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The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids
Open accessAbstract
Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use 1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide 3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS 4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele frequencies, effect sizes and linkage-disequilibrium patterns 24. Here we conduct a multi-ancestry, genome-wide genetic discovery meta-analysis of lipid levels in approximately 1.65 million individuals, including 350,000 of non-European ancestries. We quantify the gain in studying non-European ancestries and provide evidence to support the expansion of recruitment of additional ancestries, even with relatively small sample sizes. We find that increasing diversity rather than studying additional individuals of European ancestry results in substantial improvements in fine-mapping functional variants and portability of polygenic prediction (evaluated in approximately 295,000 individuals from 7 ancestry groupings). Modest gains in the number of discovered loci and ancestry-specific variants were also achieved. As GWAS expand emphasis beyond the identification of genes and fundamental biology towards the use of genetic variants for preventive and precision medicine 25, we anticipate that increased diversity of participants will lead to more accurate and equitable 26 application of polygenic scores in clinical practice.
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“This result replicated previous studies showing that multi-ancestry PGS demonstrated an improved prediction performance relative to ancestry-matched PGSs41,42.”
From Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“We found genetic variants significantly associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c; p < 5.0E-08; Fig. 6a).”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The top-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs10507274, more specifically the “C” allele, found in ~6% of the general population, is significantly associated with increased plasma levels of HDL-c (p = 8.6E-11, Beta = +0.0183 ( ± 2.8E-03); Fig. 6a, b).”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The Global Lipids Genetics Consortium aggregated GWAS results from 1,654,960 individuals from 201 primary studies representing five genetic ancestry groups28.”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
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“GWAS summary statistics of the CLCC1 gene and plasma lipid levels were obtained from the GLGC dataset 28 and performed using Locus-Zoom (http://locuszoom.org/).”
Self-citationMathew, V., Khan, R. R., Jowell, A. R., Yan, Q., Pe’er, I., Truong, B. M. T., Natarajan, P., Yee, L. M., Khan, S. S., Sharma, G. V., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.02.015 · Cited by 12
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“Data on blood lipid levels were obtained from the Global Lipid Consortium database [15, 16], which included a total population of 1,654,960 patients.”
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“The summary data of TC, LDL-C and non-HDL-C were derived from a genome-wide genetic discovery meta-analysis of lipid levels with approximately 1.65 million subjects, the vast majority of whom were of European ancestry (Graham et al. 2021).”
InfluentialKang, J., Zhao, S., Wu, X., Wang, C., Jiang, Z., & Wang, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1271942 · Cited by 12
“This dataset presents information on HDL-C, LDL-C, TC and TG levels of individuals with European ancestry (n=1,320,016) (21).”
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“…lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), remnant-C from (https://gwas. mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets, dataset: met-d, n: 111,078), LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG from [35] (n: 1,320,016), Lp[a] from (n: 361,194, http://www.nealelab.is/uk-biobank), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) from [36] (n: 757,601),…”
Beyond apples and pears: sex-specific genetics of body fat percentage
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“For outcomes, we used publicly available summary statistics from the published GWAS as explained in the main text (Table S2) (21 – 23).”
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BackgroundInfluentialRegulation of Mitochondria-Derived Immune Activation by ‘Antiviral’ TRIM Proteins
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“Nine of the 11 signals mapped to loci previously reported to be associated with circulating lipid levels [4, 5].”
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“The association of these SNPs with LDL-C was validated by performing lookups in summary statistics for East Asian populations from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC) 37 (see Supplementary material online, Table S2 ).”
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“…in polygenic score research is finding scores that can perform well in understud-ied populations (Novembre et al. 2022), but the generalizability of polygenic scores can be improved by incorporating information from genome-wide association studies in diverse populations (Graham et al. 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTimasheva, Y., Balkhiyarova, Z., Avzaletdinova, D. S., Вячеславовна, М. Т., Korytina, G. F., Nouwen, A., Prokopenko, I., & Kochetova, O. V. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16081166 · Cited by 8
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BackgroundSelf-citationPrioritization of genes associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus for functional studies
Tan, W. X., Sim, X., Khoo, C. M., & Teo, A. K. K. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00836-1 · Cited by 10
Self-citationSandholm, N., Hotakainen, R., Haukka, J. K., Sigfrids, F. J., Dahlström, E. H., Antikainen, A. A., Valo, E., Syreeni, A., Kilpeläinen, E., Kytölä, A., et al. (2022) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-022-01135-6 · Cited by 10
“S6); to our knowledge, these variants have not been previously associated with lipid traits, and they are not included in the GLGC GWAS [32], nor in the lipid WES by Hindy et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialJo, J., Kang, M., Kim, K. S., Youk, H. R., Shim, E.-J., Kim, H., Park, J.-S., Sim, S., Yu, B. C., & Jung, J.-K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24477-y · Cited by 14
Self-citationSmith, M. D., Plaisier, S. B., Breen, J., Bogias, K. J., Jankovic‐Karasoulos, T., McCullough, D., McAninch, D., Arthurs, A. L., Wilson, M. A., Pillman, K. A., et al. (2025) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-025-00781-w · Cited by 8
“…blood pressure [60], cardiac arrest [61] and gestational diabetes [62], mutations in ITGA1 associated with platelet count [63], lymphocyte count [61], and LDL measurement [61], and mutations in VCAN associated with monocyte count [64], triglyceride level [65, 66], and HDL measurements [67].”
Nordestgaard, L. T., Hanson, A., Sanderson, E. C. M., Anderson, E. L., Walker, V. M., Tybjærg‐Hansen, A., Smith, G. D., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70638 · Cited by 12
Park, J., & Ray, D. (2025) · HGG advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2025.100501 · Cited by 8
“14 If the two traits come from two studies that share samples either partially (e.g., case-control studies with shared controls 15,16 ) or completely (e.g., consortia studies with measurements on multiple related quantitative traits 17,18 ), then Z 1 and Z 2 will be correlated to varying extent.”
Shen, J., Valentim, W. L., Friligkou, E., Overstreet, C. M., Choi, K. W., Koller, D., O’Donnell, C. J., Stein, M. B., Gelernter, J. E., Nievergelt, C. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60487-w · Cited by 9
Self-citationJee, Y., Shin, J. W., Ryu, M., & Song, T. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02502-z · Cited by 9
Self-citationLi, Y., Wang, S., Liu, L., Cai, H., Huang, Y., Gao, M., Zhang, X., Wu, Q., & Qiu, G. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202413491 · Cited by 6
Optimizing treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in cerebral small vessel disease using genetics
Koohi, F., Harshfield, E. L., Gill, D., Ge, W., Burgess, S., & Markus, H. S. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae399 · Cited by 11
Shine, B.-K., Choi, J., Park, Y., & Hong, K. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312690 · Cited by 10
Robust fine-mapping in the presence of linkage disequilibrium mismatchPreprint
Zhang, W., Lu, T., SLADEK, R. M., Dupuis, J., & Lettre, G. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620968 · Cited by 8
“We obtained ancestry-specific GWAS summary statistics for LDL cholesterol from the GWAS meta-analysis conducted by the GLGC [31].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationIona, A., Yao, P., Pozarickij, A., Kartsonaki, C., Said, S., Wright, N., Lin, K., Millwood, I. Y., Fry, H., Mazidi, M., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06984-y · Cited by 9
Self-citationAcharya, S., Liao, S., Jung, W. J., Kang, Y. S., Moghaddam, V. A., Feitosa, M. F., Wojczynski, M. K., Lin, S. J., Anema, J. A., Schwander, K., et al. (2024) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-024-02701-1 · Cited by 8
“…(GWAS) have identified many loci for cardiovascular-related domains, including pulmonary function (Wyss et al. 2018; Shrine et al. 2019), lipids (Graham et al. 2021), obesity and body fat distribution (Locke et al. 2015; Shungin et al. 2015), and blood pressure and ankle-brachial index…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLin, B. D., Li, Y., Goula, A. A., Chang, X., Grasby, K. L., Medland, S. E., Andreassen, O. A., Rutten, B. P. F., Gülöksüz, S., van der Meer, D., et al. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00397-4 · Cited by 5
“…(SmkInit) 37 , attention deficit hyper-activity disorder (ADHD2019) 38 , smoking cessation 2022 (SmkCes#2) 33 , total cholesterol (TC) 34 , non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL) 34 , Alzheimer disease (ALZ) 37 , type II diabetes 2017 (T2D2017) and type II diabetes 2020 (T2D2020) 39 .”
InfluentialComparing the effects of CETP in East Asian and European ancestries: a Mendelian randomization study
Dunca, D., Chopade, S., Gordillo‐Marañón, M., Hingorani, A. D., Kuchenbaecker, K. B., Finan, C., & Schmidt, A. F. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.06.880 · Cited by 12
“As shown by Burgess et al. 31 , such partial overlap might cause a limited amount of bias in weak instrument settings (Supplementary Data 13), often de fi ned as an F-statistic below 10.”
MethodTao, Y., Wang, Y., Yin, Y., Zhang, K., Gong, Y., Ying, H., & Jiang, R. (2024) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02163-4 · Cited by 11
“The GWASs of LDL-C and TG used in this study were obtained from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium [12].”
MethodSelf-citationAn ensemble penalized regression method for multi-ancestry polygenic risk prediction
Zhang, J., Zhan, J., Jin, J., Ma, C., Zhao, R., O’Connell, J., Jiang, Y., Koelsch, B. L., Zhang, H., & Chatterjee, N. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47357-7 · Cited by 54
“We analyzed four blood lipid traits, LDL, HDL, logTG and TC, using GWAS summary statistics computed without UKBB samples that are publicly available from GLGC. Detailed information about the design of the study, genotyping, quality control, and GWAS is described in ref.”
InfluentialSelf-citationHassanin, E., Lee, K.-H., Hsieh, T.-C., Aldisi, R., Lee, Y.-L., Bobbili, D., Krawitz, P., May, P., Chen, C.-Y., & Maj, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1286561 · Cited by 8
Polygenic risk for triglyceride levels in the presence of a high impact rare variant
Ying, S., Heung, T., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Engchuan, W., Yin, Y., Blagojevic, C., Zhang, Z., Hegele, R. A., Yuen, R. K. C., & Bassett, A. S. (2023) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-023-01717-2 · Cited by 9
“No LDLC levels were calculated using the Friedewald equation when TG levels were > 4.52 mmol/L, consistent with previous lipid genetics studies [9, 26].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHousini, M., Zhou, Z., Gutierrez, J., Rao, S. R., Jomaa, R., Subasinghe, K., Reid, D. M., Silzer, T. K., Phillips, N., O’Bryant, S. E., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12518 · Cited by 6
“20 5–7,36, Underserved ethnic/racial groups, especially MA and Black Americans, tend to suffer from a higher burden of AD than NHW FIGURE 2 A, SNPs with a significant genotype frequency difference between ethnicities.”
BackgroundYang, C., Veenstra, J., Bartz, T. M., Pahl, M. C., Hallmark, B., Chen, Y.-D. I., Westra, J., Steffen, L. M., Brown, C. D., Siscovick, D. S., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05219-w · Cited by 11
“We performed cross-ancestry replication analysis in CHARGE and MESA, with validation using the multi-ancestry GWAS of lipids from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC) 25 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationUniversal genome-wide association studies: Powerful joint ancestry and association testing
Shriner, D., Bentley, A. R., Gouveia, M. H., Heuston, E. F., Doumatey, A. P., Chen, G., Zhou, J., Adeyemo, A., & Rotimi, C. N. (2023) · Human Genetics and Genomics Advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100235 · Cited by 7
“6 kb interval.(39) To generate a baseline genetic score, we used the intercept and age and sex effects estimated from our meta-analysis of the multivariable model.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationZhao, J. V., Fan, B., & Burgess, S. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117246 · Cited by 13
Self-citationCommon- and rare-variant genetic architecture of heart failure across the allele frequency spectrum
Lee, D. S. M., Cardone, K. M., Zhang, D. Y., Tsao, N. L., Abramowitz, S., Sharma, P., DePaolo, J., Conery, M., Aragam, K., Biddinger, K., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.23292724 · Cited by 8
“48 Posterior probabilities were then generated by dividing the Bayes factor for each variant at a locus by the sum of Bayes factors at each locus 49 .”
Self-citationHernáez, Á., Lee, Y., Page, C. M., Skåra, K. H., Håberg, S. E., Magnus, P. M., Njølstad, P. R., Andreassen, O. A., Corfield, E. C., Havdahl, A., et al. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead234 · Cited by 10
“We extracted independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as genetic instruments from the most recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on glucose metabolism (Chen et al. , 2021), lipid profile (Graham et al. , 2021), and blood pressure (Evangelou et al. , 2018).”
MethodGenetic influences on human blood metabolites in the Japanese population
Iwasaki, T., Kamatani, Y., Sonomura, K., Kawaguchi, S., Kawaguchi, T., Takahashi, M., Ohmura, K., Sato, T., & Matsuda, F. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105738 · Cited by 10
“Recent large-scale GWAS of lipids has indicated that a study comprising multiple ancestries could detect candidate genes or variants more efficiently than a study comprising single ancestry.(14)”
BackgroundSelf-citationStalbow, L. A., Preuss, M. H., Smit, R. A. J., Chami, N., Bjørkhaug, L., Aukrust, I., Gloyn, A. L., & Loos, R. J. F. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05806-2 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPhenotype Harmonization in the GLIDE2 Oral Health Genomics Consortium
Divaris, K., Haworth, S. J., Shaffer, J. R., Anttonen, V., Beck, J. D., Furuichi, Y., Holtfreter, B., Jönsson, D., Kocher, T., Levy, S. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345221109775 · Cited by 11
“…international collaboration, data, and resource sharing in other genomics research areas include the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC; Graham et al. 2021), Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study (Shungin et al. 2015b), and Global Biobank (Zhou et al.…”
Self-citationA stop-gain variant in BTNL9 is associated with atherogenic lipid profiles
Carlson, J. C., Krishnan, M., Rosenthal, S. L., Russell, E. M., Zhang, J. Z., Hawley, N. L., Moors, J., Cheng, H., Dalbeth, N., de Zoysa, J., et al. (2022) · Human Genetics and Genomics Advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100155 · Cited by 5
“When 247 compared to effect sizes of other index variants from GWAS of HDL-C (6), the effect size of 248 rs200884524 was moderate-to-large, which is similar to other findings in this population 249 (13,43,44).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationRuan, Y., Bhukar, R., Patel, A. P., Koyama, S., Hull, L. E., Truong, B. M. T., Cho, S. M. J., Hornsby, W., Zhang, H., Chatterjee, N., et al. (2026) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2026.05.006 · Cited by 10
Self-citationGenetic analysis of circulating metabolic traits in 619,372 individuals
Tambets, R., Jesse, M., Kronberg, J., van der Graaf, A., Abner, E., Võsa, U., Rahu, I., Taba, N., Kolde, A., Yarish, D., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10532-5 · Cited by 28
“Recent large-scale GWAS of metabolic traits have continued to uncover novel associations and biological insights 8–14 .”
Self-citationShared genetic architecture contributes to risk of major cardiovascular diseases
Qiao, J., Jiang, L., Cai, L., Chang, M., Wang, C., Zhao, R., Song, S., Zhao, Y., Chen, M., Ding, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62419-0 · Cited by 12
“…traits (Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], High-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], triglycerides [TG], andtotalcholesterol[TC]) 39 , glycemictraits(fastinginsulin[FI],fasting glucose [FG], 2-h glucose [2hGlu], and glycated hemoglobin levels [HbA1c]) 40 , kidney function…”
Self-citationDias, J., Chen, T., Hua, X., Wang, X., Rodriguez, A. A., Madduri, R., Kraft, P. L., & Zhang, H. (2025) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2025.08.006 · Cited by 16
Self-citationLu, M., Mao, Y., Hui, Z., Xu, Y., Yao, Y., Wu, F. L., & Huang, Z. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01850-5 · Cited by 7
“…such as BMI 57 – 59 , and smoking initiation 60,61 , and biomarkers for vascular-related diseases such as blood pressure 25 , estimated glomerular fi ltrationrate 62 – 64 ,high-densitylipoproteincholesterollevels 65 – 67 , serum creatinine levels 67 , and blood urea nitrogen levels 62,63,67 .”
von Eckardstein, A., & Robert, J. (2025) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.125.321546 · Cited by 10
Interpreting SNP heritability in admixed populations
Huang, J., Kleman, N., Basu, S., Shriver, M. D., & Zaidi, A. A. (2025) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyaf100 · Cited by 8
Self-citationBao, Y., Chen, J., Han, X., He, Y., Yang, T., Shi, X., Chen, J., Gu, L., Wang, S., Xie, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.039195 · Cited by 6
Dias, J., Chen, T., Hua, X., Wang, X., Rodriguez, A. A., Madduri, R., Kraft, P., & Zhang, H. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.25323772 · Cited by 2
“Historically, fixed-effect meta-analysis has been the standard approach for multi-572 ancestry GWAS due to its ability to combine summary statistics from independent studies without requiring individual-level data 8,10,11,33,34 .”
Self-citationEvaluation of the causal relationship between 28 circulating biomarkers and osteoarthritis
Zhu, X., Zheng, X., Wang, L., Liu, J., Yang, M., Liu, Y.-Q., Qian, Y., Luo, Y., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Bone & Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.143.bjr-2024-0207.r1 · Cited by 7
“24 To avoid overlapping with the UKB sample, only the results of the European population containing no UKB participants were used (n > 800,000).”
Self-citationGenome-wide association study provides novel insight into the genetic architecture of severe obesity
Krishnan, M., Anwar, M. Y., Justice, A. E., Chittoor, G., Chen, H., Roshani, R., Scartozzi, A., Dickerson, R. R., Smit, R. A. J., Preuss, M. H., et al. (2025) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1011842 · Cited by 9
“Pairwise LD matrices within pre-defined LD blocks [79] (using European LD blocks for LD calculations were calculated using PLINK and converted to HDF5 format [80]).”
Self-citationZhao, Y., Fu, Z., Barnett, E. J., Wang, N., Zhang, K., Gao, X., Zheng, X., Tian, J., Zhang, H., Ding, X.-T., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03250-5 · Cited by 7
“3).”
Self-citationLinares-Pineda, T. M., Jurado, A. L., Piserra‐López, A., Suárez-Arana, M., Pozo, M., Molina‐Vega, M., César, M. J. P., & Morcillo, S. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02568-6 · Cited by 9
“Polymorphisms of this gene are related to HDL concentrations and height [37, 38].”
Population genomics advances in frontier ethnic minorities in China
Chen, H., & Xu, S. (2024) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-024-2659-2 · Cited by 8
“It is broadly acknowledged that studying populations with varying genetic ancestries is essential for understanding underlying biological mechanisms and advancing precision medicine (Graham et al., 2021; Kurniansyah et al., 2022; Martin et al., 2019).”
Carreras‐Torres, R., Galván‐Femenía, I., Farré, X., Cortés, B., Díez‐Obrero, V., Carreras, A., Moratalla-Navarro, F., Iraola‐Guzmán, S., Blay, N., Obón‐Santacana, M., et al. (2024) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-024-01397-2 · Cited by 10
“Some of the observed genetic associations are predicted to have functional impact, such as the rare non-synonymous SNP in PCSK9 gene [52], the common non-synonymous SNPs in APOB [65], and the non-frameshifting deletion in APOB gene [66], inducing LDL cholesterol and consequently affecting CAD risk.”
BackgroundAnalyses of GWAS signal using GRIN identify additional genes contributing to suicidal behavior
Sullivan, K. A., Lane, M. J., Cashman, M., Miller, J. I., Pavicic, M., Walker, A. M., Cliff, A. M., Romero, J., Qin, X., Lindquist, J., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06943-7 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Graham, S. E., Clarke, S. L., Wu, K.-H. H., Kanoni, S., Zajac, G. J. M., Ramdas, S., Surakka, I., Ntalla, I., Vedantam, S., Winkler, T. W., Locke, A. E., Marouli, E., Hwang, M. Y., Han, S., Narita, A., Choudhury, A., Bentley, A. R., Ekoru, K., Verma, A., Trivedi, B., Martin, H. C., Hunt, K. A., Hui, Q., Klarin, D., Zhu, X., Thorleifsson, G., Helgadottir, A., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Holm, H., Olafsson, I., Akiyama, M., Sakaue, S., Terao, C., Kanai, M., Zhou, W., Brumpton, B. M., Rasheed, H., Ruotsalainen, S. E., Havulinna, A. S., Veturi, Y., Feng, Q., Rosenthal, E. A., Lingren, T., Pacheco, J. A., Pendergrass, S. A., Haessler, J., Giulianini, F., Bradford, Y., Miller, J. E., Campbell, A., Lin, K., Millwood, I. Y., Hindy, G., Rasheed, A., Faul, J. D., Zhao, W., Weir, D. R., Turman, C., Huang, H., Graff, M., Mahajan, A., Brown, M. R., Zhang, W., Yu, K., Schmidt, E. M., Pandit, A., Gustafsson, S., Yin, X., Luan, J., Zhao, J.-H., Matsuda, F., Jang, H.-M., Yoon, K., Medina-Gomez, C., Pitsillides, A., Hottenga, J. J., Willemsen, G., Wood, A. R., Ji, Y., Gao, Z., Haworth, S., Mitchell, R. E., Chai, J. F., Aadahl, M., Yao, J., Manichaikul, A., Warren, H. R., Ramirez, J., Bork-Jensen, J., Kårhus, L. L., Goel, A., Sabater-Lleal, M., Noordam, R., Sidore, C., Fiorillo, E., McDaid, A. F., Marques-Vidal, P., Wielscher, M., Trompet, S., Sattar, N., Møllehave, L. T., Thuesen, B. H., Munz, M., Zeng, L., Huang, J., Yang, B., Poveda, A., Kurbasic, A., Lamina, C., Forer, L., Scholz, M., Galesloot, T. E., Bradfield, J. P., Daw, E. W., Zmuda, J. M., Mitchell, J. S., Fuchsberger, C., Christensen, H., Brody, J. A., Feitosa, M. F., Wojczynski, M. K., Preuss, M., Mangino, M., Christofidou, P., Verweij, N., Benjamins, J. W., Engmann, J., Kember, R. L., Slieker, R. C., Lo, K. S., Zilhao, N. R., Le, P., Kleber, M. E., Delgado, G. E., Huo, S., Ikeda, D. D., Iha, H., Yang, J., Liu, J., Leonard, H. L., Marten, J., Schmidt, B., Arendt, M., Smyth, L. J., Cañadas-Garre, M., Wang, C., Nakatochi, M., Wong, A., Hutri-Kähönen, N., Sim, X., Xia, R., Huerta-Chagoya, A., Fernandez-Lopez, J. C., Lyssenko, V., Ahmed, M., Jackson, A. U., Yousri, N. A., Irvin, M. R., Oldmeadow, C., Kim, H.-N., Ryu, S., Timmers, P. R. H. J., Arbeeva, L., Dorajoo, R., Lange, L. A., Chai, X., Prasad, G., Lorés-Motta, L., Pauper, M., Long, J., Li, X., Theusch, E., Takeuchi, F., Spracklen, C. N., Loukola, A., Bollepalli, S., Warner, S. C., Wang, Y. X., Wei, W. B., Nutile, T., Ruggiero, D., Sung, Y. J., Hung, Y.-J., Chen, S., Liu, F., Yang, J., Kentistou, K. A., Gorski, M., Brumat, M., Meidtner, K., Bielak, L. F., Smith, J. A., Hebbar, P., Farmaki, A.-E., Hofer, E., Lin, M., Xue, C., Zhang, J., Concas, M. P., Vaccargiu, S., van der Most, P. J., Pitkänen, N., Cade, B. E., Lee, J., van der Laan, S. W., Chitrala, K. N., Weiss, S., Zimmermann, M. E., Lee, J. Y., Choi, H. S., Nethander, M., Freitag-Wolf, S., Southam, L., Rayner, N. W., Wang, C. A., Lin, S.-Y., Wang, J.-S., Couture, C., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Nikus, K., Cuellar-Partida, G., Vestergaard, H., Hildalgo, B., Giannakopoulou, O., Cai, Q., Obura, M. O., van Setten, J., Li, X., Schwander, K., Terzikhan, N., Shin, J. H., Jackson, R. D., Reiner, A. P., Martin, L. W., Chen, Z., Li, L., Highland, H. M., Young, K. L., Kawaguchi, T., Thiery, J., Bis, J. C., Nadkarni, G. N., Launer, L. J., Li, H., Nalls, M. A., Raitakari, O. T., Ichihara, S., Wild, S. H., Nelson, C. P., Campbell, H., Jäger, S., Nabika, T., Al-Mulla, F., Niinikoski, H., Braund, P. S., Kolcic, I., Kovacs, P., Giardoglou, T., Katsuya, T., Bhatti, K. F., de Kleijn, D., de Borst, G. J., Kim, E. K., Adams, H. H. H., Ikram, M. A., Zhu, X., Asselbergs, F. W., Kraaijeveld, A. O., Beulens, J. W. J., Shu, X.-O., Rallidis, L. S., Pedersen, O., Hansen, T., Mitchell, P., Hewitt, A. W., Kähönen, M., Pérusse, L., Bouchard, C., Tönjes, A., Chen, Y.-D. I., Pennell, C. E., Mori, T. A., Lieb, W., Franke, A., Ohlsson, C., Mellström, D., Cho, Y. S., Lee, H., Yuan, J.-M., Koh, W.-P., Rhee, S. Y., Woo, J.-T., Heid, I. M., Stark, K. J., Völzke, H., Homuth, G., Evans, M. K., Zonderman, A. B., Polasek, O., Pasterkamp, G., Hoefer, I. E., Redline, S., Pahkala, K., Oldehinkel, A. J., Snieder, H., Biino, G., Schmidt, R., Schmidt, H., Chen, Y. E., Bandinelli, S., Dedoussis, G., Thanaraj, T. A., Kardia, S. L. R., Kato, N., Schulze, M. B., Girotto, G., Jung, B., Böger, C. A., Joshi, P. K., Bennett, D. A., De Jager, P. L., Lu, X., Mamakou, V., Brown, M., Caulfield, M. J., Munroe, P. B., Guo, X., Ciullo, M., Jonas, J. B., Samani, N. J., Kaprio, J., Pajukanta, P., Adair, L. S., Bechayda, S. A., de Silva, H. J., Wickremasinghe, A. R., Krauss, R. M., Wu, J.-Y., Zheng, W., den Hollander, A. I., Bharadwaj, D., Correa, A., Wilson, J. G., Lind, L., Heng, C.-K., Nelson, A. E., Golightly, Y. M., Wilson, J. F., Penninx, B., Kim, H.-L., Attia, J., Scott, R. J., Rao, D. C., Arnett, D. K., Hunt, S. C., Walker, M., Koistinen, H. A., Chandak, G. R., Yajnik, C. S., Mercader, J. M., Tusié-Luna, T., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Villalpando, C. G., Orozco, L., Fornage, M., Tai, E. S., van Dam, R. M., Lehtimäki, T., Chaturvedi, N., Yokota, M., Liu, J., Reilly, D. F., McKnight, A. J., Kee, F., Jöckel, K.-H., McCarthy, M. I., Palmer, C. N. A., Vitart, V., Hayward, C., Simonsick, E., van Duijn, C. M., Lu, F., Qu, J., Hishigaki, H., Lin, X., März, W., Parra, E. J., Cruz, M., Gudnason, V., Tardif, J.-C., Lettre, G., ’t Hart, L. M., Elders, P. J. M., Damrauer, S. M., Kumari, M., Kivimaki, M., van der Harst, P., Spector, T. D., Loos, R. J. F., Province, M. A., Psaty, B. M., Brandslund, I., Pramstaller, P. P., Christensen, K., Ripatti, S., Widén, E., Hakonarson, H., Grant, S. F. A., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., de Graaf, J., Loeffler, M., Kronenberg, F., Gu, D., Erdmann, J., Schunkert, H., Franks, P. W., Linneberg, A., Jukema, J. W., Khera, A. V., Männikkö, M., Jarvelin, M.-R., Kutalik, Z., Cucca, F., Mook-Kanamori, D. O., van Dijk, K. W., Watkins, H., Strachan, D. P., Grarup, N., Sever, P., Poulter, N., Rotter, J. I., Dantoft, T. M., Karpe, F., Neville, M. J., Timpson, N. J., Cheng, C.-Y., Wong, T.-Y., Khor, C. C., Sabanayagam, C., Peters, A., Gieger, C., Hattersley, A. T., Pedersen, N. L., Magnusson, P. K. E., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E. J. C., Cupples, L. A., van Meurs, J. B. J., Ghanbari, M., Gordon-Larsen, P., Huang, W., Kim, Y. J., Tabara, Y., Wareham, N. J., Langenberg, C., Zeggini, E., Kuusisto, J., Laakso, M., Ingelsson, E., Abecasis, G., Chambers, J. C., Kooner, J. S., de Vries, P. S., Morrison, A. C., North, K. E., Daviglus, M., Kraft, P., Martin, N. G., Whitfield, J. B., Abbas, S., Saleheen, D., Walters, R. G., Holmes, M. V., Black, C., Smith, B. H., Justice, A. E., Baras, A., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M., Chasman, D. I., Kooperberg, C., Wei, W.-Q., Jarvik, G. P., Namjou, B., Hayes, M. G., Ritchie, M. D., Jousilahti, P., Salomaa, V., Hveem, K., Åsvold, B. O., Kubo, M., Kamatani, Y., Okada, Y., Murakami, Y., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., Ho, Y.-L., Lynch, J. A., Rader, D. J., Tsao, P. S., Chang, K.-M., Cho, K., O’Donnell, C. J., Gaziano, J. M., Wilson, P., Rotimi, C. N., Hazelhurst, S., Ramsay, M., Trembath, R. C., van Heel, D. A., Tamiya, G., Yamamoto, M., Kim, B.-J., Mohlke, K. L., Frayling, T. M., Hirschhorn, J. N., Kathiresan, S., Program, V. M. V., Global Lipids Genetics Consortium*, Boehnke, M., Natarajan, P., Peloso, G. M., Brown, C. D., Morris, A. P., Assimes, T. L., Deloukas, P., Sun, Y. V., & Willer, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Korea National Institute of Health (KR)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Emory University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- National University Hospital of Iceland (IS)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (JP)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Genentech (US)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Qatar University (QA)
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases (PK)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Boston University (US)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Frederiksberg Hospital (DK)
- The Lundquist Institute (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
- Lund University (SE)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Quantinuum (United States) (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Eurac Research (IT)
- Vejle Sygehus (DK)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University College London (GB)
- Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (CN)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts (DE)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (QA)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- Kangbuk Samsung Hospital (KR)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IN)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Beijing Tongren Hospital (CN)
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IT)
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IT)
- Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch (TW)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- Dasman Diabetes Institute (KW)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (IT)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Hallym University (KR)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- Shimane University (JP)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IT)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of San Carlos (PH)
- University of Kelaniya (LK)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (MX)
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (MX)
- Kurume University (JP)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
- Mexican Social Security Institute (MX)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- University of Sassari (IT)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Churchill Hospital (GB)
- Singapore National Eye Center (SG)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CN)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Geisinger Health System (US)
- Regeneron (United States) (US)
- University of Washington Medical Center (US)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Yan V.
- ORCID
- Graham, Sarah E.
- Clarke, Shoa L.
- Wu, Kuan-Han H.
- Kanoni, Stavroula
- Zajac, Greg J. M.
- Ramdas, Shweta
- Surakka, Ida
- Vedantam, Sailaja
- Winkler, Thomas W.
- Locke, Adam E.
- Marouli, Eirini
- Hwang, Mi Yeong
- Han, Sohee
- Narita, Akira
- Choudhury, Ananyo
- Bentley, Amy R.
- Ekoru, Kenneth
- Verma, Anurag
- Martin, Hilary C.
- Hunt, Karen A.
- Hui, Qin
- Klarin, Derek
- Zhu, Xiang
- Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.
- Holm, Hilma
- Akiyama, Masato
- Sakaue, Saori
- Terao, Chikashi
- Kanai, Masahiro
- Zhou, Wei
- Brumpton, Ben M.
- Rasheed, Humaira
- Ruotsalainen, Sanni E.
- Havulinna, Aki S.
- Veturi, Yogasudha
- Feng, QiPing
- Rosenthal, Elisabeth A.
- Lingren, Todd
- Pacheco, Jennifer Allen
- Pendergrass, Sarah A.
- Miller, Jason E.
- Campbell, Archie
- Millwood, Iona Y.
- Hindy, George
- Faul, Jessica D.
- Zhao, Wei
- Weir, David R.
- Turman, Constance
- Huang, Hongyan
- Graff, Mariaelisa
- Mahajan, Anubha
- Zhang, Weihua
- Yu, Ketian
- Schmidt, Ellen M.
- Pandit, Anita
- Gustafsson, Stefan
- Yin, Xianyong
- Luan, Jian’an
- Matsuda, Fumihiko
- Jang, Hye-Mi
- Yoon, Kyungheon
- Medina-Gomez, Carolina
- Pitsillides, Achilleas
- Hottenga, Jouke Jan
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Wood, Andrew R.
- Gao, Zishan
- Haworth, Simon
- Mitchell, Ruth E.
- Chai, Jin Fang
- Aadahl, Mette
- Manichaikul, Ani
- Warren, Helen R.
- Ramirez, Julia
- Kårhus, Line L.
- Goel, Anuj
- Sabater-Lleal, Maria
- Noordam, Raymond
- Sidore, Carlo
- Fiorillo, Edoardo
- McDaid, Aaron F.
- Marques-Vidal, Pedro
- Wielscher, Matthias
- Trompet, Stella
- Sattar, Naveed
- Møllehave, Line T.
- Thuesen, Betina H.
- Munz, Matthias
- Zeng, Lingyao
- Huang, Jianfeng
- Yang, Bin
- Poveda, Alaitz
- Kurbasic, Azra
- Lamina, Claudia
- Forer, Lukas
- Scholz, Markus
- Galesloot, Tessel E.
- Zmuda, Joseph M.
- Fuchsberger, Christian
- Brody, Jennifer A.
- Feitosa, Mary F.
- Wojczynski, Mary K.
- Preuss, Michael
- Mangino, Massimo
- Christofidou, Paraskevi
- Verweij, Niek
- Benjamins, Jan W.
- Engmann, Jorgen
- Kember, Rachel L.
- Slieker, Roderick C.
- Lo, Ken Sin
- Zilhao, Nuno R.
- Le, Phuong
- Kleber, Marcus E.
- Delgado, Graciela E.
- Huo, Shaofeng
- Ikeda, Daisuke D.
- Iha, Hiroyuki
- Yang, Jian
- Liu, Jun
- Leonard, Hampton L.
- Marten, Jonathan
- Schmidt, Börge
- Smyth, Laura J.
- Wang, Chaolong
- Nakatochi, Masahiro
- Wong, Andrew
- Sim, Xueling
- Xia, Rui
- Fernandez-Lopez, Juan Carlos
- Lyssenko, Valeriya
- Jackson, Anne U.
- Yousri, Noha A.
- Irvin, Marguerite R.
- Oldmeadow, Christopher
- Ryu, Seungho
- Timmers, Paul R. H. J.
- Arbeeva, Liubov
- Dorajoo, Rajkumar
- Chai, Xiaoran
- Prasad, Gauri
- Pauper, Marc
- Long, Jirong
- Li, Xiaohui
- Theusch, Elizabeth
- Takeuchi, Fumihiko
- Spracklen, Cassandra N.
- Loukola, Anu
- Bollepalli, Sailalitha
- Warner, Sophie C.
- Wang, Ya Xing
- Wei, Wen B.
- Nutile, Teresa
- Ruggiero, Daniela
- Hung, Yi-Jen
- Chen, Shufeng
- Liu, Fangchao
- Yang, Jingyun
- Kentistou, Katherine A.
- Gorski, Mathias
- Brumat, Marco
- Meidtner, Karina
- Bielak, Lawrence F.
- Smith, Jennifer A.
- Hebbar, Prashantha
- Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni
- Hofer, Edith
- Lin, Maoxuan
- Xue, Chao
- Zhang, Jifeng
- Concas, Maria Pina
- Vaccargiu, Simona
- van der Most, Peter J.
- Pitkänen, Niina
- Cade, Brian E.
- Lee, Jiwon
- van der Laan, Sander W.
- Chitrala, Kumaraswamy Naidu
- Weiss, Stefan
- Zimmermann, Martina E.
- Lee, Jong Young
- Nethander, Maria
- Southam, Lorraine
- Rayner, Nigel W.
- Wang, Carol A.
- Wang, Jun-Sing
- Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka
- Nikus, Kjell
- Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel
- Vestergaard, Henrik
- Giannakopoulou, Olga
- Cai, Qiuyin
- van Setten, Jessica
- Schwander, Karen
- Jackson, Rebecca D.
- Reiner, Alexander P.
- Martin, Lisa Warsinger
- Chen, Zhengming
- Li, Liming
- Highland, Heather M.
- Young, Kristin L.
- Kawaguchi, Takahisa
- Thiery, Joachim
- Bis, Joshua C.
- Nadkarni, Girish N.
- Launer, Lenore J.
- Nalls, Mike A.
- Raitakari, Olli T.
- Ichihara, Sahoko
- Wild, Sarah H.
- Nelson, Christopher P.
- Jäger, Susanne
- Nabika, Toru
- Braund, Peter S.
- Kovacs, Peter
- de Kleijn, Dominique
- de Borst, Gert J.
- Kim, Eung Kweon
- Adams, Hieab H. H.
- Ikram, M. Arfan
- Zhu, Xiaofeng
- Asselbergs, Folkert W.
- Kraaijeveld, Adriaan O.
- Beulens, Joline W. J.
- Shu, Xiao-Ou
- Pedersen, Oluf
- Hansen, Torben
- Hewitt, Alex W.
- Kähönen, Mika
- Pérusse, Louis
- Bouchard, Claude
- Tönjes, Anke
- Chen, Yii-Der Ida
- Pennell, Craig E.
- Mori, Trevor A.
- Lieb, Wolfgang
- Ohlsson, Claes
- Mellström, Dan
- Cho, Yoon Shin
- Lee, Hyejin
- Koh, Woon-Puay
- Rhee, Sang Youl
- Woo, Jeong-Taek
- Heid, Iris M.
- Stark, Klaus J.
- Homuth, Georg
- Evans, Michele K.
- Zonderman, Alan B.
- Pasterkamp, Gerard
- Hoefer, Imo E.
- Redline, Susan
- Pahkala, Katja
- Oldehinkel, Albertine J.
- Snieder, Harold
- Biino, Ginevra
- Schmidt, Reinhold
- Schmidt, Helena
- Chen, Y. Eugene
- Bandinelli, Stefania
- Dedoussis, George
- Thanaraj, Thangavel Alphonse
- Kato, Norihiro
- Schulze, Matthias B.
- Girotto, Giorgia
- Joshi, Peter K.
- Bennett, David A.
- De Jager, Philip L.
- Lu, Xiangfeng
- Mamakou, Vasiliki
- Brown, Morris
- Caulfield, Mark J.
- Munroe, Patricia B.
- Guo, Xiuqing
- Ciullo, Marina
- Jonas, Jost B.
- Samani, Nilesh J.
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Pajukanta, Päivi
- Adair, Linda S.
- de Silva, H. Janaka
- Krauss, Ronald M.
- Zheng, Wei
- den Hollander, Anneke I.
- Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan
- Correa, Adolfo
- Wilson, James G.
- Lind, Lars
- Heng, Chew-Kiat
- Nelson, Amanda E.
- Golightly, Yvonne M.
- Wilson, James F.
- Penninx, Brenda
- Kim, Hyung-Lae
- Attia, John
- Scott, Rodney J.
- Rao, D. C.
- Arnett, Donna K.
- Hunt, Steven C.
- Koistinen, Heikki A.
- Chandak, Giriraj R.
- Yajnik, Chittaranjan S.
- Mercader, Josep M.
- Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.
- Orozco, Lorena
- Fornage, Myriam
- Tai, E. Shyong
- van Dam, Rob M.
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Chaturvedi, Nish
- Liu, Jianjun
- Reilly, Dermot F.
- McKnight, Amy Jayne
- Kee, Frank
- Jöckel, Karl-Heinz
- McCarthy, Mark I.
- Hayward, Caroline
- Simonsick, Eleanor
- van Duijn, Cornelia M.
- Qu, Jia
- März, Winfried
- Parra, Esteban J.
- Cruz, Miguel
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Tardif, Jean-Claude
- Lettre, Guillaume
- Elders, Petra J. M.
- Damrauer, Scott M.
- Kivimaki, Mika
- van der Harst, Pim
- Spector, Tim D.
- Loos, Ruth J. F.
- Province, Michael A.
- Psaty, Bruce M.
- Brandslund, Ivan
- Pramstaller, Peter P.
- Christensen, Kaare
- Ripatti, Samuli
- Widén, Elisabeth
- Hakonarson, Hakon
- Grant, Struan F. A.
- Kiemeney, Lambertus A. L. M.
- Loeffler, Markus
- Kronenberg, Florian
- Gu, Dongfeng
- Erdmann, Jeanette
- Schunkert, Heribert
- Franks, Paul W.
- Linneberg, Allan
- Jukema, J. Wouter
- Khera, Amit V.
- Männikkö, Minna
- Cucca, Francesco
- van Dijk, Ko Willems
- Watkins, Hugh
- Strachan, David P.
- Grarup, Niels
- Poulter, Neil
- Rotter, Jerome I.
- Dantoft, Thomas M.
- Karpe, Fredrik
- Neville, Matt J.
- Timpson, Nicholas J.
- Cheng, Ching-Yu
- Wong, Tien-Yin
- Khor, Chiea Chuen
- Sabanayagam, Charumathi
- Peters, Annette
- Gieger, Christian
- Hattersley, Andrew T.
- Pedersen, Nancy L.
- Magnusson, Patrik K. E.
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- de Geus, Eco J. C.
- Cupples, L. Adrienne
- van Meurs, Joyce B. J.
- Ghanbari, Mohsen
- Gordon-Larsen, Penny
- Huang, Wei
- Kim, Young Jin
- Wareham, Nicholas J.
- Langenberg, Claudia
- Zeggini, Eleftheria
- Kuusisto, Johanna
- Laakso, Markku
- Ingelsson, Erik
- Chambers, John C.
- Kooner, Jaspal S.
- de Vries, Paul S.
- Morrison, Alanna C.
- North, Kari E.
- Daviglus, Martha
- Kraft, Peter
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Whitfield, John B.
- Saleheen, Danish
- Walters, Robin G.
- Holmes, Michael V.
- Black, Corri
- Smith, Blair H.
- Justice, Anne E.
- Baras, Aris
- Buring, Julie E.
- Ridker, Paul M.
- Chasman, Daniel I.
- Kooperberg, Charles
- Wei, Wei-Qi
- Jarvik, Gail P.
- Namjou, Bahram
- Hayes, M. Geoffrey
- Ritchie, Marylyn D.
- Jousilahti, Pekka
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Hveem, Kristian
- Åsvold, Bjørn Olav
- Kubo, Michiaki
- Okada, Yukinori
- Murakami, Yoshinori
- Ho, Yuk-Lam
- Lynch, Julie A.
- Rader, Daniel J.
- Tsao, Philip S.
- Chang, Kyong-Mi
- Cho, Kelly
- O’Donnell, Christopher J.
- Gaziano, John M.
- Wilson, Peter
- Rotimi, Charles N.
- Hazelhurst, Scott
- Ramsay, Michèle
- Trembath, Richard C.
- van Heel, David A.
- Tamiya, Gen
- Yamamoto, Masayuki
- Kim, Bong-Jo
- Mohlke, Karen L.
- Frayling, Timothy M.
- Hirschhorn, Joel N.
- Kathiresan, Sekar
- Boehnke, Michael
- Natarajan, Pradeep
- Peloso, Gina M.
- Brown, Christopher D.
- Morris, Andrew P.
- Assimes, Themistocles L.
- Deloukas, Panos
- Sun, Yan V.
- Willer, Cristen J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-12-09
- Volume
- 600
- Issue
- 7890
- Pages
- 675-679
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC8730582
- OpenAlex
- W3205644245
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 246 · 2024: 274 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 21.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-05-26)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UTAS Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- CNR ExploRA (submittedVersion)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2-CX001780, I01-BX004821, I01-BX003362)
- McKnight Foundation
- Office of Research and Development
- Wellcome Trust (212946/Z/18/Z, 212945/Z/18/Z, 210561/Z/18/Z, 217065/Z/19/Z, 202802/Z/16/Z, 221854/Z/20/Z)
- Barts Charity (MGU0284)
- Cancer Research UK (16896)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10170, NF-SI-0512-10113, NIHR-INF-0987, 16/136/102, NF-SI-0617-10154)
- British Heart Foundation (FS/19/62/34901D, RG/14/5/30893)
- Public Health Agency (STL/5569/19)
- Lundbeckfonden (R155-2013-14070)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF14OC0010513, NNF19OC0055250, NNF18OC0033898, NNF13OC0005785)
- National Institutes of Health (5k01hl135405-04, 24460, 85,86)
- Medical Research Council (MR/S019669/1, MC_PC_14135, MC_UU_00017/1, MR/S011676/1, MR/R024227/1, MC_PC_15018, MC_PC_20026, MC_PC_19009, MC_UU_00007/10, MC_PC_13049)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N00812X/1, ES/L008459/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21H03206, 21K10439, 19K19434, 21H04850)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, R01AG015819, P30AG010161)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL133218, R01HL127564, R03HL154284, K01-HL135405, R35HL135818, R01HL149683, R35HL135824, R01HL105756, R01HL109946, R01HL153805)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (K08HG010155, R01HG010297, T32HG000040, U01HG011723)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA144034, R01CA080205, UM1CA182876)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072193, U01DK062370, P30DK020572, R01DK093757, P30DK020541, R01DK062370)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U01DP006266)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD030880)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- serum lipids, genetic diversity, non-European ancestry, polygenic risk score, fine mapping, cardiovascular risk, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, genetic ancestry, sample size and statistical power, linkage disequilibrium
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Population Groups, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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