Viscoelastic surface electrode arrays to interface with viscoelastic tissues
Open accessAbstract
Living tissues are non-linearly elastic materials that exhibit viscoelasticity and plasticity. Man-made, implantable bioelectronic arrays mainly rely on rigid or elastic encapsulation materials and stiff films of ductile metals that can be manipulated with microscopic precision to offer reliable electrical properties. In this study, we have engineered a surface microelectrode array that replaces the traditional encapsulation and conductive components with viscoelastic materials. Our array overcomes previous limitations in matching the stiffness and relaxation behaviour of soft biological tissues by using hydrogels as the outer layers. We have introduced a hydrogel-based conductor made from an ionically conductive alginate matrix enhanced with carbon nanomaterials, which provide electrical percolation even at low loading fractions. Our combination of conducting and insulating viscoelastic materials, with top-down manufacturing, allows for the fabrication of electrode arrays compatible with standard electrophysiology platforms. Our arrays intimately conform to the convoluted surface of the heart or brain cortex and offer promising bioengineering applications for recording and stimulation.
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In vivo ECG recording equipment on the surface of the heart is subjected to dynamic movement, unlike static neural implants.
“Unlike static neural implants mentioned above, in vivo ECG recording equipment on the surface of the heart is subjected to dynamic movement.[375–378]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [377]
In “Assembly of a fully viscoelastic device and in vivo validation” (page not provided), the paper reports that an electrode array recorded ECG on a mouse heart and remained in place as the heart continued to beat. This supports the dynamic-movement point, but the paper does not characterize neural implants as static or establish the stated contrast. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics
Heng, W., Solomon, S., & Gao, W. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202107902 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Tringides, C. M., Vachicouras, N., de Lázaro, I., Wang, H., Trouillet, A., Seo, B. R., Elosegui-Artola, A., Fallegger, F., Shin, Y., Casiraghi, C., Kostarelos, K., Lacour, S. P., & Mooney, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mooney, David J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Nanotechnology
- Published
- 2021-06-17
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1019-1029
- ISSN
- 1748-3387 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-3395
- PMC
- PMC9233755
- OpenAlex
- W3170991037
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 8 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 23.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (acceptedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (183519)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P00119X/1, EP/N010345/1)
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA214369)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE013033, R01DE013349)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD086843)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- bioelectronic interfaces, viscoelastic hydrogels, alginate hydrogel, carbon nanomaterials, ionic conductors, cardiac electrophysiology, electrical stimulation, top-down fabrication
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Microelectrodes, Surface Properties, Viscosity, Hydrogels, Nanostructures, Viscoelastic Substances, Bioengineering
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