed relevant given the applications of the model in relevant contexts [11].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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Items 201–300 of 509
Torensma, M., Harting, J., Boateng, L., Agyemang, C., Tekle, Y. L., Jacob, Y., van den Muijsenbergh, M., el Fakiri, F., Prins, M., & Stronks, K. (2021) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100070 · Cited by 12
“In addition to making information available, education should therefore focus on promoting understanding of the bene-5 fits of the behaviours and on how and when to enact them effectively ( West et al., 2020 ).”
BackgroundFarjam, M., Bianchi, F., Squazzoni, F., & Bravo, G. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.201310 · Cited by 14
D, Ambrosi, F., Iurlaro, E., Tassis, B., Maso, M. D., Erra, R., Cetera, G., Cesano, N., Martino, D. D. D., Ossola, M., et al. (2021) · The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.14729 · Cited by 12
Will Student Contracts Keep Campuses Safe From COVID-19? A Behavioral Science Perspective
Lederer, A. M., & Stolow, J. A. (2021) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/0033354921994899 · Cited by 13
Lugo-González, I. V., Fernández-Vega, M., Erazo, L. R., Gálvez, A. L. B., & Pérez-Bautista, Y. Y. (2020) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2020.039 · Cited by 17
“…and risk, and model, shape and reinforce preventive behaviors, guaranteeing their morphological correspondence and a functional environment to implement them and identify contingent positive results (Chater et al., 2020; Lunn et al., 2020; Urzúa et al., 2020; West, Michie, Rubin, & Amlôt, 2020).”
Hamdan, W. F., & Alsuqaih, H. N. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241286217 · Cited by 14
Yuen, Y.-C., Chien, W.-T., Cheng, H.-Y., Lamnisos, D., Lubenko, J., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Constantinou, M., Nicolaou, C., Papacostas, S., et al. (2023) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-023-00928-7 · Cited by 11
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“Even if not yet sick, workers who commute from their communities to their place of work can bring the virus to the manufacturing facility (as a “contact”) and contaminate co-workers (West et al., 2020).”
Moffat, A., Cook, E., & Chater, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1016076 · Cited by 15
“The thematic analysis of the factors influencing the use of behavioural science within the local authority identified nine themes: (1) “Limited past experience,” (2) “Narrow understanding,” (3) “Perceived value of behavioural science,” (4) “Translational gap from theory-to-practice,” (5) “No protected time,” (6) “Old…”
BackgroundInfluentialA behavior change model to address caregiver hesitancy around COVID-19 vaccination in pediatrics
Yeo, J., Gudmundsen, C. F., Fazel, S. S., Corrigan, A. V., Fullerton, M., Hu, J., Jadavji, T., Kuhn, S., Kassam, A., & Constantinescu, C. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.002 · Cited by 11
“This model has been applied to understanding behavior change pertaining to COVID-19, including wearing of masks and physical distancing [11].”
The Physiological Effects of Face Masks During Exercise Worn Due to COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Asín‐Izquierdo, I., Ruiz-Ranz, E., & Baeza, M. A. (2022) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381221084661 · Cited by 17
“This issue affected people’s lives all over the world.(10,54) The correct use of face masks has therefore attracted much interest and controversy.”
BackgroundRochira, A., Gatti, F., Prati, G., Mannarini, T., Fedi, A., Procentese, F., Albanesi, C., Barbieri, I., Compare, C., Gattino, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-021-10052-8 · Cited by 12
“Indeed, it is crucial to understand what encourages people to adhere to recommended behaviors and contribute to overcome this and future health emergencies [2].”
BackgroundMorton, K., Towler, L., Groot, J., Miller, S., Ainsworth, B., Denison-Day, J., Rice, C., Bostock, J., Willcox, M., Little, P., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056161 · Cited by 11
Kong, M., Li, L., Eilts, S. M., Li, L., Hogan, C. J., & Pope, Z. (2022) · ACS ES&T Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsestengg.1c00321 · Cited by 12
Freidín, E., Martini, L. A., Senci, C. M., Duarte, C., & Carballo, F. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12292 · Cited by 19
“There is consensus among researchers and experts that an effort to understand this variability is a crucial element for an effective response to this pandemic (Betsch, 2020; Van Babel et al., 2020; West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundRaciborski, F., Jankowski, M., Gujski, M., Pinkas, J., Samel-Kowalik, P., Zaczyński, A., Pańkowski, I., Rakocy, K., & Wierzba, W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239072 · Cited by 11
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“Furthermore, aiming to implement a program to decrease contagion (29).”
BackgroundKc, D., Smith, J., Currie, K., & Ness, V. (2024) · Journal of Infection Prevention · doi:10.1177/17571774241251645 · Cited by 10
“By understanding how these theories have been applied in COVID-19 studies, researchers can identify the determinants in fl uencing the IPC behaviour of HCWs, which in turn can inform policy and help develop resilience and new behavioural patterns to prepare for future pandemics (West et al., 2020).”
Samdal, G. B., Alpers, L., Sekse, R. J. T., Drageset, S., Smith‐Strøm, H., Oksholm, T., & Ellingsen, S. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1942 · Cited by 10
A framework for incorporating behavioural change into individual‐level spatial epidemic models
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Davis, A., Munari, S. C., Doyle, J., Sutton, B. A., Cheng, A., Hellard, M. E., & Gibbs, L. F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14185-7 · Cited by 5
“Finally, behaviours can be motivated by existing values or beliefs, a personal belief in the efficacy or importance of a behaviour, its impact on their identity and their ability to overcome existing habits or unconscious processes [4].”
BackgroundMethodSARS-CoV-2 detection in hospital indoor environments, NW Iran
Mohammadi, A., Soleimani, A., Abdolahnejad, A., Ahmed, M., Akther, T., Nemati, S., Raeghi, S., Rashedi, G. H., & Miri, M. (2022) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.1016/j.apr.2022.101511 · Cited by 14
Miller, J. G., Zavlis, O., Hartman, T. K., Bennett, K. M., Butter, S., Levita, L., Martínez, A. P., Mason, L., McBride, O., McKay, R., et al. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2057497 · Cited by 12
“However, little evidence exists on how such population-wide changes in social distancing behaviour could be achieved (West et al., 2020).”
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Conway, K. P., Bhardwaj, K., Michel, E., Paksarian, D., Nikolaidis, A., Kang, M., Merikangas, K. R., & Milham, M. P. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00561-7 · Cited by 13
“Note: 1 Barratt total score was divided into tertiles: Low (3-24), medium (25-45), high (46-66), and missing Barratt Score is not shown in table (N=70, %=4).”
BackgroundUsing a cultural and social identity lens to understand pandemic responses in the US and India
Nair, N., & Selvaraj, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/14705958211057363 · Cited by 10
“Amidst a pandemic where the success in curtailing its spread is so contingent on effective behavioral responses (West et al., 2020), an understanding of the various drivers, influencers, and distortions shaping behavior of people can be useful in driving requisite messaging, communication,…”
BackgroundInfluentialNobody cares about us: COVID-19 and voices of refugees from Aotearoa New Zealand
Jayan, P., & Dutta, M. (2021) · doi:10.1080/22041451.2021.1994686 · Cited by 10
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Rhodes, S., & Sy, F. (2020) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2020.32.6.455 · Cited by 10
COVID-19 with Uncertain Phases: Estimation Issues with An Illustration for ArgentinaPreprint
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“Castro (2020) and Imperial College (2020b) work for values close to 3 for R0 while the government has stated values close to 1.3 at about the time of the March 20 lockdown, as shown in some official presentations.”
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“Public health communication strategies may be augmented by behavioural interventions to stimulate change in people’s decision making [23, 24].”
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McKinley, C. J., Luo, Y., & Brennan, J. (2023) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2023.2294711 · Cited by 9
“Through this analysis we aim to address current calls to more clearly highlight individual factors mitigating the spread of COVID-19 (e.g., Guo et al., 2021, West et al., 2020).”
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“global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has not only caused huge damage to public health (WHO, 2022) but also radically changed social habits and lifestyles (West et al., 2020; El-Sayed and Kamel, 2021).”
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“The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on reducing infection through the implementation of preventive behaviours and development of therapies and vaccines, which became available at the end of 2020 [1,2].”
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Srikanth, S., Kanimozhee, S., & Ramireddy, S. (2022) · Innovative Infrastructure Solutions · doi:10.1007/s41062-022-00990-x · Cited by 9
“COVID spread has increased due to increased mobility, and it can be reduced by restricting inter-country travel [30, 31].”
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“Transmission of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the pathogenic Coronavirus that causes COVID-19, is driven by human behaviour (West et al., 2020).”
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“Identifying the key modifiable psychological determinants of Covid-19 preventive behaviors is crucial for the development of effective interventions to increase their performance [8].”
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“The COM-B provided a useful framework for understanding the complex relationship between multiple determinants of infection-transmission prevention behaviour and the wider social, political, and environmental context [11].”
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“Behavioural change is crucial for improving pandemic outcomes (Michie and West, 2020; West et al., 2020) and can be effective if policies are derived from evidence-based principles of implementation science (Michie and Prestwich, 2010; Cane et al., 2012; Hirschhorn et al., 2020; Ghaffar et al.,…”
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“Furthermore, to minimize the potential transmission of the infection it is important to wash hands with soap and water or alcohol-based solutions frequently; specific actions about it should be put in place as it’s the most important hygiene measure against cross infections (56).”
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The vital role of health psychology in the response to COVID‐19
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“To interrupt these transmission pathways, individuals must adopt ‘personal protective behaviours’(4).”
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“A critical component of the human response to COVID-19 (as with previous outbreaks), was the role of behavior [5,6], and as countries cautiously began to open up their societies (during spring 2021 in the UK), there was a greater dependency on individual behavioral decision making in preventing…”
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“…might not generalize to other more costly and ‘unnatural’ behaviors such as social contact limitation which runs counter to the very social nature of humans being and has proven to be detrimental to mental health and livelihood (Hagger et al., 2020; Pogrebna & Kharlamov, 2020; West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodLee, N., Lee, S., & Lee, T. J. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2022.2131441 · Cited by 10
“West et al. (2020) emphasize that guideline adherence is the only way to prevent virus transmission until the establishment of collective immunity.”
BackgroundAmrein, M. A., Ruschetti, G. G., Bäder, C., Bamert, M., & Inauen, J. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055971 · Cited by 9
Biobanking: Strengthening Uganda's Rapid Response to COVID-19 and Other Epidemics
Kamulegeya, R., Kateete, D., Bagaya, B., Nasinghe, E., Muttamba, W., Nsubuga, G., Kigozi, E., Katabazi, F., Nakwagala, F., Kalungi, S., et al. (2021) · Biopreservation and Biobanking · doi:10.1089/bio.2021.0022 · Cited by 8
“4 Additionally, diagnostics are playing an important role in the containment of COVID-19, enabling the implementation of control measures that limit the spread through case identification, isolation, and contact tracing (i.e., identifying people that may have come into contact with an infected…”
COVID-19 morbidity in an ethnic minority: changes during the first year of the pandemic
Saban, M., Myers, V., Peretz, G., Avni, S., & Wilf-Miron, R. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.018 · Cited by 8
Herber, O. R., Ehringfeld, I., Steinhoff, P., & Whittal, A. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06596-w · Cited by 9
“For instance, to reduce sitting-time in office workers [13] or to change behaviours towards the prevention of spreading COVID-19 [14].”
BackgroundGeneral population perceptions of risk in the Covid-19 pandemic: A Romanian case study
Popescu, L., & Vîlcea, C. (2021) · Moravian Geographical Reports · doi:10.2478/mgr-2021-0010 · Cited by 9
“The capability to undertake personal protective behaviours requires people to understand what needs to be done, under what precise circumstances it needs to be done, how to do it and why it is important (West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAdaptation of Indoor Health and Comfort Criteria to Mitigate Covid-19 Transmission in the Workplace
Wardhani, D. K., & Susan, S. (2021) · Humaniora · doi:10.21512/humaniora.v12i1.6767 · Cited by 10
The importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout
Gozzi, N., Bajardi, P., & Perra, N. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009346 · Cited by 95
“As during the first waves of COVID-19, when NPIs were the only available mitigation measures [77], the results of our paper call for adequate strategies to keep high the attention and compliance towards individual COVID-safe behaviours, such as mask-wearing, social distancing, and avoidance of large gatherings now tha…”
Exploring the impact of cultural variability on COVID-19-related mortality: A meta-analytic approachPreprint
Erman, A., & Medeiros, M. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-39104/v1 · Cited by 8
Pirolli, P., Carley, K. M., Dalton, A., Dorr, B., Lebiere, C., Martin, M. K., Mather, B., Mitsopoulos, K., Orr, M. G., & Strzalkowski, T. (2021) · International Conference on Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80387-2_5 · Cited by 8
Zhang, J.-Y. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00720-1 · Cited by 7
Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Digital dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan Usaha Kewirausahaan Sosial
Novita, Y. (2025) · JEMSI (Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi) · doi:10.35870/jemsi.v11i2.3868 · Cited by 7
Maciejko, L. A., Fox, J. M., Steffens, M. T., Patten, C. A., Newman, H. R., Decker, P. A., Wheeler, P. H., Juhn, Y. J., Wi, C., Gorfine, M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286953 · Cited by 12
“making sure masks are worn properly), there remains a need for social and behavioral science research drawing on behavioral change principles to guide intervention development [13].”
BackgroundMcCaffery, K. J., Ayre, J., Dodd, R. H., Pickles, K. M., Copp, T., Muscat, D. M., Nickel, B., Cvejic, E., Zhang, M., Mac, O. A., et al. (2023) · Information Services & Use · doi:10.3233/isu-230185 · Cited by 11
Zhao, J.-J., Hu, S.-F., Fan, L.-H., Zeng, Y., Yang, Y.-C., Zhao, Y., & Lee, T.-M. (2023) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1145928 · Cited by 7
“, 2022), with examples including public health care (Barker et al., 2016; West et al., 2020), water conservation (Addo et al.”
BackgroundPirolli, P. L. T., Lebiere, C. J., & Orr, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981983 · Cited by 9
“In this paper, we present a computational cognitive model that incorporates and formalizes aspects of theories of individual-level behavior change (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen, 1991, 1998; Brewer and Rimer, 2008; Michie et al., 2013, 2014, 2017; Ajzen and Kruglanski, 2019; West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLani, R., Senin, N. A., AbuBakar, S., & Hassandarvish, P. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10101606 · Cited by 6
Beyazgül, B., Koruk, İ., & Kuzan, R. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2079338 · Cited by 10
Fear of COVID-19 and Prevention Behaviors: Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis
Anderson, K. M., & Stockman, J. K. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35730 · Cited by 7
“Uptake of prevention behaviors, including masking in public, social distancing, and staying home except for essential activities [1], has been variable [2,3], underscoring the need for identification of mechanisms of behavior change to encourage uptake of behaviors appropriate for the current level of risk and dominan…”
BackgroundHallingberg, B., Williams, D., Cannings-John, R., Hughes, K., Torrens-Burton, A., Gillespie, D., Sellars, P., Pell, B., Akbari, A., Ashfield-Watt, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.25401/cardiffmet.14184857 · Cited by 7
The Disillusioned Comfort with COVID-19 and the Potential of Convalescent Plasma and Cell Therapy
Borlongan, M. C., Borlongan, M. C., & Sanberg, P. (2020) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689720940719 · Cited by 7
“(7) The age, gender, ethnicity, genetic factors, and other pertinent patient profiles will need to be factored into the final analysis of the treatment outcomes as this will further guide optimization of the convalescent plasma treatment.”
BackgroundAbrams, K. M., Dietsch, A. M., & Bice, C. (2025) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2025.2483280 · Cited by 6
“The social marketing framework and COM-B model emphasize removing barriers and enhancing opportunities for compliance (McKenzie-Mohr, 2011; Smith, 2006; West et al., 2020).”
Meyer, C., Crayton, E., Wright, A., Spyer, M., Vora, N., Houlihan, C., Walker, N. F., Nastouli, E., Michie, S., & Lorencatto, F. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299823 · Cited by 6
Self-citationChamberlain, S. A. E., McLeod, L. J., & Hine, D. W. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296805 · Cited by 8
Deslauriers, F., Boucher, V. G., Léger, C., Vieira, A. M., Bacon, S., & Lavoie, K. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15658-z · Cited by 8
Earle‐Richardson, G. B., Nestor, C., Fisher, K. A., Soelaeman, R. H., Calanan, R. M., Yee, D., Craig, C., Reese, P. C., & Prue, C. E. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01638-x · Cited by 7
““Health behavior theory” is a term that refers collectively to numerous theoretical models that help explain why individuals engage in behaviors that may positively or negatively affect their health and what factors contribute to those behaviors [6].”
Riva, G., Lernia, D. D., Tuena, C., Bernardelli, L., Gutiérrez‐Maldonado, J., Ferrer‐García, M., Porras-García, B., Meyer, M. L., Shiban, Y., Castelnuovo, G., et al. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001198 · Cited by 11
Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Kabantiyok, D., Ninyio, N. N., Shittu, I. A., Meseko, C. A., Emeto, T. I., & Adegboye, O. A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10091551 · Cited by 9
“Some of these adopted interventions, such as ‘stay at home’ and quarantine, were disproportionately borne by those who were already disadvantaged [54].”
BackgroundMadness of the crowd: Understanding mass behaviors through a multidisciplinary lens
Brindal, E., Kakoschke, N., Reeson, A. F., & EVANS, D. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924511 · Cited by 11
Stapleton, A., McCloskey, C., & McHugh, L. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.06.005 · Cited by 7
Motivation, intention and action: wearing masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19
Kaine, G., Wright, V., & Greenhalgh, S. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.22275599 · Cited by 6
Zetterholm, M. V., Nilsson, L., & Jokela, P. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/39570 · Cited by 7
“A root cause of transmission is the behavior of individuals [20], that is, the human hosts.”
BackgroundInfluentialGreen, M. A., Hungerford, D., Hughes, D. M., García‐Fiñana, M., Turtle, L. C. W., Cheyne, C. P., Ashton, M., Leeming, G., Semple, M. G., Singleton, A. D., et al. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07878-2 · Cited by 7
“Causal explanations for this association may include behavioural changes, such as increased physical contacts and working outside the home following vaccination increasing exposure to the virus (11,12).”
BackgroundRobin, C., Symons, C., & Carter, H. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/34422 · Cited by 6
“It is essential that everyone required to self-isolate has the financial support to do so without encountering financial hardship, in order to improve adherence both to self-isolation [18,19] and to related behaviors (eg, testing) and to mitigate against adverse effects on mental health [20].”
BackgroundPaduano, S., Facchini, M. C., Greco, A., Borsari, L., Mingrone, V. M., Tancredi, S., Fioretti, E., Creola, G., Iacuzio, L., Casaletti, G., et al. (2021) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v92is6.12225 · Cited by 8
“Since the early phases of the pandemic, public health interventions have been established aiming at reducing virus spread in the population, including infection containment measures such as use of face masks and personal hygiene measures (37), closure of all non-essential activities (38) along with mobility restrictio…”
BackgroundShawler, L. A., & Blair, B. J. (2021) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.1007/s42822-021-00055-1 · Cited by 7
“…School of Medicine, 9810 Patuxent Woods Dr., Ste. C., Columbia, MD 21046, USA 2 School of Education, Long Island University, Orangeburg, NY, USA resultant disease (COVID-19) have created a profound and unprecedented disruption throughout society (Ferguson et al., 2020; West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundVelde, F. V., Hamed, A., Lange, J., Sælid, T., & Bastien, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.700542 · Cited by 6
“Effective and ethical public health emergency responses are informed by behavioral science, therefore, response strategies should by extension be theoretically and empirically informed (4).”
BackgroundSenerat, A. M., Pope, Z., Rydell, S. A., Mullan, A. F., Roger, V. L., & Pereira, M. A. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes · doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.08.014 · Cited by 13
“Published by Else access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons requiring engagement in SARS-CoV-2 transmission prevention behaviors (eg, physical distancing, mask wearing).(5-7) Although these mitigation strategies can help reduce COVID-19 infection rates, unintended negative consequences on em…”
Determinants of adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviours in Canada: Results from the iCARE StudyPreprint
Lavoie, K., Boucher, V. G., Stojanovic, J., Voisard, B., Szczepanik, G., Boyle, J. A., Bélanger‐Gravel, A., Bacon, S., & for the iCARE Study Team (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.21258634 · Cited by 8
“, hand washing, physical distancing, avoiding social gatherings, mask wearing, self-isolation if symptomatic or COVID-19 positive, and quarantine after travel.(1,2) However, adhering to government policies involves making significant personal, social, and economic sacrifices which may undermine people’s motivation to…”
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 transmission, vaccination rate and the fate of resistant strains
Rella, S. A., Kulikova, Y. A., Dermitzakis, E., & Kondrashov, F. A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.21251383 · Cited by 6
Estimation of real-infection and immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Indian populationsPreprint
Singh, P. P., Tamang, R., Shukla, M., Pathak, A., Srivastava, A., Gupta, P., Bhatt, A., Shrivastava, A., Upadhyay, S., Singh, A., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.21251118 · Cited by 6
Kuznar, L. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00719-8 · Cited by 6
“West et al. (2020) identified the key information that rational decision makers should have to combat the spread of the pandemic, along with an APEASE (acceptability, practicability, effectiveness, affordability, spill-over effects, equity) framework for tailoring messages.”
BackgroundSeroprävalenz und SARS-CoV-2-Testung in Gesundheitsberufen
Ziemssen, F., Bayyoud, T., Bartz‐Schmidt, K. U., Peter, A., & Ueffing, M. (2020) · Der Ophthalmologe · doi:10.1007/s00347-020-01158-7 · Cited by 7
Estimation and Monitoring of COVID-19's Transmissibility From Publicly Available Data
Silveira, A. D. D. S., & Pereira, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.3389/fams.2020.565336 · Cited by 6
“(10) and another recursive least-squares problem is constructed to 123”
BackgroundInfluentialNudge Policies in COVID-19 Context: A Necessary Action or Ethical Dilemma?
Correa, A., Ames, M., & Zappellini, M. (2022) · Revista de Administração Contemporânea · doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac2022210033.en · Cited by 6
Parady, G., Taniguchi, A., & Takami, K. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3618769 · Cited by 6
Petrescu‐Mag, R. M., Selaru, L. R., Ivan, A., Malutan, D., & Petrescu, D. C. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-02216-3 · Cited by 5
“…approach aligns with the behavioral science literature, which considers that durable behavioral change requires a simultaneous focus on enhancing individual capabilities, restructuring the physical and social environment to create enabling condi‑ tions, and fostering intrinsic motivation [82, 83].”
Wu, Y.-Z., Qiao, Y., Wu, L.-C., Gao, M., Wong, T.-Y., Li, J.-Y., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Zhao, H., & Fan, X.-W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1655554 · Cited by 5
Konstantinou, P., Kyprianidou, M., Christodoulou, A., McHugh, L., Constantinou, M., Epiphaniou, E., Vahey, N. A., Nicolaou, C., Middleton, N., Karekla, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19859-y · Cited by 5
Seibel, R. L., Tildesley, M., & Hill, E. M. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.24301344 · Cited by 5
Pedrana, A. E., Bowring, A. L., Heath, K., Thomas, A. J., Wilkinson, A. L., Fletcher, S., Saich, F., Munari, S. C., Oliver, J. R., Merner, B., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076907 · Cited by 5
Touchton, M. M., Knaul, F. M., Arreola‐Ornelas, H., Calderon-Anyosa, R. J. C., Otero-Bahamón, S., Hummel, C., Perez‐Cruz, P. E., Porteny, T., Patino, F. G., Garcia, P. J., et al. (2023) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid3090102 · Cited by 5
“…major COVID-19 transmission wave (May–June 2020), the government implemented a five-tiered strategy that adapted NPIs (e.g., localized lockdowns, school closures, and limited gatherings) to local epidemiological conditions, health system capacity, and contact tracing, beginning on 19 July 2020 [36].”
BackgroundHanratty, J., Keenan, C., O'Connor, S. R., Leonard, R. A., Chi, Y., Ferguson, J., Axiaq, A., Miller, S. J., Bradley, D., & Dempster, M. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1336 · Cited by 5
“The evidence for the effectiveness of these measures has been established during previous pandemics of similar serious viral respiratory infections such as pandemic Influenza A (H1N1), SARS and MERS (Flumignan et al., 2020; Jefferson et al., 2020; Seto et al., 2003; Warren‐Gash 2013; Webster et al., 2020; West et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- West, R., Michie, S., Rubin, G. J., & Amlôt, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Public Health England (GB)
- Corresponding author
- West, Robert
- Venue
- Nature Human Behaviour
- Published
- 2020-05-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 451-459
- ISSN
- 2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3021447918
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 109
- FWCI
- 21.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Department of Health and Social Care
- University of East Anglia
- King's College London
- Public Health England
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 transmission, COVID-19 pandemic, behaviour change interventions, face masks, hand washing, social distancing, behavioral science, droplet transmission
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Health Behavior, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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