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The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids
Open accessAbstract
Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use 1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide 3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS 4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele frequencies, effect sizes and linkage-disequilibrium patterns 24. Here we conduct a multi-ancestry, genome-wide genetic discovery meta-analysis of lipid levels in approximately 1.65 million individuals, including 350,000 of non-European ancestries. We quantify the gain in studying non-European ancestries and provide evidence to support the expansion of recruitment of additional ancestries, even with relatively small sample sizes. We find that increasing diversity rather than studying additional individuals of European ancestry results in substantial improvements in fine-mapping functional variants and portability of polygenic prediction (evaluated in approximately 295,000 individuals from 7 ancestry groupings). Modest gains in the number of discovered loci and ancestry-specific variants were also achieved. As GWAS expand emphasis beyond the identification of genes and fundamental biology towards the use of genetic variants for preventive and precision medicine 25, we anticipate that increased diversity of participants will lead to more accurate and equitable 26 application of polygenic scores in clinical practice.
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“This result replicated previous studies showing that multi-ancestry PGS demonstrated an improved prediction performance relative to ancestry-matched PGSs41,42.”
From Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“We found genetic variants significantly associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c; p < 5.0E-08; Fig. 6a).”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The top-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs10507274, more specifically the “C” allele, found in ~6% of the general population, is significantly associated with increased plasma levels of HDL-c (p = 8.6E-11, Beta = +0.0183 ( ± 2.8E-03); Fig. 6a, b).”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The Global Lipids Genetics Consortium aggregated GWAS results from 1,654,960 individuals from 201 primary studies representing five genetic ancestry groups28.”
From Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Considering the results presented here, and those of related studies 38–40 , we consider that future genetic studies will substantially benefit from meta-analyses across participants of diverse ancestries.”
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“Variants were annotated using WGSA 51 , including the summary of each variant from SnpEff 52 and the closest genes for intergenic variants from ANNOVAR 53 .”
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“Although many traits show a high degree of shared genetic correlation across ancestries 32,36,37 , others have distinct genetic variants with large effects that are more common in specific ancestry groups 34 , which may limit the utility of multi-ancestry PRS for particular phenotypes in some…”
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“Of these 159 variants, 31 showed the largest effect in African ancestry analyses, 24 in East Asian, 67 in European, 20 in Hispanic and 17 in South Asian.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRAREMETAL: fast and powerful meta-analysis for rare variants
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Graham, S. E., Clarke, S. L., Wu, K.-H. H., Kanoni, S., Zajac, G. J. M., Ramdas, S., Surakka, I., Ntalla, I., Vedantam, S., Winkler, T. W., Locke, A. E., Marouli, E., Hwang, M. Y., Han, S., Narita, A., Choudhury, A., Bentley, A. R., Ekoru, K., Verma, A., Trivedi, B., Martin, H. C., Hunt, K. A., Hui, Q., Klarin, D., Zhu, X., Thorleifsson, G., Helgadottir, A., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Holm, H., Olafsson, I., Akiyama, M., Sakaue, S., Terao, C., Kanai, M., Zhou, W., Brumpton, B. M., Rasheed, H., Ruotsalainen, S. E., Havulinna, A. S., Veturi, Y., Feng, Q., Rosenthal, E. A., Lingren, T., Pacheco, J. A., Pendergrass, S. A., Haessler, J., Giulianini, F., Bradford, Y., Miller, J. E., Campbell, A., Lin, K., Millwood, I. Y., Hindy, G., Rasheed, A., Faul, J. D., Zhao, W., Weir, D. R., Turman, C., Huang, H., Graff, M., Mahajan, A., Brown, M. R., Zhang, W., Yu, K., Schmidt, E. M., Pandit, A., Gustafsson, S., Yin, X., Luan, J., Zhao, J.-H., Matsuda, F., Jang, H.-M., Yoon, K., Medina-Gomez, C., Pitsillides, A., Hottenga, J. J., Willemsen, G., Wood, A. R., Ji, Y., Gao, Z., Haworth, S., Mitchell, R. E., Chai, J. F., Aadahl, M., Yao, J., Manichaikul, A., Warren, H. R., Ramirez, J., Bork-Jensen, J., Kårhus, L. L., Goel, A., Sabater-Lleal, M., Noordam, R., Sidore, C., Fiorillo, E., McDaid, A. F., Marques-Vidal, P., Wielscher, M., Trompet, S., Sattar, N., Møllehave, L. T., Thuesen, B. H., Munz, M., Zeng, L., Huang, J., Yang, B., Poveda, A., Kurbasic, A., Lamina, C., Forer, L., Scholz, M., Galesloot, T. E., Bradfield, J. P., Daw, E. W., Zmuda, J. M., Mitchell, J. S., Fuchsberger, C., Christensen, H., Brody, J. A., Feitosa, M. F., Wojczynski, M. K., Preuss, M., Mangino, M., Christofidou, P., Verweij, N., Benjamins, J. W., Engmann, J., Kember, R. L., Slieker, R. C., Lo, K. S., Zilhao, N. R., Le, P., Kleber, M. E., Delgado, G. E., Huo, S., Ikeda, D. D., Iha, H., Yang, J., Liu, J., Leonard, H. L., Marten, J., Schmidt, B., Arendt, M., Smyth, L. J., Cañadas-Garre, M., Wang, C., Nakatochi, M., Wong, A., Hutri-Kähönen, N., Sim, X., Xia, R., Huerta-Chagoya, A., Fernandez-Lopez, J. C., Lyssenko, V., Ahmed, M., Jackson, A. U., Yousri, N. A., Irvin, M. R., Oldmeadow, C., Kim, H.-N., Ryu, S., Timmers, P. R. H. J., Arbeeva, L., Dorajoo, R., Lange, L. A., Chai, X., Prasad, G., Lorés-Motta, L., Pauper, M., Long, J., Li, X., Theusch, E., Takeuchi, F., Spracklen, C. N., Loukola, A., Bollepalli, S., Warner, S. C., Wang, Y. X., Wei, W. B., Nutile, T., Ruggiero, D., Sung, Y. J., Hung, Y.-J., Chen, S., Liu, F., Yang, J., Kentistou, K. A., Gorski, M., Brumat, M., Meidtner, K., Bielak, L. F., Smith, J. A., Hebbar, P., Farmaki, A.-E., Hofer, E., Lin, M., Xue, C., Zhang, J., Concas, M. P., Vaccargiu, S., van der Most, P. J., Pitkänen, N., Cade, B. E., Lee, J., van der Laan, S. W., Chitrala, K. N., Weiss, S., Zimmermann, M. E., Lee, J. Y., Choi, H. S., Nethander, M., Freitag-Wolf, S., Southam, L., Rayner, N. W., Wang, C. A., Lin, S.-Y., Wang, J.-S., Couture, C., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Nikus, K., Cuellar-Partida, G., Vestergaard, H., Hildalgo, B., Giannakopoulou, O., Cai, Q., Obura, M. O., van Setten, J., Li, X., Schwander, K., Terzikhan, N., Shin, J. H., Jackson, R. D., Reiner, A. P., Martin, L. W., Chen, Z., Li, L., Highland, H. M., Young, K. L., Kawaguchi, T., Thiery, J., Bis, J. C., Nadkarni, G. N., Launer, L. J., Li, H., Nalls, M. A., Raitakari, O. T., Ichihara, S., Wild, S. H., Nelson, C. P., Campbell, H., Jäger, S., Nabika, T., Al-Mulla, F., Niinikoski, H., Braund, P. S., Kolcic, I., Kovacs, P., Giardoglou, T., Katsuya, T., Bhatti, K. F., de Kleijn, D., de Borst, G. J., Kim, E. K., Adams, H. H. H., Ikram, M. A., Zhu, X., Asselbergs, F. W., Kraaijeveld, A. O., Beulens, J. W. J., Shu, X.-O., Rallidis, L. S., Pedersen, O., Hansen, T., Mitchell, P., Hewitt, A. W., Kähönen, M., Pérusse, L., Bouchard, C., Tönjes, A., Chen, Y.-D. I., Pennell, C. E., Mori, T. A., Lieb, W., Franke, A., Ohlsson, C., Mellström, D., Cho, Y. S., Lee, H., Yuan, J.-M., Koh, W.-P., Rhee, S. Y., Woo, J.-T., Heid, I. M., Stark, K. J., Völzke, H., Homuth, G., Evans, M. K., Zonderman, A. B., Polasek, O., Pasterkamp, G., Hoefer, I. E., Redline, S., Pahkala, K., Oldehinkel, A. J., Snieder, H., Biino, G., Schmidt, R., Schmidt, H., Chen, Y. E., Bandinelli, S., Dedoussis, G., Thanaraj, T. A., Kardia, S. L. R., Kato, N., Schulze, M. B., Girotto, G., Jung, B., Böger, C. A., Joshi, P. K., Bennett, D. A., De Jager, P. L., Lu, X., Mamakou, V., Brown, M., Caulfield, M. J., Munroe, P. B., Guo, X., Ciullo, M., Jonas, J. B., Samani, N. J., Kaprio, J., Pajukanta, P., Adair, L. S., Bechayda, S. A., de Silva, H. J., Wickremasinghe, A. R., Krauss, R. M., Wu, J.-Y., Zheng, W., den Hollander, A. I., Bharadwaj, D., Correa, A., Wilson, J. G., Lind, L., Heng, C.-K., Nelson, A. E., Golightly, Y. M., Wilson, J. F., Penninx, B., Kim, H.-L., Attia, J., Scott, R. J., Rao, D. C., Arnett, D. K., Hunt, S. C., Walker, M., Koistinen, H. A., Chandak, G. R., Yajnik, C. S., Mercader, J. M., Tusié-Luna, T., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Villalpando, C. G., Orozco, L., Fornage, M., Tai, E. S., van Dam, R. M., Lehtimäki, T., Chaturvedi, N., Yokota, M., Liu, J., Reilly, D. F., McKnight, A. J., Kee, F., Jöckel, K.-H., McCarthy, M. I., Palmer, C. N. A., Vitart, V., Hayward, C., Simonsick, E., van Duijn, C. M., Lu, F., Qu, J., Hishigaki, H., Lin, X., März, W., Parra, E. J., Cruz, M., Gudnason, V., Tardif, J.-C., Lettre, G., ’t Hart, L. M., Elders, P. J. M., Damrauer, S. M., Kumari, M., Kivimaki, M., van der Harst, P., Spector, T. D., Loos, R. J. F., Province, M. A., Psaty, B. M., Brandslund, I., Pramstaller, P. P., Christensen, K., Ripatti, S., Widén, E., Hakonarson, H., Grant, S. F. A., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., de Graaf, J., Loeffler, M., Kronenberg, F., Gu, D., Erdmann, J., Schunkert, H., Franks, P. W., Linneberg, A., Jukema, J. W., Khera, A. V., Männikkö, M., Jarvelin, M.-R., Kutalik, Z., Cucca, F., Mook-Kanamori, D. O., van Dijk, K. W., Watkins, H., Strachan, D. P., Grarup, N., Sever, P., Poulter, N., Rotter, J. I., Dantoft, T. M., Karpe, F., Neville, M. J., Timpson, N. J., Cheng, C.-Y., Wong, T.-Y., Khor, C. C., Sabanayagam, C., Peters, A., Gieger, C., Hattersley, A. T., Pedersen, N. L., Magnusson, P. K. E., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E. J. C., Cupples, L. A., van Meurs, J. B. J., Ghanbari, M., Gordon-Larsen, P., Huang, W., Kim, Y. J., Tabara, Y., Wareham, N. J., Langenberg, C., Zeggini, E., Kuusisto, J., Laakso, M., Ingelsson, E., Abecasis, G., Chambers, J. C., Kooner, J. S., de Vries, P. S., Morrison, A. C., North, K. E., Daviglus, M., Kraft, P., Martin, N. G., Whitfield, J. B., Abbas, S., Saleheen, D., Walters, R. G., Holmes, M. V., Black, C., Smith, B. H., Justice, A. E., Baras, A., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M., Chasman, D. I., Kooperberg, C., Wei, W.-Q., Jarvik, G. P., Namjou, B., Hayes, M. G., Ritchie, M. D., Jousilahti, P., Salomaa, V., Hveem, K., Åsvold, B. O., Kubo, M., Kamatani, Y., Okada, Y., Murakami, Y., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., Ho, Y.-L., Lynch, J. A., Rader, D. J., Tsao, P. S., Chang, K.-M., Cho, K., O’Donnell, C. J., Gaziano, J. M., Wilson, P., Rotimi, C. N., Hazelhurst, S., Ramsay, M., Trembath, R. C., van Heel, D. A., Tamiya, G., Yamamoto, M., Kim, B.-J., Mohlke, K. L., Frayling, T. M., Hirschhorn, J. N., Kathiresan, S., Program, V. M. V., Global Lipids Genetics Consortium*, Boehnke, M., Natarajan, P., Peloso, G. M., Brown, C. D., Morris, A. P., Assimes, T. L., Deloukas, P., Sun, Y. V., & Willer, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Korea National Institute of Health (KR)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Emory University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- National University Hospital of Iceland (IS)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (JP)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Genentech (US)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Qatar University (QA)
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases (PK)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Boston University (US)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Frederiksberg Hospital (DK)
- The Lundquist Institute (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
- Lund University (SE)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Quantinuum (United States) (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Eurac Research (IT)
- Vejle Sygehus (DK)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University College London (GB)
- Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (CN)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts (DE)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (QA)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- Kangbuk Samsung Hospital (KR)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IN)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Beijing Tongren Hospital (CN)
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IT)
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IT)
- Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch (TW)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- Dasman Diabetes Institute (KW)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (IT)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Hallym University (KR)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- Shimane University (JP)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IT)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of San Carlos (PH)
- University of Kelaniya (LK)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (MX)
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (MX)
- Kurume University (JP)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
- Mexican Social Security Institute (MX)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- University of Sassari (IT)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Churchill Hospital (GB)
- Singapore National Eye Center (SG)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CN)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Geisinger Health System (US)
- Regeneron (United States) (US)
- University of Washington Medical Center (US)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Yan V.
- ORCID
- Graham, Sarah E.
- Clarke, Shoa L.
- Wu, Kuan-Han H.
- Kanoni, Stavroula
- Zajac, Greg J. M.
- Ramdas, Shweta
- Surakka, Ida
- Vedantam, Sailaja
- Winkler, Thomas W.
- Locke, Adam E.
- Marouli, Eirini
- Hwang, Mi Yeong
- Han, Sohee
- Narita, Akira
- Choudhury, Ananyo
- Bentley, Amy R.
- Ekoru, Kenneth
- Verma, Anurag
- Martin, Hilary C.
- Hunt, Karen A.
- Hui, Qin
- Klarin, Derek
- Zhu, Xiang
- Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.
- Holm, Hilma
- Akiyama, Masato
- Sakaue, Saori
- Terao, Chikashi
- Kanai, Masahiro
- Zhou, Wei
- Brumpton, Ben M.
- Rasheed, Humaira
- Ruotsalainen, Sanni E.
- Havulinna, Aki S.
- Veturi, Yogasudha
- Feng, QiPing
- Rosenthal, Elisabeth A.
- Lingren, Todd
- Pacheco, Jennifer Allen
- Pendergrass, Sarah A.
- Miller, Jason E.
- Campbell, Archie
- Millwood, Iona Y.
- Hindy, George
- Faul, Jessica D.
- Zhao, Wei
- Weir, David R.
- Turman, Constance
- Huang, Hongyan
- Graff, Mariaelisa
- Mahajan, Anubha
- Zhang, Weihua
- Yu, Ketian
- Schmidt, Ellen M.
- Pandit, Anita
- Gustafsson, Stefan
- Yin, Xianyong
- Luan, Jian’an
- Matsuda, Fumihiko
- Jang, Hye-Mi
- Yoon, Kyungheon
- Medina-Gomez, Carolina
- Pitsillides, Achilleas
- Hottenga, Jouke Jan
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Wood, Andrew R.
- Gao, Zishan
- Haworth, Simon
- Mitchell, Ruth E.
- Chai, Jin Fang
- Aadahl, Mette
- Manichaikul, Ani
- Warren, Helen R.
- Ramirez, Julia
- Kårhus, Line L.
- Goel, Anuj
- Sabater-Lleal, Maria
- Noordam, Raymond
- Sidore, Carlo
- Fiorillo, Edoardo
- McDaid, Aaron F.
- Marques-Vidal, Pedro
- Wielscher, Matthias
- Trompet, Stella
- Sattar, Naveed
- Møllehave, Line T.
- Thuesen, Betina H.
- Munz, Matthias
- Zeng, Lingyao
- Huang, Jianfeng
- Yang, Bin
- Poveda, Alaitz
- Kurbasic, Azra
- Lamina, Claudia
- Forer, Lukas
- Scholz, Markus
- Galesloot, Tessel E.
- Zmuda, Joseph M.
- Fuchsberger, Christian
- Brody, Jennifer A.
- Feitosa, Mary F.
- Wojczynski, Mary K.
- Preuss, Michael
- Mangino, Massimo
- Christofidou, Paraskevi
- Verweij, Niek
- Benjamins, Jan W.
- Engmann, Jorgen
- Kember, Rachel L.
- Slieker, Roderick C.
- Lo, Ken Sin
- Zilhao, Nuno R.
- Le, Phuong
- Kleber, Marcus E.
- Delgado, Graciela E.
- Huo, Shaofeng
- Ikeda, Daisuke D.
- Iha, Hiroyuki
- Yang, Jian
- Liu, Jun
- Leonard, Hampton L.
- Marten, Jonathan
- Schmidt, Börge
- Smyth, Laura J.
- Wang, Chaolong
- Nakatochi, Masahiro
- Wong, Andrew
- Sim, Xueling
- Xia, Rui
- Fernandez-Lopez, Juan Carlos
- Lyssenko, Valeriya
- Jackson, Anne U.
- Yousri, Noha A.
- Irvin, Marguerite R.
- Oldmeadow, Christopher
- Ryu, Seungho
- Timmers, Paul R. H. J.
- Arbeeva, Liubov
- Dorajoo, Rajkumar
- Chai, Xiaoran
- Prasad, Gauri
- Pauper, Marc
- Long, Jirong
- Li, Xiaohui
- Theusch, Elizabeth
- Takeuchi, Fumihiko
- Spracklen, Cassandra N.
- Loukola, Anu
- Bollepalli, Sailalitha
- Warner, Sophie C.
- Wang, Ya Xing
- Wei, Wen B.
- Nutile, Teresa
- Ruggiero, Daniela
- Hung, Yi-Jen
- Chen, Shufeng
- Liu, Fangchao
- Yang, Jingyun
- Kentistou, Katherine A.
- Gorski, Mathias
- Brumat, Marco
- Meidtner, Karina
- Bielak, Lawrence F.
- Smith, Jennifer A.
- Hebbar, Prashantha
- Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni
- Hofer, Edith
- Lin, Maoxuan
- Xue, Chao
- Zhang, Jifeng
- Concas, Maria Pina
- Vaccargiu, Simona
- van der Most, Peter J.
- Pitkänen, Niina
- Cade, Brian E.
- Lee, Jiwon
- van der Laan, Sander W.
- Chitrala, Kumaraswamy Naidu
- Weiss, Stefan
- Zimmermann, Martina E.
- Lee, Jong Young
- Nethander, Maria
- Southam, Lorraine
- Rayner, Nigel W.
- Wang, Carol A.
- Wang, Jun-Sing
- Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka
- Nikus, Kjell
- Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel
- Vestergaard, Henrik
- Giannakopoulou, Olga
- Cai, Qiuyin
- van Setten, Jessica
- Schwander, Karen
- Jackson, Rebecca D.
- Reiner, Alexander P.
- Martin, Lisa Warsinger
- Chen, Zhengming
- Li, Liming
- Highland, Heather M.
- Young, Kristin L.
- Kawaguchi, Takahisa
- Thiery, Joachim
- Bis, Joshua C.
- Nadkarni, Girish N.
- Launer, Lenore J.
- Nalls, Mike A.
- Raitakari, Olli T.
- Ichihara, Sahoko
- Wild, Sarah H.
- Nelson, Christopher P.
- Jäger, Susanne
- Nabika, Toru
- Braund, Peter S.
- Kovacs, Peter
- de Kleijn, Dominique
- de Borst, Gert J.
- Kim, Eung Kweon
- Adams, Hieab H. H.
- Ikram, M. Arfan
- Zhu, Xiaofeng
- Asselbergs, Folkert W.
- Kraaijeveld, Adriaan O.
- Beulens, Joline W. J.
- Shu, Xiao-Ou
- Pedersen, Oluf
- Hansen, Torben
- Hewitt, Alex W.
- Kähönen, Mika
- Pérusse, Louis
- Bouchard, Claude
- Tönjes, Anke
- Chen, Yii-Der Ida
- Pennell, Craig E.
- Mori, Trevor A.
- Lieb, Wolfgang
- Ohlsson, Claes
- Mellström, Dan
- Cho, Yoon Shin
- Lee, Hyejin
- Koh, Woon-Puay
- Rhee, Sang Youl
- Woo, Jeong-Taek
- Heid, Iris M.
- Stark, Klaus J.
- Homuth, Georg
- Evans, Michele K.
- Zonderman, Alan B.
- Pasterkamp, Gerard
- Hoefer, Imo E.
- Redline, Susan
- Pahkala, Katja
- Oldehinkel, Albertine J.
- Snieder, Harold
- Biino, Ginevra
- Schmidt, Reinhold
- Schmidt, Helena
- Chen, Y. Eugene
- Bandinelli, Stefania
- Dedoussis, George
- Thanaraj, Thangavel Alphonse
- Kato, Norihiro
- Schulze, Matthias B.
- Girotto, Giorgia
- Joshi, Peter K.
- Bennett, David A.
- De Jager, Philip L.
- Lu, Xiangfeng
- Mamakou, Vasiliki
- Brown, Morris
- Caulfield, Mark J.
- Munroe, Patricia B.
- Guo, Xiuqing
- Ciullo, Marina
- Jonas, Jost B.
- Samani, Nilesh J.
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Pajukanta, Päivi
- Adair, Linda S.
- de Silva, H. Janaka
- Krauss, Ronald M.
- Zheng, Wei
- den Hollander, Anneke I.
- Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan
- Correa, Adolfo
- Wilson, James G.
- Lind, Lars
- Heng, Chew-Kiat
- Nelson, Amanda E.
- Golightly, Yvonne M.
- Wilson, James F.
- Penninx, Brenda
- Kim, Hyung-Lae
- Attia, John
- Scott, Rodney J.
- Rao, D. C.
- Arnett, Donna K.
- Hunt, Steven C.
- Koistinen, Heikki A.
- Chandak, Giriraj R.
- Yajnik, Chittaranjan S.
- Mercader, Josep M.
- Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.
- Orozco, Lorena
- Fornage, Myriam
- Tai, E. Shyong
- van Dam, Rob M.
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Chaturvedi, Nish
- Liu, Jianjun
- Reilly, Dermot F.
- McKnight, Amy Jayne
- Kee, Frank
- Jöckel, Karl-Heinz
- McCarthy, Mark I.
- Hayward, Caroline
- Simonsick, Eleanor
- van Duijn, Cornelia M.
- Qu, Jia
- März, Winfried
- Parra, Esteban J.
- Cruz, Miguel
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Tardif, Jean-Claude
- Lettre, Guillaume
- Elders, Petra J. M.
- Damrauer, Scott M.
- Kivimaki, Mika
- van der Harst, Pim
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- Loos, Ruth J. F.
- Province, Michael A.
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- Brandslund, Ivan
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- Ripatti, Samuli
- Widén, Elisabeth
- Hakonarson, Hakon
- Grant, Struan F. A.
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- Loeffler, Markus
- Kronenberg, Florian
- Gu, Dongfeng
- Erdmann, Jeanette
- Schunkert, Heribert
- Franks, Paul W.
- Linneberg, Allan
- Jukema, J. Wouter
- Khera, Amit V.
- Männikkö, Minna
- Cucca, Francesco
- van Dijk, Ko Willems
- Watkins, Hugh
- Strachan, David P.
- Grarup, Niels
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- Rotter, Jerome I.
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- Karpe, Fredrik
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- Timpson, Nicholas J.
- Cheng, Ching-Yu
- Wong, Tien-Yin
- Khor, Chiea Chuen
- Sabanayagam, Charumathi
- Peters, Annette
- Gieger, Christian
- Hattersley, Andrew T.
- Pedersen, Nancy L.
- Magnusson, Patrik K. E.
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- de Geus, Eco J. C.
- Cupples, L. Adrienne
- van Meurs, Joyce B. J.
- Ghanbari, Mohsen
- Gordon-Larsen, Penny
- Huang, Wei
- Kim, Young Jin
- Wareham, Nicholas J.
- Langenberg, Claudia
- Zeggini, Eleftheria
- Kuusisto, Johanna
- Laakso, Markku
- Ingelsson, Erik
- Chambers, John C.
- Kooner, Jaspal S.
- de Vries, Paul S.
- Morrison, Alanna C.
- North, Kari E.
- Daviglus, Martha
- Kraft, Peter
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- Whitfield, John B.
- Saleheen, Danish
- Walters, Robin G.
- Holmes, Michael V.
- Black, Corri
- Smith, Blair H.
- Justice, Anne E.
- Baras, Aris
- Buring, Julie E.
- Ridker, Paul M.
- Chasman, Daniel I.
- Kooperberg, Charles
- Wei, Wei-Qi
- Jarvik, Gail P.
- Namjou, Bahram
- Hayes, M. Geoffrey
- Ritchie, Marylyn D.
- Jousilahti, Pekka
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Hveem, Kristian
- Åsvold, Bjørn Olav
- Kubo, Michiaki
- Okada, Yukinori
- Murakami, Yoshinori
- Ho, Yuk-Lam
- Lynch, Julie A.
- Rader, Daniel J.
- Tsao, Philip S.
- Chang, Kyong-Mi
- Cho, Kelly
- O’Donnell, Christopher J.
- Gaziano, John M.
- Wilson, Peter
- Rotimi, Charles N.
- Hazelhurst, Scott
- Ramsay, Michèle
- Trembath, Richard C.
- van Heel, David A.
- Tamiya, Gen
- Yamamoto, Masayuki
- Kim, Bong-Jo
- Mohlke, Karen L.
- Frayling, Timothy M.
- Hirschhorn, Joel N.
- Kathiresan, Sekar
- Boehnke, Michael
- Natarajan, Pradeep
- Peloso, Gina M.
- Brown, Christopher D.
- Morris, Andrew P.
- Assimes, Themistocles L.
- Deloukas, Panos
- Sun, Yan V.
- Willer, Cristen J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-12-09
- Volume
- 600
- Issue
- 7890
- Pages
- 675-679
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC8730582
- OpenAlex
- W3205644245
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 246 · 2024: 274 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 21.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-05-26)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
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- St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
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- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
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- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
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- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2-CX001780, I01-BX004821, I01-BX003362)
- McKnight Foundation
- Office of Research and Development
- Wellcome Trust (212946/Z/18/Z, 212945/Z/18/Z, 210561/Z/18/Z, 217065/Z/19/Z, 202802/Z/16/Z, 221854/Z/20/Z)
- Barts Charity (MGU0284)
- Cancer Research UK (16896)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10170, NF-SI-0512-10113, NIHR-INF-0987, 16/136/102, NF-SI-0617-10154)
- British Heart Foundation (FS/19/62/34901D, RG/14/5/30893)
- Public Health Agency (STL/5569/19)
- Lundbeckfonden (R155-2013-14070)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF14OC0010513, NNF19OC0055250, NNF18OC0033898, NNF13OC0005785)
- National Institutes of Health (5k01hl135405-04, 24460, 85,86)
- Medical Research Council (MR/S019669/1, MC_PC_14135, MC_UU_00017/1, MR/S011676/1, MR/R024227/1, MC_PC_15018, MC_PC_20026, MC_PC_19009, MC_UU_00007/10, MC_PC_13049)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N00812X/1, ES/L008459/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21H03206, 21K10439, 19K19434, 21H04850)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, R01AG015819, P30AG010161)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL133218, R01HL127564, R03HL154284, K01-HL135405, R35HL135818, R01HL149683, R35HL135824, R01HL105756, R01HL109946, R01HL153805)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (K08HG010155, R01HG010297, T32HG000040, U01HG011723)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA144034, R01CA080205, UM1CA182876)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072193, U01DK062370, P30DK020572, R01DK093757, P30DK020541, R01DK062370)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U01DP006266)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD030880)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- serum lipids, genetic diversity, non-European ancestry, polygenic risk score, fine mapping, cardiovascular risk, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, genetic ancestry, sample size and statistical power, linkage disequilibrium
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Population Groups, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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