The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor GPER in health and disease: an update
Open accessAbstract
Oestrogens and their receptors contribute broadly to physiology and diseases. In premenopausal women, endogenous oestrogens protect against cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases and are involved in hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer. Oestrogens and oestrogen mimetics mediate their effects via the cytosolic and nuclear receptors oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor-β (ERβ) and membrane subpopulations as well as the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER). GPER, which dates back more than 450 million years in evolution, mediates both rapid signalling and transcriptional regulation. Oestrogen mimetics (such as phytooestrogens and xenooestrogens including endocrine disruptors) and licensed drugs such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and downregulators (SERDs) also modulate oestrogen receptor activity in both health and disease. Following up on our previous Review of 2011, we herein summarize the progress made in the field of GPER research over the past decade. We will review molecular, cellular and pharmacological aspects of GPER signalling and function, its contribution to physiology, health and disease, and the potential of GPER to serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic indicator of numerous diseases. We also discuss the first clinical trial evaluating a GPER-selective drug and the opportunity of repurposing licensed drugs for the targeting of GPER in clinical medicine.
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PLCD3 is a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER).
“Both PLCD3 and SLC22A5 are associated with estrogen‐related signaling pathways (Figure S5), with PLCD3 being a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) 60 , 61 and SLC22A5 being a carnitine transport protein transcriptionally regulated by estrogen receptors. 62”
From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
The ‘Molecular signalling mediated by GPER’ section describes GPER signalling through a PLCβ–PKC pathway, supporting a connection between GPER and a phospholipase C isozyme. It does not identify PLCD3 or say that GPER activates PLCD3 specifically; the named isozyme is PLCβ. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPLCD3 is associated with estrogen-related signaling pathways.
“Both PLCD3 and SLC22A5 are associated with estrogen‐related signaling pathways (Figure S5), with PLCD3 being a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) 60 , 61 and SLC22A5 being a carnitine transport protein transcriptionally regulated by estrogen receptors. 62”
From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
The “Molecular signalling mediated by GPER” section (page unavailable) describes an oestrogen-related GPER pathway involving PLCβ–PKC. It does not identify PLCD3 or say that GPER activates that particular PLC isozyme, so it supports the pathway connection only at the broader PLC-family level. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPLCD3 is a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and is involved in phosphoinositide turnover and PKC activation.
“PLCD3 is a phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme activated by G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and is involved in phosphoinositide turnover and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. 60 , 61”
From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
The Molecular signalling mediated by GPER section (page unavailable) describes a GPER-initiated PLCβ–PKC pathway and PKC activation following calcium mobilization. It does not identify PLCD3 as the PLC isozyme activated by GPER or describe PLCD3-mediated phosphoinositide turnover. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Prossnitz, E. R., & Barton, M.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Prossnitz, Eric R.
- Barton, Matthias
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Published
- 2023-05-16
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 407-424
- ISSN
- 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5037
- PMC
- PMC10187525
- OpenAlex
- W4376639723
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 292
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 8.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Dialysis Clinics
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (122504, 108258)
- National Institutes of Health (CA118100, CA163890, GM121176)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA127731, R01CA163890, P30CA118100, R01CA194496)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM121176)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- endocrine disruptors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, therapeutic target, drug repurposing
- MeSH terms
- Breast Neoplasms, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Receptors, Estrogen, GTP-Binding Proteins, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor beta
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