Cited by 6,661SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 detection and testing

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Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019

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Wölfel, Roman, Corman, Victor M., Guggemos, Wolfgang, Seilmaier, Michael, Zange, Sabine, Müller, Marcel A., Niemeyer, Daniela, Jones, Terry C., Vollmar, Patrick, Rothe, Camilla, Hoelscher, Michael, Bleicker, Tobias, Brünink, Sebastian, Schneider, Julia, Ehmann, Rosina, Zwirglmaier, Katrin, Drosten, Christian, Wendtner, Clemens·2020·Nature

DOI 10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infection of the respiratory tract that emerged in late 2019 1,2. Initial outbreaks in China involved 13.8% of cases with severe courses, and 6.1% of cases with critical courses 3. This severe presentation may result from the virus using a virus receptor that is expressed predominantly in the lung 2,4; the same receptor tropism is thought to have determined the pathogenicity-but also aided in the control-of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 5. However, there are reports of cases of COVID-19 in which the patient shows mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, which suggests the potential for pre- or oligosymptomatic transmission 6-8. There is an urgent need for information on virus replication, immunity and infectivity in specific sites of the body. Here we report a detailed virological analysis of nine cases of COVID-19 that provides proof of active virus replication in tissues of the upper respiratory tract. Pharyngeal virus shedding was very high during the first week of symptoms, with a peak at 7.11 × 10 8 RNA copies per throat swab on day 4. Infectious virus was readily isolated from samples derived from the throat or lung, but not from stool samples-in spite of high concentrations of virus RNA. Blood and urine samples never yielded virus. Active replication in the throat was confirmed by the presence of viral replicative RNA intermediates in the throat samples. We consistently detected sequence-distinct virus populations in throat and lung samples from one patient, proving independent replication. The shedding of viral RNA from sputum outlasted the end of symptoms. Seroconversion occurred after 7 days in 50% of patients (and by day 14 in all patients), but was not followed by a rapid decline in viral load. COVID-19 can present as a mild illness of the upper respiratory tract. The confirmation of active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract has implications for the containment of COVID-19.

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A Scalable, Easy-to-Deploy Protocol for Cas13-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Material
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A Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals Characterizes 3CL pro Inhibitor PF-00835231 as a Potential New Treatment for COVID-19
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Serodiagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Related Coronavirus 2
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A highly specific and sensitive serological assay detects SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in COVID-19 patients that correlate with neutralization
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The scRNA-seq Expression Profiling of the Receptor ACE2 and the Cellular Protease TMPRSS2 Reveals Human Organs Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection
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Divergent SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific T‐ and B‐cell responses in severe but not mild COVID‐19 patients
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Gut Microbiome Alterations in COVID-19
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Sentinel surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater anticipates the occurrence of COVID-19 casesPreprint
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Authors: Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., Hoelscher, M., Bleicker, T., Brünink, S., Schneider, J., Ehmann, R., Zwirglmaier, K., Drosten, C., & Wendtner, C.
Affiliations: Institut für Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr (DE)
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
München Klinik Schwabing (DE)
University of Cambridge (GB)
LMU Klinikum (DE)
Corresponding author: Drosten, Christian
Wendtner, Clemens
ORCID: Wölfel, Roman
Corman, Victor M.
Seilmaier, Michael
Zange, Sabine
Müller, Marcel A.
Niemeyer, Daniela
Jones, Terry C.
Bleicker, Tobias
Schneider, Julia
Ehmann, Rosina
Zwirglmaier, Katrin
Drosten, Christian
Wendtner, Clemens
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-04-01
Volume: 581
Issue: 7809
Pages: 465-469
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
OpenAlex: W3013893137
Cited by: 6,661
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 92 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 526 · 2022: 1091 · 2021: 2228 · 2020: 2219
FWCI: 199.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2020-12-11)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: European Commission (602525)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, upper respiratory tract, viral replication, seroconversion, viral load, hospitalized patients
MeSH terms: Seroconversion, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Testing, Coronavirus Envelope Proteins, Antibodies, Viral, Base Sequence, Blood, Feces, Hospitalization, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Lung, Pharynx, Pneumonia, Viral, RNA, Viral, Sputum, Urine, Viral Envelope Proteins, Virus Replication, Virus Shedding, Coronavirus Infections, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Viral Load, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Pandemics

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