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The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids
Open accessAbstract
Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use 1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide 3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS 4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele frequencies, effect sizes and linkage-disequilibrium patterns 24. Here we conduct a multi-ancestry, genome-wide genetic discovery meta-analysis of lipid levels in approximately 1.65 million individuals, including 350,000 of non-European ancestries. We quantify the gain in studying non-European ancestries and provide evidence to support the expansion of recruitment of additional ancestries, even with relatively small sample sizes. We find that increasing diversity rather than studying additional individuals of European ancestry results in substantial improvements in fine-mapping functional variants and portability of polygenic prediction (evaluated in approximately 295,000 individuals from 7 ancestry groupings). Modest gains in the number of discovered loci and ancestry-specific variants were also achieved. As GWAS expand emphasis beyond the identification of genes and fundamental biology towards the use of genetic variants for preventive and precision medicine 25, we anticipate that increased diversity of participants will lead to more accurate and equitable 26 application of polygenic scores in clinical practice.
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“This result replicated previous studies showing that multi-ancestry PGS demonstrated an improved prediction performance relative to ancestry-matched PGSs41,42.”
From Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“We found genetic variants significantly associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c; p < 5.0E-08; Fig. 6a).”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The top-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs10507274, more specifically the “C” allele, found in ~6% of the general population, is significantly associated with increased plasma levels of HDL-c (p = 8.6E-11, Beta = +0.0183 ( ± 2.8E-03); Fig. 6a, b).”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The Global Lipids Genetics Consortium aggregated GWAS results from 1,654,960 individuals from 201 primary studies representing five genetic ancestry groups28.”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
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MethodInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein is a regulator of serine palmitoyltransferase
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Self-citationPolygenic Modulation of Monogenic Diseases: Familial Hypercholesterolemia as the Exemplar
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“17,18 Nonetheless, prior studies have demonstrated that choosing genetic variants from well-powered GWASs in European ancestry populations may yield good-perfor-mance Hispanic/Latino populations 19 and can exhibit the same direction of effect in up to 70% of SNPs included in PRSs. 20 Using weights…”
Self-citationAlmost Free Enhancement of Multi-Population PRS: From Data-Fission to Pseudo-GWAS SubsamplingPreprint
Xu, L., Dong, Y., Zeng, X., Bian, Z., Zhou, G., Guan, L., & Zhao, H. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659952 · Cited by 1
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Selber‐Hnatiw, S., Trajanoska, K., Pelletier, J., Su, C., McClelland, P., Taliun, D., Yoshiji, S., Mooser, V., Bhérer, C., & Zhou, S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.25329388 · Cited by 1
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“More recently, advanced large-scale studies have mapped genetic risk loci across diverse populations 12-14 , performed in-depth molecular subtyping 13, 15 and dissected cell-specific disease mechanisms 6, 16-23 , resulting in identification of several subclinical phenotypes of ASCVD 24 .”
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“Previous reported associations for each locus can be found in Supplementary Table 3 .”
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“Consistent with studies conducted by some large consortia [8, 28, 29], the LDL-C level was divided by 0.7 if participants used statins, but no corrections were made for other lipids among statin users.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLipid levels in a cohort of healthy Danish schoolchildren ages 5 to 17 years
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Discovering mechanisms of human genetic variation and controlling cell states at scale
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On the contribution of genetic heterogeneity to complex traitsPreprint
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“4c shows an example of an association with smoking and drinking behavior 43,44 .”
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“%) for 6 GWAS traits: 4 quantitative traits (height and BMI 25 ; HDL and LDL cholesterol 26 ) and 2 binary traits (coronary artery disease (CAD) 27 and type II diabetes (T2D) 28 ).”
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“…modeling local ancestry in the slaPRS model only provided marginal improvements, consistent with high estimated transethnic genetic correlations from Million Veteran Program participants for HDL ( H (cid:12) 0.84) and moderate correlation for the other traits (cid:16)H 9 40.47, 0.696(cid:19) 41 .”
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Self-citationUncovering the complex genetic architecture of human plasma lipidome using machine learning methods
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Self-citationIdentification and analysis of individuals who deviate from their genetically-predicted phenotype
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Self-citationDisparities in Inherited Retinal Degenerations
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“…HF risk factors was obtained from European-descent GWAS studies: BMI 37 , smoking 38 , alcohol intake frequency 39 , AF 40 , diastolic and systolic BP 41 , T2DM 42 , CAD 43 , LDL-C 44 , HDL-C 44 , estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 29 , and chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD) 38 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationDiversity in human genetics studies accelerates discovery and improves health care
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BackgroundGenetic risk of cancer: a tale of diversity from the Middle East
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COPI Coatomer Regulates Several Steps of HDL Metabolism
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“56,57 These findings align with the results of Ding et al. (2024), 58 who demonstrated that key genomic loci associated with cardiovascular diseases and lipid metabolism are typically highly correlated with specific SNPs.”
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Mazidi, M., Wright, N., Pozarickij, A., Millwood, I. Y., Walters, R., Kartsonaki, C., Bennett, D., Yao, P., Du, H., Fry, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.05.049 · Cited by 1
Self-citationZhao, Y., Xie, Y.-Y., Wen, D.-D., Zhang, J., Xu, Z., Wu, Z.-B., Li, J.-M., Zhu, Y., & Zheng, M.-W. (2026) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-026-01953-6 · Cited by 1
“In this study, we systematically investigate the shared genetic architecture among CAD, CT-CA, and seven major CMRFs, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure phenotypes (systolic blood pressure—SBP and diastolic blood pressure—DBP), blood lipid phenotypes (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol—LDL-C, high-densit…”
InfluentialSelf-citationRefining bias correction in genome-wide association analyses of case-control studiesPreprint
Darbani, B., Pedersen, O. B., Ostrowski, S. R., Tan, Q., & Andersen, V. C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673522 · Cited by 2
Self-citationАлександровна, М. А., Bruttan, M., Daniel, V., Kashtanova, D. A., Zelenova, Е., Dzhumaniiazova, I., Ivanov, M. V., Matkava, L. R., Blinova, O., Игоревич, М. С., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1707598 · Cited by 1
Kumar, S., & Cui, Y. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.658431 · Cited by 1
Exome-wide association study of blood lipids in 1,158,017 individuals from diverse populations
Koyama, S., Yu, Z., Choi, S. H., Jurgens, S. J., Selvaraj, M. S., Klarin, D. M., Huffman, J. E., Clarke, S. L., Zhang, S. K., Trinh, M. N., et al. (2026) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-026-02613-y · Cited by 7
“PVE, phenotypic variance explained; GWAS, genome-wide association study; TC, total cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; pLoF, predicted loss-of-function.”
InfluentialSelf-citationWhelton, S. P., Yao, J., Clish, C. B., Wood, A. C., Taylor, K. D., Blaha, M. J., Budoff, M. J., Marrero, N., Thanassoulis, G., Post, W. S., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.040064 · Cited by 2
“However, the MESA cohort comprised 5% of participants for the CHARGE Consortium and 1% of participants for the GLGC. 15,16 Strengths of this analysis include the 9 different individual PRS, which had a low correlation with each other, except for SBP and DBP.”
Self-citationKang, B., Li, D., Xu, K., Chen, J., Feng, S., Wang, J. H. C., Gao, G., Tasaki, S., Pierce, B. L., Bennett, D. A. A., et al. (2026) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2026.03.017 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCommon and distinct genetic features of three atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases
Li, L., Malik, R., Abrahamian, C., von Scheidt, M., Chen, Z., Kessler, T., Dichgans, M., & Schunkert, H. (2026) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2026.120733 · Cited by 2
Self-citationKar, A., Lee, S. H., Alvarez, M., Rajkumar, S., Das, S. S., Ochoa-Guzmán, A., Muñóz-Hernández, L. L., Guillén-Quintero, D., Herrera-Hernández, M. F., Cruz‐Bautista, I., et al. (2026) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-026-01633-x
Self-citationCronjé, H. T., Hu, S., Gurrell, R., Vujković, M., Larsson, S. C., Mason, R., Butt, R. P., & Gill, D. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04807-x · Cited by 3
“…[15, 16], substance use [17], body size [18], body composition [19, 20], bone mineral density [21], blood pressure [22], biomarkers of inflammation [23, 24], renal function [25–28], chronic kidney disease risk [17], blood lipids [29] and glycaemic traits [30] were obtained from published studies.”
Biobank-Scale Polygenic Prediction in Admixed Populations Using Local Ancestry via the Group Lasso
Bonet, D., Yang, J., Hastie, T. J., & Ioannidis, A. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.14.711808 · Cited by 1
“We demonstrate this approach for LDL cholesterol, leveraging the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC) multi-ancestry meta-analysis [52].”
Self-citationSelection-guided discovery in South Asians implicates the MAPT locus in insulin resistancePreprint
Pennarun, E., Banfalvi, B., Li, Y., Hodgson, S., Bui, V., Bigossi, M., Samuel, M., Arnab, S. P., Naimah, T., Rison, S., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.26348237
“Lipid traits, including HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, were obtained from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (51), while liver enzyme traits (ALT and GGT) were sourced from UK Biobank (52).”
Genetic Influence of CCDC63 Polymorphisms on Alcohol-Induced Dyslipidemia in a Korean Cohort
Kim, Y.-N., Lee, S. W., Hyun-Seok, J. I. N., & Park, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27052134 · Cited by 1
“Genome-wide association studies have found various genetic regions linked to alcohol consumption and lipid metabolism traits across diverse ethnic populations [9,10].”
Self-citationTsao, N. L., Abramowitz, S. A., Shakt, G. E., Judy, R., Hilliard, A. T., Damrauer, S. M., Assimes, T. L., Clarke, S. L., Tcheandjieu, C., Levin, M. L., et al. (2026) · Circulation Genomic and Precision Medicine · doi:10.1161/circgen.125.005266
Self-citationVerhulst, B., Harris, J., Adams, A. M., Benstock, S. E., Tong, C. W.-C., Case, A. J., & Hettema, J. M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703692 · Cited by 1
“Many of these associations are near genes with well-validated links to LDL-c emphasizing that statins reduce but do not eliminate the genetic risk for hyperlipidemia 18 .”
InfluentialLi, H., Zhu, Z., Wang, X., Du, M., Wei, R., Wang, C., Miao, J., & Cheng, L. (2026) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2026.102070
Self-citationFörster, F., Horn, K., Pott, J., Delgado, G. E., Kleber, M. E., März, W., Moissl, A. P., Silbernagel, G., Waldenberger, M., Grallert, H., et al. (2026) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106144 · Cited by 1
“3 However, previous studies focused on cholesterol concentrations in lipoproteins such as HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) rather than chemical precursors of cholesterol.”
Self-citationFoss-freitas, M. C., Gilio, D., Pais, L. S., Buras, E. D., Verma, R. K., O’Leary, M., Rehm, H. L., Glaze, C., Russell, K., da Rocha, A. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci192737 · Cited by 1
“…indicating that collagen persistence probably reflects impaired ECM remodeling rather than systolic blood pressure ( β 0.0082, P = 2.8 × 10 -6 ) (HuGEAMP); an increased risk of hypertension (OR 1.02, P = 4.5 × 10 –7 ) (33); and increased triglyceride levels ( β 0.0061, P = 1.67 × 10 –5 ) (32).”
InfluentialCross‐Ancestry Polygenic Prediction: Comparing Methods and Assessing Transferability Across Traits
Momin, M. M., Zhou, X., Ahmed, M., Hyppönen, E., Benyamin, B., & Lee, S. H. (2026) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.70029 · Cited by 2
“…a significant challenge due to differences in allele frequencies (Martin et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020a; Durvasula and Lohmueller 2021; Graham et al. 2021), LD patterns (Martin et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020a; Graham et al. 2021), and environmental exposures between populations (Zhou and Lee 2021).”
Self-citationProgress in understanding the biological basis of polygenic disorders
Wray, N. R., Lin, T.-H., Li, A., de Almeida, V., Ziller, M. J., & Zeng, J. (2026) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2025.102433 · Cited by 2
Genetic determinants of plasma lipids in Greenlanders
Hjerresen, J. P., Jørsboe, E., & Andersen, M. K. (2026) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000001023
Wang, P., Wu, X., Sun, F., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., Wang, Q., Ding, H., Zhou, Y., Liu, F., & Liu, H. (2026) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100452 · Cited by 1
“In parallel, we apply conjunctional false discovery rate (conjFDR) analysis to integrate the largest available GWAS summary statistics for AD and five metabolic traits [10,25 – 27], identifying pleiotropic loci jointly shared between them.”
Self-citationXu, L., Zheng, W., Hu, J., Lin, Y., Zhao, J., Wang, G., Liu, T., & Zhao, H. (2025) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2025.11.006 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMulti-ancestry investigation of the genomics of erectile dysfunction
Bright, U., Chen, Y., Deak, J. D., Zhou, H., Levey, D. F., & Gelernter, J. E. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66723-7
Self-citationGenome-wide gene-sleep interaction study identifies novel lipid loci in 732,564 participants
Noordam, R., Wang, W., Nagarajan, P., Wang, H., Brown, M. R., Bentley, A. R., Hui, Q., Kraja, A. T., Morrison, J. L., O’Connel, J. R., et al. (2025) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120603 · Cited by 3
“Serum lipid levels are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors [7], and large-scale efforts have identified hundreds of loci associated with increased lipid levels [8 – 15].”
InfluentialSelf-citationWan, A.-H., Han, Y., Wu, L., Wei, Y., Xiang, X., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Song, A., & Zhao, K. (2025) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104474 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNagrodzki, J., Proitsi, P., Tan, M. M. X., Dobson, R., & Jacobs, B. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.25338893 · Cited by 1
Liu, Y.-F., Xi, H., Xu, Q., Zhou, B.-H., Li, J.-Q., Su, R., Lv, Q., Zhang, Y.-J., Wang, R.-J., & Wang, Z.-Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1651622 · Cited by 1
“With the rapid development of bioinformatics, the number of SNPs that significantly affect complex traits through GWAS analysis is increasing.”
InfluentialXiao, H., Zhou, Z., Ma, Y., Li, X., Ding, K., Wu, Y., Wu, T., Hu, Y., & Chen, D. (2025) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-025-02780-8 · Cited by 2
“For cross-trait associations, there were significant differences in the associations of HYP (Δ = 0.02, 95% CI 0.002–0.03) and LDL (Δ = 0.01, 95% CI 0.001–0.02) PGSs predicting HDL.”
InfluentialSelf-citationCross-ethnic Molecular Signatures Underpin the Adverse Impact of Statin Use on Type 2 Diabetes
Xu, F., Yang, M., Hu, W., Yuan, S., Cai, X., Gou, W., Miao, Z., Li, B., Yue, L., Xue, Z., et al. (2025) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/gpbjnl/qzaf101 · Cited by 1
“The genetic variant– LDL associations were drawn from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC) [15].”
InfluentialSelf-citationSingle-cell RNA-sequencing reveals adventitial fibroblast alterations during mouse atherosclerosis
Fries, L. E., Chung, A. Y., Chang, H.-K., Yuan, T. L., & Bauer, R. C. (2025) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120526 · Cited by 3
“We next removed from the list any genes associated with lipid traits by using a lipid associated GWAS list of 1182 genes [17], leaving 65 genes.”
Li, X., Xiong, Z., Sham, P. C., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.25336857 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBai, X., Zhou, D.-Z., Luo, J., Yu, W.-Q., Li, H.-Y., Jiang, G.-H., Lu, J., Gao, M., He, M.-L., Jiang, Y., et al. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000044704 · Cited by 1
“[17] The data used for ApoA1 and ApoB were sourced from the recently published genome-wide characterization analysis of circulating metabolic biomarkers.”
Self-citationJiang, W., He, X., Han, A., Yin, S.-J., Tang, W., Jin, H., Zeng, X.-J., Gan, Y.-X., Wang, X., Huang, Y., et al. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109816 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSzakállas, N., Kalmár, A., Rada, K. R., Kucarov, M. D., Linkner, T. R., Barták, B. K., Takács, I., & Molnar, B. A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26189254 · Cited by 1
Wang, X., Xia, X., Qiu, K., Shu, T., Pang, W., Ren, J., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-025-02281-3 · Cited by 1
“The detailed measurement standards and qual - ity control procedures for HDL and TG can be found in the referenced literature (Graham et al. 2021).”
Nair, J. M., Basu, A., Tandon, N., & Bharadwaj, D. (2025) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s10038-025-01388-0 · Cited by 1
“GWAS on lipid traits across fi ve ancestry groups (AFR, EAS, EUR, HIS, SAS) revealed that common genetic variants associated with lipid traits are mostly similar across populations [5].”
Self-citationWu, K., Huo, S., Rivier, C., Torres-Lopez, V. M., Sharma, R., de Havenon, A., Worrall, B. B., Sheth, K., & Falcone, G. (2025) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000213966 · Cited by 1
Self-citationXia, K.-L., Huang, N.-H., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Tang, L., Zhang, L.-J., Yao, M.-H., Liu, Z.-H., Huang, T., & Fan, D.-S. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-00266 · Cited by 1
“We used independent shared loci as index SNPs, extracted SNPs exhibiting strong linkage near index SNPs (within 500 kb, r 2 > 0.4) and employed a Bayesian likelihood fine-mapping algorithm to identify a 99% credible set of causal loci (Farh et al., 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationGenetically determined platelet traits impact stroke risk through multiple mechanisms and cell typesPreprint
Ha, K., Hartmann, K., Judy, R., Levin, M., Damrauer, S., & Thom, C. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.25332822 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMulti-Ancestry Mendelian Randomization Reveals Lipid-Associated Genetic Risk Factors for COPD
Wu, H., Li, H., Tang, W., Di, Y.-C., Zhu, Y., Dai, W., & Zhao, M. (2025) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s532361 · Cited by 1
“22 For the outcome phenotype—COPD—discovery datasets were obtained from the Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative (GBMI), comprising EAS (n=329,733), AFR (n=29,682), and HIS (n=15,086) populations.”
Self-citationSun, D., Sun, Q., Ding, Y., Yu, C., Sun, D., Pang, Y., Pei, P., Yang, L., Millwood, I. Y., Walters, R. G., et al. (2025) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-025-01487-9 · Cited by 2
Self-citationGene-environment interactions contribute to blood pressure variation across global populations
Goda, K., Arango, N. K., Tiezzi, F., Mackay, T. F. C., & Morgante, F. (2026) · Human Genetics and Genomics Advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2026.100656 · Cited by 2
Xiao, Q.-A., Li, X.-L., Qin, L., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08153-5
Self-citationHuang, J., Meena, D., Smith, A., Zuber, V., Pinto, R. C., Dib, M., Tzoulaki, I., & Dehghan, A. (2025) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120409 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPan, H., Hu, J., Gong, S., & Fei, Y. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-02704-y · Cited by 1
“The evolution of GWAS has enhanced our understanding of genetic variants influencing lipid levels [22, 23].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Graham, S. E., Clarke, S. L., Wu, K.-H. H., Kanoni, S., Zajac, G. J. M., Ramdas, S., Surakka, I., Ntalla, I., Vedantam, S., Winkler, T. W., Locke, A. E., Marouli, E., Hwang, M. Y., Han, S., Narita, A., Choudhury, A., Bentley, A. R., Ekoru, K., Verma, A., Trivedi, B., Martin, H. C., Hunt, K. A., Hui, Q., Klarin, D., Zhu, X., Thorleifsson, G., Helgadottir, A., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Holm, H., Olafsson, I., Akiyama, M., Sakaue, S., Terao, C., Kanai, M., Zhou, W., Brumpton, B. M., Rasheed, H., Ruotsalainen, S. E., Havulinna, A. S., Veturi, Y., Feng, Q., Rosenthal, E. A., Lingren, T., Pacheco, J. A., Pendergrass, S. A., Haessler, J., Giulianini, F., Bradford, Y., Miller, J. E., Campbell, A., Lin, K., Millwood, I. Y., Hindy, G., Rasheed, A., Faul, J. D., Zhao, W., Weir, D. R., Turman, C., Huang, H., Graff, M., Mahajan, A., Brown, M. R., Zhang, W., Yu, K., Schmidt, E. M., Pandit, A., Gustafsson, S., Yin, X., Luan, J., Zhao, J.-H., Matsuda, F., Jang, H.-M., Yoon, K., Medina-Gomez, C., Pitsillides, A., Hottenga, J. J., Willemsen, G., Wood, A. R., Ji, Y., Gao, Z., Haworth, S., Mitchell, R. E., Chai, J. F., Aadahl, M., Yao, J., Manichaikul, A., Warren, H. R., Ramirez, J., Bork-Jensen, J., Kårhus, L. L., Goel, A., Sabater-Lleal, M., Noordam, R., Sidore, C., Fiorillo, E., McDaid, A. F., Marques-Vidal, P., Wielscher, M., Trompet, S., Sattar, N., Møllehave, L. T., Thuesen, B. H., Munz, M., Zeng, L., Huang, J., Yang, B., Poveda, A., Kurbasic, A., Lamina, C., Forer, L., Scholz, M., Galesloot, T. E., Bradfield, J. P., Daw, E. W., Zmuda, J. M., Mitchell, J. S., Fuchsberger, C., Christensen, H., Brody, J. A., Feitosa, M. F., Wojczynski, M. K., Preuss, M., Mangino, M., Christofidou, P., Verweij, N., Benjamins, J. W., Engmann, J., Kember, R. L., Slieker, R. C., Lo, K. S., Zilhao, N. R., Le, P., Kleber, M. E., Delgado, G. E., Huo, S., Ikeda, D. D., Iha, H., Yang, J., Liu, J., Leonard, H. L., Marten, J., Schmidt, B., Arendt, M., Smyth, L. J., Cañadas-Garre, M., Wang, C., Nakatochi, M., Wong, A., Hutri-Kähönen, N., Sim, X., Xia, R., Huerta-Chagoya, A., Fernandez-Lopez, J. C., Lyssenko, V., Ahmed, M., Jackson, A. U., Yousri, N. A., Irvin, M. R., Oldmeadow, C., Kim, H.-N., Ryu, S., Timmers, P. R. H. J., Arbeeva, L., Dorajoo, R., Lange, L. A., Chai, X., Prasad, G., Lorés-Motta, L., Pauper, M., Long, J., Li, X., Theusch, E., Takeuchi, F., Spracklen, C. N., Loukola, A., Bollepalli, S., Warner, S. C., Wang, Y. X., Wei, W. B., Nutile, T., Ruggiero, D., Sung, Y. J., Hung, Y.-J., Chen, S., Liu, F., Yang, J., Kentistou, K. A., Gorski, M., Brumat, M., Meidtner, K., Bielak, L. F., Smith, J. A., Hebbar, P., Farmaki, A.-E., Hofer, E., Lin, M., Xue, C., Zhang, J., Concas, M. P., Vaccargiu, S., van der Most, P. J., Pitkänen, N., Cade, B. E., Lee, J., van der Laan, S. W., Chitrala, K. N., Weiss, S., Zimmermann, M. E., Lee, J. Y., Choi, H. S., Nethander, M., Freitag-Wolf, S., Southam, L., Rayner, N. W., Wang, C. A., Lin, S.-Y., Wang, J.-S., Couture, C., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Nikus, K., Cuellar-Partida, G., Vestergaard, H., Hildalgo, B., Giannakopoulou, O., Cai, Q., Obura, M. O., van Setten, J., Li, X., Schwander, K., Terzikhan, N., Shin, J. H., Jackson, R. D., Reiner, A. P., Martin, L. W., Chen, Z., Li, L., Highland, H. M., Young, K. L., Kawaguchi, T., Thiery, J., Bis, J. C., Nadkarni, G. N., Launer, L. J., Li, H., Nalls, M. A., Raitakari, O. T., Ichihara, S., Wild, S. H., Nelson, C. P., Campbell, H., Jäger, S., Nabika, T., Al-Mulla, F., Niinikoski, H., Braund, P. S., Kolcic, I., Kovacs, P., Giardoglou, T., Katsuya, T., Bhatti, K. F., de Kleijn, D., de Borst, G. J., Kim, E. K., Adams, H. H. H., Ikram, M. A., Zhu, X., Asselbergs, F. W., Kraaijeveld, A. O., Beulens, J. W. J., Shu, X.-O., Rallidis, L. S., Pedersen, O., Hansen, T., Mitchell, P., Hewitt, A. W., Kähönen, M., Pérusse, L., Bouchard, C., Tönjes, A., Chen, Y.-D. I., Pennell, C. E., Mori, T. A., Lieb, W., Franke, A., Ohlsson, C., Mellström, D., Cho, Y. S., Lee, H., Yuan, J.-M., Koh, W.-P., Rhee, S. Y., Woo, J.-T., Heid, I. M., Stark, K. J., Völzke, H., Homuth, G., Evans, M. K., Zonderman, A. B., Polasek, O., Pasterkamp, G., Hoefer, I. E., Redline, S., Pahkala, K., Oldehinkel, A. J., Snieder, H., Biino, G., Schmidt, R., Schmidt, H., Chen, Y. E., Bandinelli, S., Dedoussis, G., Thanaraj, T. A., Kardia, S. L. R., Kato, N., Schulze, M. B., Girotto, G., Jung, B., Böger, C. A., Joshi, P. K., Bennett, D. A., De Jager, P. L., Lu, X., Mamakou, V., Brown, M., Caulfield, M. J., Munroe, P. B., Guo, X., Ciullo, M., Jonas, J. B., Samani, N. J., Kaprio, J., Pajukanta, P., Adair, L. S., Bechayda, S. A., de Silva, H. J., Wickremasinghe, A. R., Krauss, R. M., Wu, J.-Y., Zheng, W., den Hollander, A. I., Bharadwaj, D., Correa, A., Wilson, J. G., Lind, L., Heng, C.-K., Nelson, A. E., Golightly, Y. M., Wilson, J. F., Penninx, B., Kim, H.-L., Attia, J., Scott, R. J., Rao, D. C., Arnett, D. K., Hunt, S. C., Walker, M., Koistinen, H. A., Chandak, G. R., Yajnik, C. S., Mercader, J. M., Tusié-Luna, T., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Villalpando, C. G., Orozco, L., Fornage, M., Tai, E. S., van Dam, R. M., Lehtimäki, T., Chaturvedi, N., Yokota, M., Liu, J., Reilly, D. F., McKnight, A. J., Kee, F., Jöckel, K.-H., McCarthy, M. I., Palmer, C. N. A., Vitart, V., Hayward, C., Simonsick, E., van Duijn, C. M., Lu, F., Qu, J., Hishigaki, H., Lin, X., März, W., Parra, E. J., Cruz, M., Gudnason, V., Tardif, J.-C., Lettre, G., ’t Hart, L. M., Elders, P. J. M., Damrauer, S. M., Kumari, M., Kivimaki, M., van der Harst, P., Spector, T. D., Loos, R. J. F., Province, M. A., Psaty, B. M., Brandslund, I., Pramstaller, P. P., Christensen, K., Ripatti, S., Widén, E., Hakonarson, H., Grant, S. F. A., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., de Graaf, J., Loeffler, M., Kronenberg, F., Gu, D., Erdmann, J., Schunkert, H., Franks, P. W., Linneberg, A., Jukema, J. W., Khera, A. V., Männikkö, M., Jarvelin, M.-R., Kutalik, Z., Cucca, F., Mook-Kanamori, D. O., van Dijk, K. W., Watkins, H., Strachan, D. P., Grarup, N., Sever, P., Poulter, N., Rotter, J. I., Dantoft, T. M., Karpe, F., Neville, M. J., Timpson, N. J., Cheng, C.-Y., Wong, T.-Y., Khor, C. C., Sabanayagam, C., Peters, A., Gieger, C., Hattersley, A. T., Pedersen, N. L., Magnusson, P. K. E., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E. J. C., Cupples, L. A., van Meurs, J. B. J., Ghanbari, M., Gordon-Larsen, P., Huang, W., Kim, Y. J., Tabara, Y., Wareham, N. J., Langenberg, C., Zeggini, E., Kuusisto, J., Laakso, M., Ingelsson, E., Abecasis, G., Chambers, J. C., Kooner, J. S., de Vries, P. S., Morrison, A. C., North, K. E., Daviglus, M., Kraft, P., Martin, N. G., Whitfield, J. B., Abbas, S., Saleheen, D., Walters, R. G., Holmes, M. V., Black, C., Smith, B. H., Justice, A. E., Baras, A., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M., Chasman, D. I., Kooperberg, C., Wei, W.-Q., Jarvik, G. P., Namjou, B., Hayes, M. G., Ritchie, M. D., Jousilahti, P., Salomaa, V., Hveem, K., Åsvold, B. O., Kubo, M., Kamatani, Y., Okada, Y., Murakami, Y., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., Ho, Y.-L., Lynch, J. A., Rader, D. J., Tsao, P. S., Chang, K.-M., Cho, K., O’Donnell, C. J., Gaziano, J. M., Wilson, P., Rotimi, C. N., Hazelhurst, S., Ramsay, M., Trembath, R. C., van Heel, D. A., Tamiya, G., Yamamoto, M., Kim, B.-J., Mohlke, K. L., Frayling, T. M., Hirschhorn, J. N., Kathiresan, S., Program, V. M. V., Global Lipids Genetics Consortium*, Boehnke, M., Natarajan, P., Peloso, G. M., Brown, C. D., Morris, A. P., Assimes, T. L., Deloukas, P., Sun, Y. V., & Willer, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Korea National Institute of Health (KR)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Emory University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- National University Hospital of Iceland (IS)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (JP)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Genentech (US)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Qatar University (QA)
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases (PK)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Boston University (US)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Frederiksberg Hospital (DK)
- The Lundquist Institute (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
- Lund University (SE)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Quantinuum (United States) (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Eurac Research (IT)
- Vejle Sygehus (DK)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University College London (GB)
- Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (CN)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts (DE)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (QA)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- Kangbuk Samsung Hospital (KR)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IN)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Beijing Tongren Hospital (CN)
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IT)
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IT)
- Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch (TW)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- Dasman Diabetes Institute (KW)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (IT)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Hallym University (KR)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- Shimane University (JP)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IT)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of San Carlos (PH)
- University of Kelaniya (LK)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (MX)
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (MX)
- Kurume University (JP)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
- Mexican Social Security Institute (MX)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- University of Sassari (IT)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Churchill Hospital (GB)
- Singapore National Eye Center (SG)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CN)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Geisinger Health System (US)
- Regeneron (United States) (US)
- University of Washington Medical Center (US)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Yan V.
- ORCID
- Graham, Sarah E.
- Clarke, Shoa L.
- Wu, Kuan-Han H.
- Kanoni, Stavroula
- Zajac, Greg J. M.
- Ramdas, Shweta
- Surakka, Ida
- Vedantam, Sailaja
- Winkler, Thomas W.
- Locke, Adam E.
- Marouli, Eirini
- Hwang, Mi Yeong
- Han, Sohee
- Narita, Akira
- Choudhury, Ananyo
- Bentley, Amy R.
- Ekoru, Kenneth
- Verma, Anurag
- Martin, Hilary C.
- Hunt, Karen A.
- Hui, Qin
- Klarin, Derek
- Zhu, Xiang
- Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.
- Holm, Hilma
- Akiyama, Masato
- Sakaue, Saori
- Terao, Chikashi
- Kanai, Masahiro
- Zhou, Wei
- Brumpton, Ben M.
- Rasheed, Humaira
- Ruotsalainen, Sanni E.
- Havulinna, Aki S.
- Veturi, Yogasudha
- Feng, QiPing
- Rosenthal, Elisabeth A.
- Lingren, Todd
- Pacheco, Jennifer Allen
- Pendergrass, Sarah A.
- Miller, Jason E.
- Campbell, Archie
- Millwood, Iona Y.
- Hindy, George
- Faul, Jessica D.
- Zhao, Wei
- Weir, David R.
- Turman, Constance
- Huang, Hongyan
- Graff, Mariaelisa
- Mahajan, Anubha
- Zhang, Weihua
- Yu, Ketian
- Schmidt, Ellen M.
- Pandit, Anita
- Gustafsson, Stefan
- Yin, Xianyong
- Luan, Jian’an
- Matsuda, Fumihiko
- Jang, Hye-Mi
- Yoon, Kyungheon
- Medina-Gomez, Carolina
- Pitsillides, Achilleas
- Hottenga, Jouke Jan
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Wood, Andrew R.
- Gao, Zishan
- Haworth, Simon
- Mitchell, Ruth E.
- Chai, Jin Fang
- Aadahl, Mette
- Manichaikul, Ani
- Warren, Helen R.
- Ramirez, Julia
- Kårhus, Line L.
- Goel, Anuj
- Sabater-Lleal, Maria
- Noordam, Raymond
- Sidore, Carlo
- Fiorillo, Edoardo
- McDaid, Aaron F.
- Marques-Vidal, Pedro
- Wielscher, Matthias
- Trompet, Stella
- Sattar, Naveed
- Møllehave, Line T.
- Thuesen, Betina H.
- Munz, Matthias
- Zeng, Lingyao
- Huang, Jianfeng
- Yang, Bin
- Poveda, Alaitz
- Kurbasic, Azra
- Lamina, Claudia
- Forer, Lukas
- Scholz, Markus
- Galesloot, Tessel E.
- Zmuda, Joseph M.
- Fuchsberger, Christian
- Brody, Jennifer A.
- Feitosa, Mary F.
- Wojczynski, Mary K.
- Preuss, Michael
- Mangino, Massimo
- Christofidou, Paraskevi
- Verweij, Niek
- Benjamins, Jan W.
- Engmann, Jorgen
- Kember, Rachel L.
- Slieker, Roderick C.
- Lo, Ken Sin
- Zilhao, Nuno R.
- Le, Phuong
- Kleber, Marcus E.
- Delgado, Graciela E.
- Huo, Shaofeng
- Ikeda, Daisuke D.
- Iha, Hiroyuki
- Yang, Jian
- Liu, Jun
- Leonard, Hampton L.
- Marten, Jonathan
- Schmidt, Börge
- Smyth, Laura J.
- Wang, Chaolong
- Nakatochi, Masahiro
- Wong, Andrew
- Sim, Xueling
- Xia, Rui
- Fernandez-Lopez, Juan Carlos
- Lyssenko, Valeriya
- Jackson, Anne U.
- Yousri, Noha A.
- Irvin, Marguerite R.
- Oldmeadow, Christopher
- Ryu, Seungho
- Timmers, Paul R. H. J.
- Arbeeva, Liubov
- Dorajoo, Rajkumar
- Chai, Xiaoran
- Prasad, Gauri
- Pauper, Marc
- Long, Jirong
- Li, Xiaohui
- Theusch, Elizabeth
- Takeuchi, Fumihiko
- Spracklen, Cassandra N.
- Loukola, Anu
- Bollepalli, Sailalitha
- Warner, Sophie C.
- Wang, Ya Xing
- Wei, Wen B.
- Nutile, Teresa
- Ruggiero, Daniela
- Hung, Yi-Jen
- Chen, Shufeng
- Liu, Fangchao
- Yang, Jingyun
- Kentistou, Katherine A.
- Gorski, Mathias
- Brumat, Marco
- Meidtner, Karina
- Bielak, Lawrence F.
- Smith, Jennifer A.
- Hebbar, Prashantha
- Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni
- Hofer, Edith
- Lin, Maoxuan
- Xue, Chao
- Zhang, Jifeng
- Concas, Maria Pina
- Vaccargiu, Simona
- van der Most, Peter J.
- Pitkänen, Niina
- Cade, Brian E.
- Lee, Jiwon
- van der Laan, Sander W.
- Chitrala, Kumaraswamy Naidu
- Weiss, Stefan
- Zimmermann, Martina E.
- Lee, Jong Young
- Nethander, Maria
- Southam, Lorraine
- Rayner, Nigel W.
- Wang, Carol A.
- Wang, Jun-Sing
- Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka
- Nikus, Kjell
- Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel
- Vestergaard, Henrik
- Giannakopoulou, Olga
- Cai, Qiuyin
- van Setten, Jessica
- Schwander, Karen
- Jackson, Rebecca D.
- Reiner, Alexander P.
- Martin, Lisa Warsinger
- Chen, Zhengming
- Li, Liming
- Highland, Heather M.
- Young, Kristin L.
- Kawaguchi, Takahisa
- Thiery, Joachim
- Bis, Joshua C.
- Nadkarni, Girish N.
- Launer, Lenore J.
- Nalls, Mike A.
- Raitakari, Olli T.
- Ichihara, Sahoko
- Wild, Sarah H.
- Nelson, Christopher P.
- Jäger, Susanne
- Nabika, Toru
- Braund, Peter S.
- Kovacs, Peter
- de Kleijn, Dominique
- de Borst, Gert J.
- Kim, Eung Kweon
- Adams, Hieab H. H.
- Ikram, M. Arfan
- Zhu, Xiaofeng
- Asselbergs, Folkert W.
- Kraaijeveld, Adriaan O.
- Beulens, Joline W. J.
- Shu, Xiao-Ou
- Pedersen, Oluf
- Hansen, Torben
- Hewitt, Alex W.
- Kähönen, Mika
- Pérusse, Louis
- Bouchard, Claude
- Tönjes, Anke
- Chen, Yii-Der Ida
- Pennell, Craig E.
- Mori, Trevor A.
- Lieb, Wolfgang
- Ohlsson, Claes
- Mellström, Dan
- Cho, Yoon Shin
- Lee, Hyejin
- Koh, Woon-Puay
- Rhee, Sang Youl
- Woo, Jeong-Taek
- Heid, Iris M.
- Stark, Klaus J.
- Homuth, Georg
- Evans, Michele K.
- Zonderman, Alan B.
- Pasterkamp, Gerard
- Hoefer, Imo E.
- Redline, Susan
- Pahkala, Katja
- Oldehinkel, Albertine J.
- Snieder, Harold
- Biino, Ginevra
- Schmidt, Reinhold
- Schmidt, Helena
- Chen, Y. Eugene
- Bandinelli, Stefania
- Dedoussis, George
- Thanaraj, Thangavel Alphonse
- Kato, Norihiro
- Schulze, Matthias B.
- Girotto, Giorgia
- Joshi, Peter K.
- Bennett, David A.
- De Jager, Philip L.
- Lu, Xiangfeng
- Mamakou, Vasiliki
- Brown, Morris
- Caulfield, Mark J.
- Munroe, Patricia B.
- Guo, Xiuqing
- Ciullo, Marina
- Jonas, Jost B.
- Samani, Nilesh J.
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Pajukanta, Päivi
- Adair, Linda S.
- de Silva, H. Janaka
- Krauss, Ronald M.
- Zheng, Wei
- den Hollander, Anneke I.
- Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan
- Correa, Adolfo
- Wilson, James G.
- Lind, Lars
- Heng, Chew-Kiat
- Nelson, Amanda E.
- Golightly, Yvonne M.
- Wilson, James F.
- Penninx, Brenda
- Kim, Hyung-Lae
- Attia, John
- Scott, Rodney J.
- Rao, D. C.
- Arnett, Donna K.
- Hunt, Steven C.
- Koistinen, Heikki A.
- Chandak, Giriraj R.
- Yajnik, Chittaranjan S.
- Mercader, Josep M.
- Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.
- Orozco, Lorena
- Fornage, Myriam
- Tai, E. Shyong
- van Dam, Rob M.
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Chaturvedi, Nish
- Liu, Jianjun
- Reilly, Dermot F.
- McKnight, Amy Jayne
- Kee, Frank
- Jöckel, Karl-Heinz
- McCarthy, Mark I.
- Hayward, Caroline
- Simonsick, Eleanor
- van Duijn, Cornelia M.
- Qu, Jia
- März, Winfried
- Parra, Esteban J.
- Cruz, Miguel
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Tardif, Jean-Claude
- Lettre, Guillaume
- Elders, Petra J. M.
- Damrauer, Scott M.
- Kivimaki, Mika
- van der Harst, Pim
- Spector, Tim D.
- Loos, Ruth J. F.
- Province, Michael A.
- Psaty, Bruce M.
- Brandslund, Ivan
- Pramstaller, Peter P.
- Christensen, Kaare
- Ripatti, Samuli
- Widén, Elisabeth
- Hakonarson, Hakon
- Grant, Struan F. A.
- Kiemeney, Lambertus A. L. M.
- Loeffler, Markus
- Kronenberg, Florian
- Gu, Dongfeng
- Erdmann, Jeanette
- Schunkert, Heribert
- Franks, Paul W.
- Linneberg, Allan
- Jukema, J. Wouter
- Khera, Amit V.
- Männikkö, Minna
- Cucca, Francesco
- van Dijk, Ko Willems
- Watkins, Hugh
- Strachan, David P.
- Grarup, Niels
- Poulter, Neil
- Rotter, Jerome I.
- Dantoft, Thomas M.
- Karpe, Fredrik
- Neville, Matt J.
- Timpson, Nicholas J.
- Cheng, Ching-Yu
- Wong, Tien-Yin
- Khor, Chiea Chuen
- Sabanayagam, Charumathi
- Peters, Annette
- Gieger, Christian
- Hattersley, Andrew T.
- Pedersen, Nancy L.
- Magnusson, Patrik K. E.
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- de Geus, Eco J. C.
- Cupples, L. Adrienne
- van Meurs, Joyce B. J.
- Ghanbari, Mohsen
- Gordon-Larsen, Penny
- Huang, Wei
- Kim, Young Jin
- Wareham, Nicholas J.
- Langenberg, Claudia
- Zeggini, Eleftheria
- Kuusisto, Johanna
- Laakso, Markku
- Ingelsson, Erik
- Chambers, John C.
- Kooner, Jaspal S.
- de Vries, Paul S.
- Morrison, Alanna C.
- North, Kari E.
- Daviglus, Martha
- Kraft, Peter
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Whitfield, John B.
- Saleheen, Danish
- Walters, Robin G.
- Holmes, Michael V.
- Black, Corri
- Smith, Blair H.
- Justice, Anne E.
- Baras, Aris
- Buring, Julie E.
- Ridker, Paul M.
- Chasman, Daniel I.
- Kooperberg, Charles
- Wei, Wei-Qi
- Jarvik, Gail P.
- Namjou, Bahram
- Hayes, M. Geoffrey
- Ritchie, Marylyn D.
- Jousilahti, Pekka
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Hveem, Kristian
- Åsvold, Bjørn Olav
- Kubo, Michiaki
- Okada, Yukinori
- Murakami, Yoshinori
- Ho, Yuk-Lam
- Lynch, Julie A.
- Rader, Daniel J.
- Tsao, Philip S.
- Chang, Kyong-Mi
- Cho, Kelly
- O’Donnell, Christopher J.
- Gaziano, John M.
- Wilson, Peter
- Rotimi, Charles N.
- Hazelhurst, Scott
- Ramsay, Michèle
- Trembath, Richard C.
- van Heel, David A.
- Tamiya, Gen
- Yamamoto, Masayuki
- Kim, Bong-Jo
- Mohlke, Karen L.
- Frayling, Timothy M.
- Hirschhorn, Joel N.
- Kathiresan, Sekar
- Boehnke, Michael
- Natarajan, Pradeep
- Peloso, Gina M.
- Brown, Christopher D.
- Morris, Andrew P.
- Assimes, Themistocles L.
- Deloukas, Panos
- Sun, Yan V.
- Willer, Cristen J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-12-09
- Volume
- 600
- Issue
- 7890
- Pages
- 675-679
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC8730582
- OpenAlex
- W3205644245
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 246 · 2024: 274 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 21.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-05-26)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
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- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- CNR ExploRA (submittedVersion)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2-CX001780, I01-BX004821, I01-BX003362)
- McKnight Foundation
- Office of Research and Development
- Wellcome Trust (212946/Z/18/Z, 212945/Z/18/Z, 210561/Z/18/Z, 217065/Z/19/Z, 202802/Z/16/Z, 221854/Z/20/Z)
- Barts Charity (MGU0284)
- Cancer Research UK (16896)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10170, NF-SI-0512-10113, NIHR-INF-0987, 16/136/102, NF-SI-0617-10154)
- British Heart Foundation (FS/19/62/34901D, RG/14/5/30893)
- Public Health Agency (STL/5569/19)
- Lundbeckfonden (R155-2013-14070)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF14OC0010513, NNF19OC0055250, NNF18OC0033898, NNF13OC0005785)
- National Institutes of Health (5k01hl135405-04, 24460, 85,86)
- Medical Research Council (MR/S019669/1, MC_PC_14135, MC_UU_00017/1, MR/S011676/1, MR/R024227/1, MC_PC_15018, MC_PC_20026, MC_PC_19009, MC_UU_00007/10, MC_PC_13049)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N00812X/1, ES/L008459/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21H03206, 21K10439, 19K19434, 21H04850)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, R01AG015819, P30AG010161)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL133218, R01HL127564, R03HL154284, K01-HL135405, R35HL135818, R01HL149683, R35HL135824, R01HL105756, R01HL109946, R01HL153805)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (K08HG010155, R01HG010297, T32HG000040, U01HG011723)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA144034, R01CA080205, UM1CA182876)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072193, U01DK062370, P30DK020572, R01DK093757, P30DK020541, R01DK062370)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U01DP006266)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD030880)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- serum lipids, genetic diversity, non-European ancestry, polygenic risk score, fine mapping, cardiovascular risk, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, genetic ancestry, sample size and statistical power, linkage disequilibrium
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Population Groups, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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