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Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Open accessAbstract
Human behaviour is central to transmission of SARS-Cov-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and changing behaviour is crucial to preventing transmission in the absence of pharmaceutical interventions. Isolation and social distancing measures, including edicts to stay at home, have been brought into place across the globe to reduce transmission of the virus, but at a huge cost to individuals and society. In addition to these measures, we urgently need effective interventions to increase adherence to behaviours that individuals in communities can enact to protect themselves and others: use of tissues to catch expelled droplets from coughs or sneezes, use of face masks as appropriate, hand-washing on all occasions when required, disinfecting objects and surfaces, physical distancing, and not touching one's eyes, nose or mouth. There is an urgent need for direct evidence to inform development of such interventions, but it is possible to make a start by applying behavioural science methods and models.
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“In line with the BCW intervention development tool, a first step in understanding which interventions are appropriate to generating behaviour change (in this context we refer to the change in or maintenance of social distancing behaviour) is to identify the COM factors that the intervention needs to target [10, 11].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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“The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) can be used as a guiding tool to support this [10, 11].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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“The survey items were guided by the COM-B model [10], to provide a theoretical framework a priori, and were deemed relevant given the applications of the model in relevant contexts [11].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 509
Li, L.-H., Pope, Z. C., Son, Y.-S., Eilts, S., Hogan, C. J., & Kong, M. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4372688 · Cited by 5
Nam, S.-J., & Pak, T.-Y. (2023) · SSM: Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101411 · Cited by 5
“Throughout the pandemic, compliance with suggested guidelines has been central to slowing the spread of COVID-19 (West, Michie, Rubin, & Aml ˆ ot, 2020).”
Public Usage, Perceived Usefulness, and Satisfaction with E-health Services in COVID-19 Pandemic
Galavi, Z., Pourasad, M. H., Norouzi, S., Jahani, Y., & Khajouei, R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences · doi:10.5812/jcrps-133719 · Cited by 5
van Empelen, P., Preuhs, K., Bakker, L. A., Buursma, P., Andree, R., Anraad, C., & van Keulen, H. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272001 · Cited by 6
“In the present study we selected behavior change strategies that targeted the most important determinants of behavior and could be used practically (following the APEASE criteria (acceptability, practicability, effectiveness, affordability, spill-over effects and equity) [12].”
MethodInfluentialMobility patterns and COVID growth: Moderating role of country culture
Rana, A., Mukherjee, T., & Adak, S. (2022) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.06.002 · Cited by 5
Gullick, J., Wu, J., Chew, D., Gale, C., Yan, A. T., Goodman, S., Waters, D., Hyun, K., & Brieger, D. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-07750-8 · Cited by 5
Gordon‐Lipkin, E. M., Kruk, S., Thompson, E., Yeske, P. E., Martin, L., Hirano, M., Cohen, B. H., Marcum, C. S., & McGuire, P. J. (2021) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100837 · Cited by 5
Palmeiro-Silva, Y. K., Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C. R., Henríquez-Roldán, C., & Bangdiwala, S. I. (2021) · Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica-pan American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2021.108 · Cited by 5
Stojanović, J., Raparelli, V., Boccia, S., Bacon, S., & Lavoie, K. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab147 · Cited by 5
“behaviour represents a key to the success of any public health measure, from testing and contact tracing, to isolation, adoption of personal preventive behaviours and vaccine acceptance (5).”
BackgroundHadizadeh-Talasaz, F., Noghabi, A. D., & Mohammadzadeh, F. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.30476/ijcbnm.2021.90930.1747 · Cited by 5
Nudge in the Time of Coronavirus: The Persistence of Behavioural Messages during CrisisPreprint
Hume, S., John, P., Sanders, M., & Stockdale, E. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3644165 · Cited by 5
Regulatory policy and COVID-19: Behavioural insights for fast-paced decision making
OECD (2020) · OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19) · doi:10.1787/7a521805-en · Cited by 5
Noone, C., Warner, N., Byrne, M., Durand, H., Lavoie, K., McGuire, B., Sharry, J. M., Meade, O., Morrissey, E., Molloy, G., et al. (2020) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13099.1 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil: Adherence to national preventive measures and impact on people’s livesPreprint
Villela, E. F. D. M., López, R. V. M., Sato, A. P. S., de Oliveira, F. M., Waldman, E. A., den Bergh, R. V., Fodjo, J. N. S., & Colebunders, R. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-40186/v1 · Cited by 4
“In-depth documentation of adherence to containment measures is nonetheless essential, on the one hand to feed into initiatives attempting to model outbreaks [6,11], and on the other hand to adapt and target health promotion messages to subpopulations that may be struggling to adhere to speci c measures [12], such as s…”
BackgroundBuonomo, B., & Penitente, E. (2025) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-025-02280-3 · Cited by 4
“…it is widely acknowledged that human behaviour is a key determinant of the effectiveness of mitigation strategies during an epidemic, especially when the adoption of self– protective measures is based essentially on free will (Bergstrom and Hanage 2024; Lewnard and Lo 2020; West et al. 2020).”
Baretta, D., Rüttimann, C. L., Amrein, M. A., & Inauen, J. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/57191 · Cited by 5
“In that context, the collective adoption of protective behaviors (eg, hand hygiene, physical distancing, mask wearing) became an essential measure to prevent the transmission of the virus, especially during the pandemic outbreak when there was no vaccine available [1,2].”
Soeder, J., Wagner, A., Neunhöffer, A. T., Martus, P., Papenfuss, F., Wittich, A., Schwille‐Kiuntke, J., Rind, E., & Rieger, M. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1388996 · Cited by 4
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“In the absence of medical interventions, government guidance around the world aimed to decrease COVID-19 infections by changing people’s behaviours [1,2].”
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“While our searches sought to identify evidence on commonly recommended behaviours to mitigate human ‐ to ‐ human spread of COVID ‐ 19 as described by (West et al., 2020), this current review focuses on handwashing only.”
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The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Students’ Sedentary Behavior in Indonesia
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“7,21,25,26 dIscussIon Overall, the findings from this review identified that there are relatively few accessible approaches designed to facilitate the use and evaluation of behavioural science in intervention and guidance development during emergency responses.”
InfluentialHubbard, G., den Daas, C., Johnston, M., Dunsmore, J., Maier, M., Polson, R., & Dixon, D. L. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10171-4 · Cited by 9
“TRBs such as physical distancing, face covering and hand hygiene are critical for suppressing the spread of infectious diseases [1, 2], and governments either mandated or recommended these behaviours at different times over the course of the Covid-19 pandemic.”
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“Two potential routes of infection are through inhalation of infected droplets and aerosols and transfer from fomites by physical contact between one's hands and one's eyes, nose, or mouth (Rahman, Aziz, et al., 2020; West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCombating coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in rural areas of Malawi: Factors affecting the fight
Chawinga, W., Singini, W., Phuka, J., Chimbatata, N. B. W., Mitambo, C., Sambani, C., & Kambalame, D. (2023) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v15i1.3464 · Cited by 4
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O’Brien, N., Vijaykumar, S., Craig, M., Land, E., Jocol, S. M. A., Mendoza, X. G. B., Estrada, R. D. L. C., González, E. A. N., & Ozaeta, L. F. N. (2022) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05018 · Cited by 5
Bhattacharyya, K., Dandapat, S., Annam, S. K., Saysardar, K., & Maitra, B. (2022) · Transportation Research Record · doi:10.1177/03611981221101032 · Cited by 4
“A few other studies had focused on behavioral changes and associated potential interventions (29, 30).”
BackgroundJohnstone, S., Page, N., Groome, M., Madhi, S., Mutevedzi, P., & Thomas, J. (2022) · Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.4102/sajid.v37i1.339 · Cited by 4
Verot, E., Bonjean, P., Chaux, R., Gagnaire, J., Gagneux-Brunon, A., Pozzetto, B., Berthelot, P., Botelho-Nevers, E., & Chauvin, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052569 · Cited by 4
“highlighted in May 2020, there is an urgent need for effective interventions to increase the general population’s adherence to the proper implementation of health measures to protect themselves individually and collectively [9].”
BackgroundHanratty, J., Keenan, C., O'Connor, S. R., Miller, S. J., Bradley, D., & Dempster, M. (2022) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1219 · Cited by 6
“The evidence for the effectiveness of these measures has been established during previous pandemics of similar serious viral respiratory infections such as H1N1, SARS and MERS (Flumignan et al., 2020; Jefferson et al., 2020; Seto et al., 2003; Warren‐Gash et al., 2013; Webster et al., 2020; West et al., 2020).”
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Gohli, J., Anderson, A. M., Brantsæter, A., Bøifot, K. O., Grub, C., Hadley, C., Lind, A., Pettersen, E. S., Søraas, A. V. L., & Dybwad, M. (2022) · Indoor Air: International Journal of Indoor Environment and Health · doi:10.1111/ina.13001 · Cited by 4
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“Therefore, understanding the influence of behavior changes on epidemics can be vital to successfully halt the spread of COVID-19 [18].”
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Gómez, A. L., Dogmanas, D., Brunet-Adami, N., Bagattini, N., & Bernardi, R. (2021) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.21.287071 · Cited by 4
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“, fomites) remains challenging [5,6], effectively disinfecting high-touch surfaces (i.”
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“Similarly, the relevance of increasing risk perception among those who still do not feel personally threatened by COVID-19 has been underlined by a recent behavioural science approach enhancing potential interventions to promote adherence to social distancing (West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFanghella, V., Vũ, T., & Mittone, L. (2021) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3792921 · Cited by 4
“Information can promote preventive behaviors and avoid pandemic-related panic (Lep, Babnik and Beyazoglu, 2020; van Bavel et al., 2020; West et al., 2020), thereby fostering altruistic rather than selfish behaviors and easing the management of the crisis.”
BackgroundMudanças comportamentais da população da cidade de Rio Grande (RS) frente à pandemia
Ferreira, L. B., Lasmar, M. F., & Ramos, D. F. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12413 · Cited by 3
[Hygiene as a weapon in the fight against SARS-Cov-2. All experts in taking care!]
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GELECEK SALGINLARA HAZIRLIKTA SAĞLIK EĞİTİMİ VE BİREYSEL DAVRANIŞ MODELLERİ: COVID-19 ÖRNEĞİ
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“Moreover, social gatherings, which are culturally more frequent in Ramadan, must be stopped and guidance for social and physical distancing must be followed as these measures are shown to be effective in reducing transmission of COVID-19 [178, 179].”
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“Our observation has pointed at all the different lockdowns and contact rates that reached their goals to provide preventive measures during the coronavirus pandemic in TRNC as well as in the other countries [3].”
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Chatting Towards Inclusivity: A Digital Approach to Inclusion Action Plans and Leader Development
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“Individuals’ health-related risk perceptions may significantly change their health-related behavior, which is essential for managing the pandemic by reducing the transmission of virus [10,11].”
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Community Engagement and Vaccine Confidence in the Korean Community
Lee, I. S., & Jeong, C. (2025) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2025.2466526 · Cited by 3
“However, because of the novelty of the COVID-19 virus and the relatively short time spent inventing the vaccine, a significant percentage of the U.S. population expressed uncertainty about getting vaccinated for the COVID-19 virus in 2020 (Jung & Albarracín, 2021; West et al., 2020).”
Dagorn, E., Dattilo, M., & Pourieux, M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.06.040 · Cited by 3
Yan, J., Fang, Z., Chen, L., Tang, J., Lu, Q., & Lin, X. (2024) · Journal of Housing and the Built Environment · doi:10.1007/s10901-024-10120-x · Cited by 3
“…pandemic have become important opportunity factors such as mask mandatory, social distance requirement are suggested and guaranteed by the policy to eliminate the infection and potentially influence healthcare accessing behaviour (Bavel et al., 2020; Michie et al., 2011; West et al., 2020).”
Hong, J., Wei, Q., Li, Y., Zhan, Z., Zou, X., & Zhong, C. (2023) · Innoeduca International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation · doi:10.24310/innoeduca.2023.v9i2.15593 · Cited by 3
“This may be because during the COVID-19 epidemic, people were isolated at home (West et al ., 2020), but social needs caused neurotic people to communicate through the Internet.”
BackgroundA System Dynamics Approach to Rural Community Resilience: Learnings from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Khare, P., Joshi, K., & Joshi, A. (2023) · International Journal of Community Well-Being · doi:10.1007/s42413-023-00199-5 · Cited by 3
“…(Homer & Hirsch, 2006 ) and scholars have explained the significance of using qualitative models in systems dynamics depict - ing epidemics, which also help in including subtle aspects of society (Kontogiannis, 2021 ; Van Bavel et al., 2020; Eaton & Kalichman, 2020 ; West et al., 2020 ).”
Al-Zubaidy, N., Crespo, R. F., Jones, S. P., Drikvandi, R., Gould, L., Leis, M., Maheswaran, H., Neves, A. L., & Darzi, A. W. (2023) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582231215867 · Cited by 9
“2,5,6,8,12,20 Preventative social behaviour levels rose with increases in government stringency index levels.”
BackgroundHost behaviour driven by awareness of infection risk amplifies the chance of superspreading events
Parag, K., & Thompson, R. (2023) · Journal of the Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.23294423 · Cited by 3
Teodorowski, P., Rodgers, S., Fleming, K. M., Tahir, N., Ahmed, S., & Frith, L. (2023) · International Journal for Population Data Science · doi:10.23889/ijpds.v8i1.2130 · Cited by 1
den Daas, C., Dixon, D. L., Hubbard, G., Allan, J., & Johnston, M. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad025 · Cited by 3
Williams, S., McFarlane, M. D., Giammarino, M., & Oleksa, J. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14890-3 · Cited by 3
“We acknowledge that there are other frameworks that could also be applied in this study—such as the capability–opportunity–motivation–behavior (COM-B) model [22] and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), [23] among others.”
MethodBarriers and Enablers to COVID-19 Vaccination in San Francisco's Spanish-Speaking Population
Miguel, L. A., Christian, C., Accurso, E. C., Najmabadi, A., Athavale, P., Diala, J. A., Sachdev, D. D., Philip, S., Reid, M. J. A., & Handley, M. A. (2023) · Global Implementation Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/s43477-023-00071-w · Cited by 3
“For this, we used the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behavior (COM-B) Model and related Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) framework to identify specific barriers and enablers in this population and guide the selection of interventions and policies to address them (West et al., 2020).”
MethodImpaired Perceptions and Conspiracy Beliefs about the Way of Emergence of the COVID-19 Infection
Fenercioğlu, A. K., Can, G., Sipahioğlu, N. T., Demir, O., Güllüoğlu, S., Gedik, I., Altintas, G. E., Cosgun, A., & Gurcan, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095557 · Cited by 2
Li, L., Shen, X., Zhou, X., Cao, H., Feng, J. B., Lei, Z., Tian, K., Liang, J., Wang, Y., Lu, Z., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679538 · Cited by 4
“In the face of the outbreak and rapid spread of COVID-19, China actively adopted a series of effective non-pharmaceutical intervention measures (West et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA Social Psychological Toolbox for Clinical Psychology
Fiedler, K., & Grüning, D. J. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000447 · Cited by 6
Martinsen, Ø. L., Furnham, A. F., Grover, S., Arnulf, J. K., & Horne, G. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111016 · Cited by 4
Changes in COVID-19 Morbidity in an Ethnic Minority Between First and Second Pandemic WavesPreprint
Saban, M., Myers, V., Peretz, G., Avni, S., Luxenburg, O., & Wilf-Miron, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-146002/v1 · Cited by 3
Liggans, G., Dutilly, D. K., Carrington-Liggans, K. J., Cartagena, M., Idjagboro, C. E., Williams, L., Lewis, G. R., Russell, M., Moore, V., & Sudler, R. (2020) · Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2020.101.007 · Cited by 3
Smyth, B. (2020) · Digital Government Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3411762 · Cited by 7
Chung, A. Q. H., Lessard, L., Andreev, P., & O’Reilly, P. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.423 · Cited by 4
“Such preventive behaviours include, among others, social distancing, increased handwashing, reduced face touching, and mask wearing [3, 4].”
BackgroundA brief history of the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives in risk science and data analytics
Trump, B. D., Keenan, J. M., & Linkov, I. (2025) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2025.2569437 · Cited by 2
“…data analytics could quantify risks and intervention effects more accurately, decisions increasingly involved navigating competing objectives (health vs. economy), societal values, public fatigue (Beck and Hensher 2020; West et al. 2020), and political incentives that data alone could not resolve.”
Applying implementation science to infectious disease emergency preparedness and response
Øvretveit, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1622618 · Cited by 3
Leonard, R. A., O'Connor, S. R., Hanratty, J., Keenan, C., Yuan, C., Ferguson, J., Axiaq, A., Volz, A., Welsh, C., Campbell, K., et al. (2024) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1422 · Cited by 3
“While our searches sought to identify evidence on commonly recommended behaviours to mitigate human ‐ to ‐ human spread of COVID ‐ 19 as described by West et al. 2020, this current review focuses on face covering only.”
BackgroundAfzal, A., Arshad, M. R., Sikandar, A., & Hussain, I. M. (2023) · Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities · doi:10.55737/qjssh.058458392 · Cited by 2
Does the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affect the poor? Evidence from a six-country survey
Dang, H.-A. H., Huynh, T., & Nguyen, M.-H. (2023) · Journal of economic development · doi:10.1108/jed-06-2023-0107 · Cited by 2
Baretta, D., & Inauen, J. (2023) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibad075 · Cited by 2
Why don’t we consume energy more efficiently? a Lisbon Parish council case study
Barreto, A. M., de Brito, N. C., Boechat, A. C., Martins, L. O., & Martins, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Energy Efficiency · doi:10.3389/fenef.2023.1250795 · Cited by 2
Kuwahara, K., Sakamoto, M., Ishizuka, R., Kato, M., Akiyama, M., Ishikawa, H., & Kiyohara, K. (2023) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.013 · Cited by 2
SnO2-xNx based tpod nanostructure for SARS-CoV2 spike protein detection.
Sharma, N., Chi, C.-H., Dabur, D., Tsai, A. C.-C., & Wu, H.-F. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116505 · Cited by 2
Forcadell-Díez, L., Rius, C., Salobral, R., Sánchez-Valdivia, N., Mendioroz, J., Godoy, P., Jarque, E. B., Ferrandiz-Mont, D., Cervera, D. M., Suriñach, B. J., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280614 · Cited by 2
Residential mobility predicts COVID-19 and seasonal flu vaccination behaviors in the United States
Zhang, N., Jiang, T., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1064962 · Cited by 2
Modeling a traffic light warning system for acute respiratory infections
Diaz-Infante, S., Acuña-Zegarra, M. A., & Velasco-Hernández, J. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.apm.2023.04.029 · Cited by 2
Reizer, A., & Galperin, B. L. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221144608 · Cited by 1
“In response to West et al. ’ s (2020) call to better understand the role of personality and motivational factors in preventive behaviors during the pandemic, this study examines the relationship between grit and two central health-related outcomes - preventative health behaviors and psychological…”
Kreslake, J. M., Aarvig, K., Muller-Tabanera, H., Vallone, D., & Hair, E. C. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/44950 · Cited by 2
“Without effective pharmacological interventions and vaccines, social distancing emerged as the primary mitigation strategy [2,3].”
BackgroundKuçukkarapinar, M., Karadağ, F., Budakoglu, I., Aslan, S., Uçar, O., Pence, A. Y., Timurcin, U., Tumkaya, S., Hocaoğlu, Ç., & Kiraz, I. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10122027 · Cited by 2
“Finally, in psychological models of behavior change, sociodemographic factors, such as education, age, sex, and culture, were deemed less important than risk perception and knowledge [16].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccination coverage and associated factors in seasonal fruit workers in Lleida
Miret, C., Alsedà, M., & Godoy, P. (2022) · Vacunas · doi:10.1016/j.vacune.2022.10.015 · Cited by 2
“In addition, improving work and housing conditions together with knowledge about compatible symptoms and the importance of complying with quarantines and identifying contacts can reduce transmission in the high-risk group.(1,27,28) Several studies have been conducted on attitudes of general population or healthcare wo…”
Onayemi, O. M., Oyekola, I. A., & Adebisi, T. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80117-902-720221011 · Cited by 3
Impacts of COVID‐19 pandemic on electrical energy storage technologies
Çatalbaş, M. C. (2021) · Energy Storage · doi:10.1002/est2.305 · Cited by 2
“First detected in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes respiratory infections called COVID-19 disease, which can even be fatal to humanity.(1) This disease has turned into an epidemic that has caused unprecedented effects in the world since the day it was first seen and humankind is workin…”
BackgroundKatoh, M., & Katoh, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmmed.2021.720577 · Cited by 3
“The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been affecting lifestyles and health care worldwide (West et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021).”
BackgroundAl-Zubaidy, N., Crespo, R., Jones, S., Drikvandi, R., Gould, L., Leis, M., Maheswaran, H., Neves, A., & Darzi, A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.21260246 · Cited by 2
DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDINAL COMPLIANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Pascaru, M. (2021) · Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series VII Social Sciences • Law · doi:10.31926/but.ssl.2021.14.63.1.8 · Cited by 1
“To add to these measures interventions that may help the adoption of behaviors which result in better protection for individuals and those around them were suggested, models based on applied behavioral science (West et al., 2020, p. 451).”
MethodMiller, J. G., Zavlis, O., Hartman, T. K., McBride, O., Bennett, K. M., Butter, S., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martínez, A. P., McKay, R., et al. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98237 · Cited by 1
Changes in Tongue Kissing in Hook-Ups after COVID-19
Ruiz-Eugenio, L., Torras-Gómez, E., de Aguileta-Jaussi, G. L., & Gutiérrez-Fernández, N. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12166309 · Cited by 2
“While scientists around the world are making great efforts to find a COVID-19 vaccine, social and behavioral sciences studies are being published on the existing evidence of psychological, biological, social, and environmental factors that influence behavior to limit the transmission of the virus [2,3].”
BackgroundThe benefits of peer transparency in safe workplace operation post pandemic lockdownPreprint
Wey, A., Champneys, A., Dyson, R., Alwan, N., & Barker, M. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.20147678 · Cited by 2
“o inform how to support and encourage required changes in behaviour. These have been summarised as they apply to reducing infections during the pandemic in a number of recent reviews and commentaries [2, 5, 27] and have obvious application to plans to make return to work safe. They suggest that to be eective, a workpl…”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Status, Crowding, COVID-19 Perceptions, and Protective Behavior
Özden, M., Baruh, L., Cemalcılar, Z., & Kuru, O. (2023) · Health Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.5334/hpb.40 · Cited by 2
Study of Human Behaviour During Lockdown Owing to Corona Epidemic
Singh, B. (2021) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1476-7_65 · Cited by 2
Rochira, A., & Salvatore, S. (2021) · Geo-societal Narratives · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79028-8_7 · Cited by 2
Comparison of COVID-19 Case-Fatality-Rates by Socio- Demographic Factors
Peker, E. K., Bektemur, G., Baydili, K., & Aktaş, M. (2020) · doi:10.4274/jarem.galenos.2020.3790 · Cited by 2
“Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YD, Yang YB, Yan YQ, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China.”
BackgroundInfluentialMapping gender diversity policies in construction: a behaviour change and governance analysis
Edirisinghe, R., & Rathnayake, B. (2026) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Management, procurement and law · doi:10.1680/jmapl.25.00137 · Cited by 1
Tetteh, E. K., López, J. D., McGovern, C., Aboagye-Mensah, G., Geng, E. H., & McKay, V. (2026) · Epidemiologia · doi:10.3390/epidemiologia7020048 · Cited by 1
“While widely applied in public health research, empirical studies during COVID-19 often operationalized these levels separately [12,13], offering limited insight into how individuals experienced the interaction of these influences in everyday decision-making.”
Risk Compensation: How Vaccination Impacts Social Distancing in an Online Natural Experiment
Patel, K. (2026) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70201 · Cited by 1
“This underscores the importance of nuanced, context-specific communication from policymakers, emphasizing that vaccination complements (rather than replaces) distancing efforts (Bavel et al., 2020 ; West et al., 2020 ).”
Motevalli, M., Tanous, D., Drenowatz, C., Schauer, M., Mair, S., Kohlberger, M., Ruedl, G., & Wirnitzer, K. (2025) · Dietetics · doi:10.3390/dietetics4040059 · Cited by 1
“…was conducted during the COVID-19 lockdowns, a period marked by increased public awareness and behavioral changes related to health, prevention strategies, and supplementation [116,117], which may have influenced participants’ responses and behaviors in ways not fully captured by the study design.”
Shots or Shutdowns? Public Preferences for COVID-19 Vaccines and Societal Restrictions in the US
Alfayoumi, I., Genie, M., & Ngorsuraches, S. (2025) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2025.101152 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- West, R., Michie, S., Rubin, G. J., & Amlôt, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Public Health England (GB)
- Corresponding author
- West, Robert
- Venue
- Nature Human Behaviour
- Published
- 2020-05-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 451-459
- ISSN
- 2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3021447918
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 109
- FWCI
- 21.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Department of Health and Social Care
- University of East Anglia
- King's College London
- Public Health England
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 transmission, COVID-19 pandemic, behaviour change interventions, face masks, hand washing, social distancing, behavioral science, droplet transmission
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Health Behavior, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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