Cited by 231Estrogen and related hormone effectsReceptor Mechanisms and SignalingEffects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals

The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor GPER in health and disease: an update

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Prossnitz, Eric R., Barton, Matthias·2023·Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Abstract

Oestrogens and their receptors contribute broadly to physiology and diseases. In premenopausal women, endogenous oestrogens protect against cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases and are involved in hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer. Oestrogens and oestrogen mimetics mediate their effects via the cytosolic and nuclear receptors oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor-β (ERβ) and membrane subpopulations as well as the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER). GPER, which dates back more than 450 million years in evolution, mediates both rapid signalling and transcriptional regulation. Oestrogen mimetics (such as phytooestrogens and xenooestrogens including endocrine disruptors) and licensed drugs such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and downregulators (SERDs) also modulate oestrogen receptor activity in both health and disease. Following up on our previous Review of 2011, we herein summarize the progress made in the field of GPER research over the past decade. We will review molecular, cellular and pharmacological aspects of GPER signalling and function, its contribution to physiology, health and disease, and the potential of GPER to serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic indicator of numerous diseases. We also discuss the first clinical trial evaluating a GPER-selective drug and the opportunity of repurposing licensed drugs for the targeting of GPER in clinical medicine.

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Crossref · 10.1038/s41574-023-00822-7

Cites

292 of 292 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • PLCD3 is a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER).

    “Both PLCD3 and SLC22A5 are associated with estrogen‐related signaling pathways (Figure S5), with PLCD3 being a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) 60 , 61 and SLC22A5 being a carnitine transport protein transcriptionally regulated by estrogen receptors. 62”

    From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [61]

    The ‘Molecular signalling mediated by GPER’ section describes GPER signalling through a PLCβ–PKC pathway, supporting a connection between GPER and a phospholipase C isozyme. It does not identify PLCD3 or say that GPER activates PLCD3 specifically; the named isozyme is PLCβ. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • PLCD3 is associated with estrogen-related signaling pathways.

    “Both PLCD3 and SLC22A5 are associated with estrogen‐related signaling pathways (Figure S5), with PLCD3 being a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) 60 , 61 and SLC22A5 being a carnitine transport protein transcriptionally regulated by estrogen receptors. 62”

    From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [61]

    The “Molecular signalling mediated by GPER” section (page unavailable) describes an oestrogen-related GPER pathway involving PLCβ–PKC. It does not identify PLCD3 or say that GPER activates that particular PLC isozyme, so it supports the pathway connection only at the broader PLC-family level. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • PLCD3 is a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and is involved in phosphoinositide turnover and PKC activation.

    “PLCD3 is a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and is involved in phosphoinositide turnover and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. 60 , 61”

    From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [61]

    The Molecular signalling mediated by GPER section (page unavailable) describes a GPER-initiated PLCβ–PKC pathway and PKC activation following calcium mobilization. It does not identify PLCD3 as the PLC isozyme activated by GPER or describe PLCD3-mediated phosphoinositide turnover. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

1 retracted

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. [1]Aristotélēs. Historia Animalium Books 1–10 (transl. and ed. Peck, A. L., Balme, D. M. & Gotthelf, A.) 1–624 (Harvard Univ. Press, 1965).
  2. [47]Chourasia TK Pang Y Thomas P The catecholestrogen, 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, acts as a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER/GPR30) antagonist to promote the resumption of meiosis in zebrafish oocytes Biol. Reprod. 2015 92 69 1 13 25609836
  3. [196]Smith HO GPR30: a novel indicator of poor survival for endometrial carcinoma Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007 196 386 e381 e389 17403429
  4. [282]Vance DA Premarin: the intriguing history of a controversial drug Int. J. Pharm. Compd. 2007 1 282 286 23974785

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Authors
Prossnitz, E. R., & Barton, M.
Affiliations
  • University of New Mexico (US)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
  • Prossnitz, Eric R.
  • Barton, Matthias
Venue
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Published
2023-05-16
Volume
19
Issue
7
Pages
407-424
ISSN
  • 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-5037
OpenAlex
W4376639723
Cited by
231
References
292
Citations by year
2026: 63 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 9
FWCI
8.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • Dialysis Clinics
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (122504, 108258)
  • National Institutes of Health (CA118100, CA163890, GM121176)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA127731, R01CA163890, P30CA118100, R01CA194496)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM121176)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Keywords
endocrine disruptors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, therapeutic target, drug repurposing
MeSH terms
Breast Neoplasms, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Receptors, Estrogen, GTP-Binding Proteins, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor beta

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