The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Continuous evolution of base editors with expanded target compatibility and improved activity
Open accessAbstract
Base editors use DNA-modifying enzymes targeted with a catalytically impaired CRISPR protein to precisely install point mutations. Here, we develop phage-assisted continuous evolution of base editors (BE-PACE) to improve their editing efficiency and target sequence compatibility. We used BE-PACE to evolve cytosine base editors (CBEs) that overcome target sequence context constraints of canonical CBEs. One evolved CBE, evoAPOBEC1-BE4max, is up to 26-fold more efficient at editing cytosine in the GC context, a disfavored context for wild-type APOBEC1 deaminase, while maintaining efficient editing in all other sequence contexts tested. Another evolved deaminase, evoFERNY, is 29% smaller than APOBEC1 and edits efficiently in all tested sequence contexts. We also evolved a CBE based on CDA1 deaminase with much higher editing efficiency at difficult target sites. Finally, we used data from evolved CBEs to illuminate the relationship between deaminase activity, base editing efficiency, editing window width and byproduct formation. These findings establish a system for rapid evolution of base editors and inform their use and improvement.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The evolved variants such as EvoFERNY and CBE6-variants do no longer have this sequence context.”
From Protocol to create isogenic disease models from adult stem cell-derived organoids using next-generation CRISPR tools (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For this reason, make sure to always be updated with the literature and find editors that do not have such a sequence context, such as CBE6b or EvoFERNY.25,53”
From Protocol to create isogenic disease models from adult stem cell-derived organoids using next-generation CRISPR tools (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Basic local alignment search tool
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1990.9999 · Cited by 98,669
IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies
Nguyen, L.-T., Schmidt, H. A., von Haeseler, A., & Minh, B. Q. (2015) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msu300 · Cited by 26,046
T-coffee: a novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment 1 1Edited by J. Thornton
Notredame, C., Higgins, D. G., & Heringa, J. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4042 · Cited by 6,964
I-TASSER: a unified platform for automated protein structure and function prediction
Roy, A., Küçükural, A., & Zhang, Y. (2010) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.5 · Cited by 6,212
Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage
Komor, A. C., Kim, Y. B., Packer, M. S., Zuris, J. A., & Liu, D. R. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17946 · Cited by 5,437
Self-citationProgrammable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage
Gaudelli, N. M., Komor, A. C., Rees, H. A., Packer, M. S., Badran, A. H., Bryson, D. I., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24644 · Cited by 4,184
Self-citationApolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy
Liu, C.-C., Kanekiyo, T., Xu, H., & Bu, G. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.263 · Cited by 3,459
A One Pot, One Step, Precision Cloning Method with High Throughput Capability
Engler, C., Kandzia, R., & Marillonnet, S. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003647 · Cited by 2,434
GUIDE-seq enables genome-wide profiling of off-target cleavage by CRISPR-Cas nucleases
Tsai, S. Q., Zheng, Z., Nguyen, N. T., Liebers, M., Topkar, V. V., Thapar, V., Wyvekens, N., Khayter, C., Iafrate, A. J., Le, L. P., et al. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3117 · Cited by 2,268
Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells
Rees, H. A., & Liu, D. R. (2018) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0059-1 · Cited by 1,675
Self-citationCRISPResso2 provides accurate and rapid genome editing sequence analysis
Clement, K., Rees, H. A., Canver, M. C., Gehrke, J. M., Farouni, R., Hsu, J. Y., Cole, M. A., Liu, D. R., Joung, J. K., Bauer, D. E., et al. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0032-3 · Cited by 1,656
Self-citationEvolved Cas9 variants with broad PAM compatibility and high DNA specificity
Hu, J. H., Miller, S. M., Geurts, M. H., Tang, W., Chen, L., Sun, N., Zeina, C. M., Gao, X., Rees, H. A., Lin, Z., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature26155 · Cited by 1,552
Self-citationTargeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems
Nishida, K., Arazoe, T., Yachie, N., Banno, S., Kakimoto, M., Tabata, M., Mochizuki, M., Miyabe, A., Araki, M., Hara, K. Y., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf8729 · Cited by 1,349
Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease with expanded targeting space
Nishimasu, H., Shi, X., Ishiguro, S., Gao, L., Hirano, S., Okazaki, S., Noda, T., Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., Mori, H., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aas9129 · Cited by 1,100
Improving cytidine and adenine base editors by expression optimization and ancestral reconstruction
Koblan, L. W., Doman, J. L., Wilson, C., Levy, J. M., Tay, T., Newby, G. A., Maianti, J. P., Raguram, A., & Liu, D. R. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4172 · Cited by 944
Self-citationA Highly Characterized Yeast Toolkit for Modular, Multipart Assembly
Lee, M. E., DeLoache, W. C., Cervantes, B., & Dueber, J. E. (2015) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/sb500366v · Cited by 912
Komor, A. C., Zhao, K. T., Packer, M. S., Gaudelli, N. M., Waterbury, A. L., Koblan, L. W., Kim, Y. B., Badran, A. H., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4774 · Cited by 783
Self-citationKim, Y. B., Komor, A. C., Levy, J. M., Packer, M. S., Zhao, K. T., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3803 · Cited by 758
Self-citationA system for the continuous directed evolution of biomolecules
Esvelt, K. M., Carlson, J. C., & Liu, D. R. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09929 · Cited by 694
Self-citationProtein Structure and Function Prediction Using I‐TASSER
Yang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2015) · Current Protocols in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/0471250953.bi0508s52 · Cited by 568
The Ribosome Binding Site Calculator
Salis, H. M. (2011) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385120-8.00002-4 · Cited by 441
An APOBEC3A-Cas9 base editor with minimized bystander and off-target activities
Gehrke, J. M., Cervantes, O., Clement, K., Wu, Y., Zeng, J., Bauer, D. E., Pinello, L., & Joung, J. K. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4199 · Cited by 439
The SsrA–SmpB system for protein tagging, directed degradation and ribosome rescue
Karzai, A. W., Roche, E. D., & Sauer, R. T. (2000) · Nature Structural Biology · doi:10.1038/75843 · Cited by 418
Rees, H. A., Komor, A. C., Yeh, W.-H., Caetano-Lopes, J., Warman, M., Edge, A. S. B., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15790 · Cited by 412
Self-citationThe APOBEC Protein Family: United by Structure, Divergent in Function
Salter, J. D., Bennett, R. P., & Smith, H. C. (2016) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2016.05.001 · Cited by 408
Design, construction and characterization of a set of insulated bacterial promoters
Davis, J. H., Rubin, A. J., & Sauer, R. T. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq810 · Cited by 357
Translation initiation in Escherichia coli: sequences within the ribosome‐binding site
Ringquist, S., Shinedling, S. T., Barrick, D., Green, L., Binkley, J., Stormo, G. D., & Gold, L. (1992) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01561.x · Cited by 351
Optimized base editors enable efficient editing in cells, organoids and mice
Zafra, M. P., Schatoff, E. M., Katti, A., Foronda, M., Breinig, M., Schweitzer, A. Y., Simon, A., Han, T., Goswami, S., Montgomery, E., et al. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4194 · Cited by 347
Beale, R. C. L., Petersen‐Mahrt, S. K., Watt, I. N., Harris, R. S., Rada, C. A., & Neuberger, M. S. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.046 · Cited by 340
FastML: a web server for probabilistic reconstruction of ancestral sequences
Ashkenazy, H., Penn, O., Doron‐Faigenboim, A., Cohen, O., Cannarozzi, G. M., Zomer, O., & Pupko, T. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks498 · Cited by 327
Filamentous Bacteriophage: Biology, Phage Display and Nanotechnology Applications
Rakonjac, J., Bennett, N. J., Spagnuolo, J., Gagić, D., & Russel, M. (2011) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.013.051 · Cited by 323
A CRISPRi screen in E. coli reveals sequence-specific toxicity of dCas9
Cui, L., Vigouroux, A., Rousset, F., Varet, H., Khanna, V., & Bikard, D. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04209-5 · Cited by 284
Orthologous CRISPR–Cas9 enzymes for combinatorial genetic screens
Najm, F. J., Strand, C., Donovan, K. F., Hegde, M., Sanson, K. R., Vaimberg, E. W., Sullender, M. E., Hartenian, E., Kalani, Z., Fusi, N., et al. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4048 · Cited by 279
Highly efficient protein trans ‐splicing by a naturally split DnaE intein from Nostoc punctiforme
Iwaï, H., Züger, S., Jin, J., & Tam, P. (2006) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.045 · Cited by 273
Continuous directed evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Bryson, D. I., Fan, C., Guo, L., Miller, C. A., Söll, D. G., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2474 · Cited by 267
Self-citationEfficient base editing in methylated regions with a human APOBEC3A-Cas9 fusion
Wang, X., Li, J., Wang, Y., Yang, B., Wei, J., Wu, J., Wang, R., Huang, X., Chen, J., & Yang, L. C. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4198 · Cited by 266
Refining strategies to translate genome editing to the clinic
Cornu, T. I., Mussolino, C., & Cathomen, T. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4313 · Cited by 252
Webber, B. R., Lonetree, C.-L., Kluesner, M. G., Johnson, M. J., Pomeroy, E. J., Diers, M. D., Lahr, W. S., Draper, G. M., Slipek, N. J., Smeester, B. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13007-6 · Cited by 232
Continuous evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins overcomes insect resistance
Badran, A. H., Guzov, V. M., Huai, Q., Kemp, M. M., Vishwanath, P., Kain, W. C., Nance, A. M., Evdokimov, A. G., Moshiri, F., Turner, K. H., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17938 · Cited by 216
Self-citationHardy, C., Khanim, F. L., Torres, R., Scott-Brown, M., Seller, A., Poulton, J., Collier, D. A., Kirk, J. M. W., Polymeropoulos, M. H., Latif, F., et al. (1999) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302609 · Cited by 212
Development of potent in vivo mutagenesis plasmids with broad mutational spectra
Badran, A. H., & Liu, D. R. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9425 · Cited by 211
Self-citationPotapov, V., Ong, J. L., Kucera, R. B., Langhorst, B. W., Bilotti, K., Pryor, J. M., Cantor, E. J., Canton, B., Knight, T. F., Evans, T. C., et al. (2018) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.8b00333 · Cited by 200
The filamentous phage (Ff) as vectors for recombinant DNA— a review
Zinder, N. D., & Boeke, J. D. (1982) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(82)90183-4 · Cited by 186
Negative selection and stringency modulation in phage-assisted continuous evolution
Carlson, J. C., Badran, A. H., Guggiana-Nilo, D., & Liu, D. R. (2014) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.1453 · Cited by 167
Self-citationPhage-assisted continuous evolution of proteases with altered substrate specificity
Packer, M. S., Rees, H. A., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01055-9 · Cited by 141
Self-citationKohli, R. M., Abrams, S. R., Gajula, K. S., Maul, R. W., Gearhart, P. J., & Stivers, J. T. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.025536 · Cited by 138
Navaratnam, N., Fujino, T., Bayliss, J., Jarmuz, A., How, A., Richardson, N., Somasekaram, A., Bhattacharya, S., Carter, C. W., & Scott, J. (1998) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1506 · Cited by 137
Continuous directed evolution of DNA-binding proteins to improve TALEN specificity
Hubbard, B. P., Badran, A. H., Zuris, J. A., Guilinger, J. P., Davis, K. M., Chen, L., Tsai, S. Q., Sander, J. D., Joung, J. K., & Liu, D. R. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3515 · Cited by 121
Self-citationDickinson, B. C., Leconte, A. M., Allen, B., Esvelt, K. M., & Liu, D. R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1220670110 · Cited by 115
Self-citationAccurate DNA Assembly and Genome Engineering with Optimized Uracil Excision Cloning
Cavaleiro, A. M., Kim, S. H., Seppälä, S., Nielsen, M. T., & Nørholm, M. H. H. (2015) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5b00113 · Cited by 109
Continuous directed evolution of proteins with improved soluble expression
Wang, T., Badran, A. H., Huang, T. P., & Liu, D. R. (2018) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-018-0121-5 · Cited by 106
Self-citationDickinson, B. C., Packer, M. S., Badran, A. H., & Liu, D. R. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6352 · Cited by 106
Self-citationGenetic and clinical aspects of Wolfram syndrome 1, a severe neurodegenerative disease
Rigoli, L. C., Bramanti, P., Bella, C. D., & Luca, F. D. (2018) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2018.17 · Cited by 105
Phage-Assisted Evolution of Bacillus methanolicus Methanol Dehydrogenase 2
Roth, T. B., Woolston, B. M., Stephanopoulos, G. N., & Liu, D. R. (2019) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.8b00481 · Cited by 105
Self-citation[43] Preparation and storage of competent Escherichia coli cells
Chung, C. T., & Miller, R. H. (1993) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(93)18045-e · Cited by 102
Martin, A. S., Salamango, D. J., Serebrenik, A. A., Shaban, N. M., Brown, W. L., Donati, F., Munagala, U., Conticello, S. G., & Harris, R. S. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky332 · Cited by 81
In vivo continuous directed evolution
Badran, A. H., & Liu, D. R. (2014) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.040 · Cited by 79
Self-citationMutator effects and mutation signatures of editing deaminases produced in bacteria and yeast
Lada, A. G., Krick, C. F., Kozmin, S. G., Mayorov, V., Karpova, T., Rogozin, I. B., & Pavlov, Y. I. (2011) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297911010135 · Cited by 62
Scheben, A., & Edwards, D. (2018) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.013 · Cited by 58
A call for science-based review of the European court's decision on gene-edited crops
Urnov, F. D., Ronald, P. C., & Carroll, D. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4252 · Cited by 57
Leconte, A. M., Dickinson, B. C., Yang, D. D., Chen, I. A., Allen, B., & Liu, D. R. (2013) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi3016185 · Cited by 48
Self-citationIdentification of Three Novel Hearing Loss Mouse Strains with Mutations in the Tmc1 Gene
Manji, S. S. M., Miller, K. A., Williams, L. H., & Dahl, H. M. (2012) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.034 · Cited by 37
Lykke‐Andersen, J. (1998) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/26.24.5630 · Cited by 32
Sýkorová, V., Janoušková, M., Slavíčková, M., Perlíková, P., Boháčová, S., Milisavljevič, N., Šanderová, H., Benda, M., Barvı́k, I., Krásný, L., et al. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw171 · Cited by 20
Webber, B. R., Lonetree, C.-L., Diers, M. D., Lahr, W. S., Mitchell, K., Johnson, M. J., & Moriarity, B. S. (2018) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2018-99-120372 · Cited by 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA
Anzalone, A. V., Randolph, P. B., Davis, J. R., Sousa, A. A., Koblan, L. W., Levy, J. M., Chen, P. J., Wilson, C., Newby, G. A., Raguram, A., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 · Cited by 4,767
Self-citationGenome editing with CRISPR–Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors
Anzalone, A. V., Koblan, L. W., & Liu, D. R. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0561-9 · Cited by 2,237
Self-citationRichter, M. F., Zhao, K. T., Eton, E., Lapinaite, A., Newby, G. A., Thuronyi, B. W., Wilson, C., Koblan, L. W., Zeng, J., Bauer, D. E., et al. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0453-z · Cited by 1,020
Self-citationDirected Evolution: Methodologies and Applications
Wang, Y., Xue, P., Cao, M., Yu, T., Lane, S., & Zhao, H. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00260 · Cited by 745
Past, present, and future of CRISPR genome editing technologies
Pacesa, M., Pelea, O., & Jinek, M. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.042 · Cited by 609
Metadata
- Authors
- Thuronyi, B. W., Koblan, L. W., Levy, J. M., Yeh, W.-H., Zheng, C., Newby, G. A., Wilson, C., Bhaumik, M., Shubina-Oleinik, O., Holt, J. R., & Liu, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, David R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2019-07-22
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1070-1079
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC6728210
- OpenAlex
- W2963629338
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 12.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2019-08-12)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI142756)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (RM1 HG009490)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01 EB022376)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM118062)
- United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-17-2-0049)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Liu Investigatorship)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization
- Keywords
- base editors, phage-assisted continuous evolution, cytosine base editors, editing efficiency, deaminase activity, by-product formation
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, Adenosine Deaminase, Animals, Base Sequence, Cell Line, Humans, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Gene Targeting, Directed Molecular Evolution, Mice, INDEL Mutation, CRISPR-Cas Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
