Systematic differences in discovery of genetic effects on gene expression and complex traits
Open accessAbstract
Most signals in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits implicate noncoding genetic variants with putative gene regulatory effects. However, currently identified regulatory variants, notably expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), explain only a small fraction of GWAS signals. Here, we show that GWAS and cis-eQTL hits are systematically different: eQTLs cluster strongly near transcription start sites, whereas GWAS hits do not. Genes near GWAS hits are enriched in key functional annotations, are under strong selective constraint and have complex regulatory landscapes across different tissue/cell types, whereas genes near eQTLs are depleted of most functional annotations, show relaxed constraint, and have simpler regulatory landscapes. We describe a model to understand these observations, including how natural selection on complex traits hinders discovery of functionally relevant eQTLs. Our results imply that GWAS and eQTL studies are systematically biased toward different types of variant, and support the use of complementary functional approaches alongside the next generation of eQTL studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A previous study found that disease-associated genes from GWAS were enriched in selectively constrained genes, while eQTL genes were depleted in selectively constrained genes.
“A previous study found that disease-associated genes from GWAS were enriched in selectively constrained genes, while eQTL genes were depleted in selectively constrained genes52.”
From Inferring gene regulatory networks from single-cell multiome data using atlas-scale external data (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
These eQTL studies are not able to resolve most GWAS loci.
“However, these studies are not able to resolve most genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci (6).”
From Low overlap of plasma and CSF protein quantitative trait loci affects protein discovery for neurological disease (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Genes near GWAS signals are enriched for key functional annotations and are under strong selective constraint, while genes near eQTLs lack most functional annotations and show relaxed constraint.
“it has been recently shown that genes near GWAS signals are enriched for key functional annotations and are under strong selective constraint, while genes near eQTLs lack most functional annotations and show relaxed constraint68”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent
Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v033.i01 · Cited by 19,927 · see citing works
Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans
Exome Aggregation Consortium, Lek, M., Karczewski, K. J., Minikel, E. V., Samocha, K. E., Banks, E., Fennell, T., O’Donnell-Luria, A. H., Ware, J. S., Hill, A. J., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19057 · Cited by 9,587 · see citing works
The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans
Karczewski, K. J., Francioli, L. C., Tiao, G., Cummings, B. B., Alföldi, J., Wang, Q., Collins, R. L., Laricchia, K. M., Ganna, A., Birnbaum, D. P., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2308-7 · Cited by 9,434 · see citing works
Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes
Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium, Kundaje, A., Meuleman, W., Ernst, J., Bilenky, M., Yen, A., Heravi-Moussavi, A., Kheradpour, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14248 · Cited by 6,368 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This pipeline resulted in 22,119 GWAS hits across traits, and 118,996 eQTLs across all gene–tissue pairs (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4).”
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P.-R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., Yang, J., Patterson, N., Daly, M. J., Price, A. L., & Neale, B. M. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3211 · Cited by 5,559 · see citing works
The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues
The GTEx Consortium, Aguet, F., Anand, S., Ardlie, K. G., Gabriel, S., Getz, G. A., Graubert, A., Hadley, K., Handsaker, R. E., Huang, K. H., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaz1776 · Cited by 5,547 · see citing works
Giambartolomei, C., Vukcevic, D., Schadt, E. E., Franke, L., Hingorani, A. D., Wallace, C., & Plagnol, V. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004383 · Cited by 4,261 · see citing works
Mapping identifiers for the integration of genomic datasets with the R/Bioconductor package biomaRt
Durinck, S., Spellman, P. T., Birney, E., & Huber, W. K. (2009) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.97 · Cited by 4,081 · see citing works
Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues
GTEx Consortium (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24277 · Cited by 4,036 · see citing works
Systematic Localization of Common Disease-Associated Variation in Regulatory DNA
Maurano, M. T., Humbert, R., Rynes, E., Thurman, R. E., Haugen, E., Wang, H., Reynolds, A. P., Sandstrom, R., Qu, H., Brody, J., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1222794 · Cited by 3,716 · see citing works
The Human Transcription Factors
Lambert, S. A., Jolma, A., Campitelli, L. F., Das, P. K., Yin, Y., Albu, M., Chen, X., Taipale, J., Hughes, T. R., & Weirauch, M. T. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.029 · Cited by 3,399 · see citing works
Integration of summary data from GWAS and eQTL studies predicts complex trait gene targets
Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Hu, H., Bakshi, A., Robinson, M. R., Powell, J. E., Montgomery, G. W., Goddard, M. E., Wray, N. R., Visscher, P. M., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3538 · Cited by 3,352 · see citing works
An Expanded View of Complex Traits: From Polygenic to Omnigenic
Boyle, E. A., Li, Y. I., & Pritchard, J. K. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.038 · Cited by 2,851 · see citing works
Self-citationVõsa, U., Claringbould, A., Westra, H.-J., Bonder, M. J., Deelen, P., Zeng, B., Kirsten, H., Saha, A., Kreuzhuber, R., Yazar, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00913-z · Cited by 2,607 · see citing works
Self-citationPartitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics
ReproGen Consortium, Finucane, H. K., Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, The RACI Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Gusev, A., Trynka, G., Reshef, Y., Loh, P.-R., Anttila, V., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3404 · Cited by 2,604 · see citing works
Integrative approaches for large-scale transcriptome-wide association studies
Gusev, A., Ko, A., Shi, H., Bhatia, G., Chung, W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Jansen, R., de Geus, E. J. C., Boomsma, D. I., Wright, F. A., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3506 · Cited by 2,479 · see citing works
A promoter-level mammalian expression atlas
The FANTOM Consortium and the RIKEN PMI and CLST (DGT) (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13182 · Cited by 1,982 · see citing works
A gene-based association method for mapping traits using reference transcriptome data
Gamazon, E. R., Wheeler, H. E., Shah, K. P., Mozaffari, S. V., Aquino-Michaels, K., Carroll, R. J., Eyler, A. E., Denny, J. C., Nicolae, D. L., Cox, N. J., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3367 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
The UCSC Genome Browser Database: update 2006
Hinrichs, A. S. (2006) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkj144 · Cited by 1,646 · see citing works
Effective gene expression prediction from sequence by integrating long-range interactions
Avsec, Ž., Agarwal, V., Visentin, D., Ledsam, J. R., Grabska-Barwinska, A., Taylor, K. R., Assael, Y., Jumper, J., Kohli, P., & Kelley, D. R. (2021) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-021-01252-x · Cited by 1,326 · see citing works
Trait-associated SNPs are more likely to be eQTLs: annotation to enhance discovery from GWAS
Nicolae, D. L., Gamazon, E., Zhang, W., Duan, S., Dolan, M. E., & Cox, N. J. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000888 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Activity-by-contact model of enhancer–promoter regulation from thousands of CRISPR perturbations
Fulco, C. P., Nasser, J., Jones, T. R., Munson, G., Bergman, D. T., Subramanian, V., Grossman, S. R., Anyoha, R., Doughty, B. R., Patwardhan, T. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0538-0 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
The selection and function of cell type-specific enhancers
Heinz, S., Romanoski, C. E., Benner, C., & Glass, C. K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3949 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Innate Immune Activity Conditions the Effect of Regulatory Variants upon Monocyte Gene Expression
Fairfax, B. P., Humburg, P., Makino, S., Naranbhai, V., Wong, D., Lau, E., Jostins, L., Plant, K., Andrews, R., McGee, C., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246949 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Common Regulatory Variation Impacts Gene Expression in a Cell Type–Dependent Manner
Dimas, A. S., Deutsch, S., Stranger, B. E., Montgomery, S. B., Borel, C., Attar, H., Ingle, C., Beazley, C., Arcelus, M. G., Sekowska, M., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1174148 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Colocalization of GWAS and eQTL Signals Detects Target Genes
Hormozdiari, F., van de Bunt, M., Segrè, A. V., Li, X., Joo, J. W. J., Bilow, M., Sul, J. H., Sankararaman, S., Pasaniuc, B., & Eskin, E. (2016) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.003 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
A brief history of human disease genetics
Claussnitzer, M., Cho, J. H., Collins, R., Cox, N. J., Dermitzakis, E. T., Hurles, M. E., Kathiresan, S., Kenny, E. E., Lindgren, C. M., MacArthur, D. G., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1879-7 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Single-cell eQTL mapping identifies cell type–specific genetic control of autoimmune disease
Yazar, S., Alquicira-Hernandez, J., Wing, K., Senabouth, A., Gordon, M. G., Andersen, S., Lu, Q., Rowson, A., Taylor, T. R. P., Clarke, L., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf3041 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Genome-wide enhancer maps link risk variants to disease genes
Nasser, J., Bergman, D. T., Fulco, C. P., Guckelberger, P., Doughty, B. R., Patwardhan, T. A., Jones, T. R., Nguyen, T. H., Ulirsch, J. C., Lekschas, F., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03446-x · Cited by 669 · see citing works
RNA splicing is a primary link between genetic variation and disease
Li, Y. I., van de Geijn, B., Raj, A., Knowles, D. A., Petti, A. A., Golan, D., Gilad, Y., & Pritchard, J. K. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad9417 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Self-citationA scored human protein–protein interaction network to catalyze genomic interpretation
Li, T., Wernersson, R., Hansen, R. B., Horn, H., Mercer, J., Slodkowicz, G., Workman, C. T., Rigina, O., Rapacki, K., Stærfeldt, H., et al. (2016) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4083 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
A Genome-wide Framework for Mapping Gene Regulation via Cellular Genetic Screens
Gasperini, M., Hill, A. J., McFaline-Figueroa, J. L., Martin, B., Kim, S., Zhang, M. D., Jackson, D., Leith, A., Schreiber, J., Noble, W. S., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.029 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Mountjoy, E., Schmidt, E. M., Carmona, M., Schwartzentruber, J., Peat, G., Miranda, A., Fumis, L., Hayhurst, J., Buniello, A., Karim, M. A., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00945-5 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Battle, A., Mostafavi, S., Zhu, X., Potash, J. B., Weissman, M. M., McCormick, C., Haudenschild, C. D., Beckman, K. B., Shi, J., Mei, R., et al. (2014) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.155192.113 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Partitioning Heritability of Regulatory and Cell-Type-Specific Variants across 11 Common Diseases
Gusev, A., Lee, S. H., Trynka, G., Finucane, H., Vilhjálmsson, B. J., Xu, H., Zang, C., Ripke, S., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Stahl, E., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.004 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
High-Resolution Mapping of Expression-QTLs Yields Insight into Human Gene Regulation
Veyrieras, J.-B., Kudaravalli, S., Kim, S. Y., Dermitzakis, E. T., Gilad, Y., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000214 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Self-citationCell type–specific genetic regulation of gene expression across human tissues
Kim-Hellmuth, S., Aguet, F., Oliva, M., Muñoz-Aguirre, M., Kasela, S., Wucher, V., Castel, S. E., Hamel, A. R., Viñuela, A., Roberts, A. L., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaz8528 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Gazal, S., Finucane, H. K., Furlotte, N. A., Loh, P.-R., Palamara, P. F., Liu, X., Schoech, A., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Neale, B. M., Gusev, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3954 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Trans effects on gene expression can drive omnigenic inheritance
Liu, X., Li, Y. I., & Pritchard, J. K. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.014 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Self-citationApproximately independent linkage disequilibrium blocks in human populations
Berisa, T., & Pickrell, J. K. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv546 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Identification of context-dependent expression quantitative trait loci in whole blood
Zhernakova, D. V., Deelen, P., Vermaat, M., van Iterson, M., van Galen, M., Arindrarto, W., van 't Hof, P., Mei, H., van Dijk, F., Westra, H.-J., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3737 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Nonlinear control of transcription through enhancer–promoter interactions
Zuin, J., Roth, G., Zhan, Y., Cramard, J., Redolfi, J., Piskadlo, E., Mach, P., Kryzhanovska, M., Tihanyi, G., Kohler, H., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04570-y · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Signatures of negative selection in the genetic architecture of human complex traits
Zeng, J., de Vlaming, R., Wu, Y., Robinson, M. R., Lloyd-Jones, L. R., Yengo, L., Yap, C. X., Xue, A., Sidorenko, J., McRae, A. F., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0101-4 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
A population genetic interpretation of GWAS findings for human quantitative traits
Simons, Y. B., Bullaughey, K., Hudson, R. R., & Sella, G. (2018) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2002985 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Index and biological spectrum of human DNase I hypersensitive sites
Meuleman, W., Muratov, A., Rynes, E., Halow, J., Lee, K., Bates, D., Diegel, M., Dunn, D., Neri, F., Teodosiadis, A., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2559-3 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Dynamic landscape of immune cell-specific gene regulation in immune-mediated diseases
Ota, M., Nagafuchi, Y., Hatano, H., Ishigaki, K., Terao, C., Takeshima, Y., Yanaoka, H., Kobayashi, S., Okubo, M., Shirai, H., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.056 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Where Are the Disease-Associated eQTLs?
Umans, B. D., Battle, A., & Gilad, Y. (2021) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2020.08.009 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Population-scale single-cell RNA-seq profiling across dopaminergic neuron differentiation
Jerber, J., Seaton, D. D., Cuomo, A. S. E., Kumasaka, N., Haldane, J., Steer, J., Patel, M. J., Pearce, D., Andersson, M. H. L., Bonder, M. J., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00801-6 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Landscape of stimulation-responsive chromatin across diverse human immune cells
Calderon, D., Nguyen, M. L. T., Mezger, A., Kathiria, A. S., Müller, F., Nguyen, V. Q., Lescano, N., Wu, B., Trombetta, J. J., Ribado, J. V., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0505-9 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantifying genetic effects on disease mediated by assayed gene expression levels
Yao, D. W., O’Connor, L. J., Price, A. L., & Gusev, A. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0625-2 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Extreme Polygenicity of Complex Traits Is Explained by Negative Selection
O'Connor, L. J., Schoech, A. P., Hormozdiari, F., Gazal, S., Patterson, N., & Price, A. L. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.07.003 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Genetic Control of Expression and Splicing in Developing Human Brain Informs Disease Mechanisms
Walker, R. L., Ramaswami, G., Hartl, C., Mancuso, N., Gandal, M. J., de la Torre-Ubieta, L., Paşaniuc, B., Stein, J. L., & Geschwind, D. H. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.021 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Chun, S., Casparino, A., Patsopoulos, N. A., Croteau-Chonka, D. C., Raby, B. A., De Jager, P. L., Sunyaev, S. R., & Cotsapas, C. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3795 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Dynamic genetic regulation of gene expression during cellular differentiation
Strober, B. J., Elorbany, R., Rhodes, K., Krishnan, N., Tayeb, K., Battle, A., & Gilad, Y. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaw0040 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
A Map of Transcriptional Heterogeneity and Regulatory Variation in Human Microglia
Young, A. M. H., Kumasaka, N., Calvert, F., Hammond, T. R., Knights, A., Panousis, N., Park, J. S., Schwartzentruber, J., Liu, J., Kundu, K., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00875-2 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Discovery of target genes and pathways at GWAS loci by pooled single-cell CRISPR screens
Morris, J. A., Caragine, C., Daniloski, Z., Domingo, J., Barry, T., Lu, L., Davis, K., Ziosi, M., Glinos, D. A., Hao, S., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adh7699 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Multiple causal variants underlie genetic associations in humans
Abell, N. S., DeGorter, M. K., Gloudemans, M. J., Greenwald, E., Smith, K. S., He, Z., & Montgomery, S. B. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj5117 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Brown, C. D., Mangravite, L. M., & Engelhardt, B. E. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003649 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Li, L., Huang, K.-L., Gao, Y., Cui, Y., Wang, G. T., Elrod, N. D., Li, Y., Chen, Y. E., Ji, P., Peng, F., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00864-5 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Co-expression networks reveal the tissue-specific regulation of transcription and splicingPreprint
Saha, A., Kim, Y., Gewirtz, A. D., Jo, B., Gao, C., McDowell, I. C., Engelhardt, B. E., & Battle, A. J. (2017) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.216721.116 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Schoech, A. P., Jordan, D. M., Loh, P.-R., Gazal, S., O’Connor, L. J., Balick, D. J., Palamara, P. F., Finucane, H. K., Sunyaev, S. R., & Price, A. L. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08424-6 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The missing link between genetic association and regulatory function
Connally, N. J., Nazeen, S., Lee, D., Shi, H., Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A., Chun, S., Cotsapas, C. J., Cassa, C. A., & Sunyaev, S. R. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.74970 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Measuring intolerance to mutation in human genetics
Fuller, Z. L., Berg, J. J., Mostafavi, H., Sella, G., & Przeworski, M. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0383-1 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationHukku, A., Pividori, M., Luca, F., Piqué-Regi, R., Im, H. K., & Wen, X. (2020) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.11.012 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Gutiérrez‐Arcelus, M., Baglaenko, Y., Arora, J., Hannes, S. K., Luo, Y., Amariuta, T., Teslovich, N. C., Rao, D. A., Ermann, J., Jonsson, A. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0579-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Enhancer Domains Predict Gene Pathogenicity and Inform Gene Discovery in Complex Disease
Wang, X., & Goldstein, D. B. (2020) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.01.012 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Pierce, B. L., Lin, T., Chen, L., Rahaman, R. O., Argos, M., Jasmine, F., Roy, S., Paul-Brutus, R., Westra, H.-J., Franke, L., et al. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004818 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Nair, S., Kim, D. S., Perricone, J., & Kundaje, A. B. (2019) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz352 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The impact of cell type and context-dependent regulatory variants on human immune traits
Mu, Z., Wei, W., Fair, B. J., Miao, J., Zhu, P., & Li, Y. (2021) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02334-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nonlinear control of transcription through enhancer-promoter interactions
Zuin, J., Roth, G., Zhan, Y., Cramard, J., Redolfi, J., Piskadlo, E., Mach, P., Kryzhanovska, M., Tihanyi, G., Kohler, H., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440891 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Genes with High Network Connectivity Are Enriched for Disease Heritability
Kim, S. S., Dai, C. L., Hormozdiari, F., van de Geijn, B., Gazal, S., Park, Y., O’Connor, L. J., Amariuta, T., Loh, P., Finucane, H. K., et al. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.020 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Brain-trait-associated variants impact cell-type-specific gene regulation during neurogenesis
Aygün, N., Elwell, A. L., Liang, D., Lafferty, M. J., Cheek, K. E., Courtney, K. P., Mory, J. T., Hadden-Ford, E., Krupa, O., de la Torre-Ubieta, L., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.07.011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Evidence of reduced recombination rate in human regulatory domains
Liu, Y., Sarkar, A., Kheradpour, P., Ernst, J., & Kellis, M. (2017) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1308-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Relating pathogenic loss-of-function mutations in humans to their evolutionary fitness costs
Agarwal, I., Fuller, Z. L., Myers, S. R., & Przeworski, M. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83172 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dey, K. K., Gazal, S., van de Geijn, B., Kim, S. S., Nasser, J., Engreitz, J., & Price, A. L. (2022) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100145 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pintacuda, G., Lassen, F. H., Hsu, Y.-H. H., Kim, A., Martín, J. M., Małolepsza, E., Lim, J., Fornelos, N., Eggan, K. C., & Lage, K. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22648-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Leveraging gene co-regulation to identify gene sets enriched for disease heritability
Siewert, K. M., Kim, S. S., Yao, D. W., Shi, H., & Price, A. L. (2022) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.01.005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Partitioning gene-mediated disease heritability without eQTLs
Weiner, D. J., Gazal, S., Robinson, E., & O’Connor, L. J. (2022) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.01.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Maintenance of Complex Trait Variation: Classic Theory and Modern Data
Koch, E. M., & Sunyaev, S. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.763363 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nguyen, J., Arthur, T. D., Fujita, K., Salgado, B. M., Donovan, M. K. R., Aguiar, L. R., Arias, A. D., Benaglio, P., Berggren, W. T., Belmonte, J. C. I., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42560-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nguyen, J., Arthur, T. D., Fujita, K., Salgado, B. M., Donovan, M. K. R., Matsui, H., Kim, J. H., D'Antonio-Chronowska, A., D'Antonio, M., & Frazer, K. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435846 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mostafavi, H. (2023) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.6618072 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHakha-Most (2023) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.8248812 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [68]Consortium GTEx. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. Science 348, 648– 660 (2015). 25954001 PMC4547484
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Spatially resolved mapping of cells associated with human complex traits
Song, L., Chen, W., Hou, J., Guo, M., & Yang, J. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08757-x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Inferring gene regulatory networks from single-cell multiome data using atlas-scale external data
Yuan, Q., & Duren, Z. (2025) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02182-7 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“A previous study found that disease-associated genes from GWAS were enriched in selectively constrained genes, while eQTL genes were depleted in selectively constrained genes 52 .”
Cell-type-specific and disease-associated expression quantitative trait loci in the human lung
Natri, H. M., Azodi, C. B. D., Peter, L. M., Taylor, C. J., Chugh, S., Kendle, R., Chung, M.-I., Flaherty, D. K., Matlock, B. K., Calvi, C. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01702-0 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Genetic regulation of gene expression across multiple tissues in chickens
Guan, D., Bai, Z., Zhu, X., Zhong, C., Hou, Y., Zhu, D., Li, H., Lan, F., Diao, S., Yao, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02155-9 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Bayesian estimation of gene constraint from an evolutionary model with gene features
Zeng, T., Spence, J. P., Mostafavi, H., & Pritchard, J. K. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01820-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSources of gene expression variation in a globally diverse human cohort
Taylor, D. J., Chhetri, S. B., Tassia, M. G., Biddanda, A., Yan, S. M., Wojcik, G. L., Battle, A. J., & McCoy, R. C. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07708-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Massively parallel characterization of regulatory elements in the developing human cortex
Deng, C., Whalen, S., Steyert, M., Ziffra, R., Przytycki, P. F., Inoue, F., Pereira, D. A., Capauto, D., Norton, S., Vaccarino, F. M., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adh0559 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Systemic lupus erythematosus genetics: insights into pathogenesis and implications for therapy
Ghodke‐Puranik, Y., Olferiev, M., & Crow, M. K. (2024) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-024-01152-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Arthur, T. D., Nguyen, J., Henson, B. A., D’Antonio‐Chronowska, A., Jaureguy, J., Silva, N., Arias, A. D., Benaglio, P., Berggren, W. T., Borja, V., et al. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100775 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Unlocking gene regulation with sequence-to-function models
Sasse, A., Chikina, M. D., & Mostafavi, S. (2024) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-024-02331-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tokolyi, A., Persyn, E., Nath, A. P., Burnham, K. L., Marten, J., Vanderstichele, T., Tardáguila, M., Stacey, D., Farr, B. W., Iyer, V., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02096-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Loeb, G. B., Kathail, P., Shuai, R. W., Chung, R., Grona, R. J., Peddada, S., Sevi̇m, V., Federman, S., Mader, K., Chu, A. Y., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01904-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Epigenomic insights into common human disease pathology
Bell, C. G. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05206-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hong, S. E., Mun, S. J., Lee, Y. J., Yoo, T., Suh, K., Kang, K. W., Son, M. J., Kim, W. K., & Choi, M. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02237-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mapping enhancer–gene regulatory interactions from single-cell data
Sheth, M. U., Qiu, W., Ma, X. R., Gschwind, A. R., Jagoda, E., Tan, A. S., Galante, J., Ray, J., Amgalan, D., Einarsson, H., et al. (2026) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-026-02695-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deep-learning prediction of gene expression from personal genomes
Drusinsky, S., Whalen, S., & Pollard, K. S. (2026) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03926-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A Novel Macrophage Subpopulation Conveys Increased Genetic Risk of Coronary Artery Disease
Jiang, J., Hiron, T. K., Agbaedeng, T. A., Malhotra, Y., Drydale, E., Bancroft, J. M., Ng, E., Reschen, M. E., Davison, L. J., & O’Callaghan, C. A. (2024) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.123.324172 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Specificity, length and luck drive gene rankings in association studies
Spence, J. P., Mostafavi, H., Ota, M., Milind, N., Gjorgjieva, T., Smith, C. J., Simons, Y. B., Sella, G., & Pritchard, J. K. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09703-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationUpdate on the genetics of allergic diseases
Lawson, L. P., Parameswaran, S., Panganiban, R. A. M., Constantine, G. M., Weirauch, M. T., & Kottyan, L. C. (2025) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.03.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Decoding sequence determinants of gene expression in diverse cellular and disease states
Lal, A., Karollus, A., Gunsalus, L. M., Garfield, D., Nair, S., Tseng, A. M., Gordon, M. G., Blischak, J., Geijn, B. V. D., Bhangale, T., et al. (2026) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-026-03102-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fine-mapping causal tissues and genes at disease-associated loci
Strober, B. J., Zhang, M. J., Amariuta, T., Rossen, J., & Price, A. L. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01994-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Brotman, S. M., Moustafa, J. S. E.-S., Guan, L., Broadaway, K. A., Wang, D., Jackson, A., Welch, R., Currin, K. W., Tomlinson, M., Vadlamudi, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01982-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Estimating the impact of single-cell RNA sequencing of human tissues on drug target validationPreprint
Dann, E., Teeple, E. A., Elmentaite, R., Meyer, K. B., Gaglia, G., Nestle, F. O., Savova, V., de Rinaldis, E., & Teichmann, S. A. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.24305313 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Macroevolutionary divergence of gene expression driven by selection on protein abundance
Cope, A. L., Schraiber, J. G., & Pennell, M. W. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ads2658 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Liu, W., Saelens, W., Rainer, P., Biočanin, M., Gardeux, V., Gralak, A. J., van Mierlo, G., Gebhart, A., Russeil, J., Liu, T., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02343-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Naqvi, S., Kim, S., Tabatabaee, S., Pampari, A., Kundaje, A., Pritchard, J. K., & Wysocka, J. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100780 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationeQTLs identify regulatory networks and drivers of variation in the individual response to sepsis
Burnham, K. L., Milind, N., Lee, W., Kwok, A. J., Cano-Gamez, K., Mi, Y., Geoghegan, C. G., Zhang, P., Addison, J., Galley, H. F., et al. (2024) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100587 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Identifying genetic variants that influence the abundance of cell states in single-cell data
Rumker, L., Sakaue, S., Reshef, Y., Kang, J. B., Yazar, S., Alquicira-Hernández, J., Valencia, C., Lagattuta, K. A., Mah-Som, A. Y., Nathan, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01909-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Qi, G., Chhetri, S. B., Ray, D., Dutta, D., Battle, A. J., Bhattacharjee, S., & Chatterjee, N. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51075-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Social-Science Genomics: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions
Benjamin, D., Cesarini, D., Turley, P., & Young, A. S. (2024) · doi:10.3386/w32404 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Madsen, A. L., Bonàs‐Guarch, S., Gheibi, S., Prasad, R. B., Vangipurapu, J., Ahuja, V., Cataldo, L. R., Dwivedi, O. P., Hatem, G., Atla, G., et al. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-01140-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Popp, J. M., Rhodes, K., Jangi, R., Li, M., Barr, K., Tayeb, K., Battle, A. J., & Gilad, Y. (2024) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100701 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nonlinear transcriptional responses to gradual modulation of transcription factor dosage
Domingo, J., Minaeva, M., Morris, J. A., Ghatan, S., Ziosi, M., Sanjana, N. E., & Lappalainen, T. (2024) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582837 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Djeddi, S., Fernandez‐Salinas, D., Huang, G. X., Aguiar, V. R. C., Mohanty, C., Kendziorski, C. M., Gazal, S., Boyce, J. A., Ober, C., Gern, J. E., et al. (2024) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100636 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Transcriptome‐Wide Association Studies (TWAS): Methodologies, Applications, and Challenges
Evans, P. D., Nagai, T. H., Konkashbaev, A. I., Zhou, D., Knapik, E. W., & Gamazon, E. R. (2024) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.981 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Osteoarthritis as an Enhanceropathy: Gene Regulation in Complex Musculoskeletal Disease
Roberts, J. B., & Rice, S. J. (2024) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-024-01142-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lu, Z., Wang, X., Carr, M., Kim, A., Gazal, S., Mohammadi, P., Wu, L., Pirruccello, J. P., Kachuri, L., Gusev, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02262-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Methylation Analysis Reveals a KCNK3-Prominent Causal Cascade on Hypertension
Huang, D., Shang, W., Xu, M., Wan, Q., Zhang, J., Tang, X.-F., Shen, Y.-J., Wang, Y., & Yu, Y. (2024) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.124.324455 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cross-cohort analysis of expression and splicing quantitative trait loci in TOPMed
Orchard, P., Blackwell, T. W., Kachuri, L., Castaldi, P. J., Cho, M. H., Christenson, S. A., Durda, P., Gabriel, S., Hersh, C. P., Huntsman, S., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adx2989 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tambets, R., Kolde, A., Kolberg, P., Love, M. I., & Alasoo, K. (2024) · Human Genetics and Genomics Advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100348 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhong, X., Mitchell, R., Billstrand, C., Thompson, E. E., Sakabe, N. J., Aneas, I., Salamone, I. M., Gu, J., Sperling, A. I., Schoettler, N., et al. (2025) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-025-01459-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Panousis, N. I., Garwany, O. E., Knights, A. J., Rop, J., Kumasaka, N., Imaz, M., Vilarino, L. B., Tsingene, A., Tokolyi, A., Barnett, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61670-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Buffering and non-monotonic behavior of gene dosage response curves for human complex traitsPreprint
Milind, N., Smith, C. J., Zhu, H., Gjorgjieva, T., Spence, J. P., & Pritchard, J. K. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.24317065 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterizing selection on complex traits through conditional frequency spectra
Patel, R. A., Weiß, C. L., Zhu, H., Mostafavi, H., Simons, Y. B., Spence, J. P., & Pritchard, J. K. (2024) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyae210 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationVariant-specific priors clarify colocalisation analysis
Pullin, J. M., & Wallace, C. (2025) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1011697 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Law, P., Studd, J. B., Smith, J. S., Vijayakrishnan, J., Harris, B. T., Mandelia, M., Mills, C., Dunlop, M. G., & Houlston, R. S. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01900-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wang, L., Markus, H., Chen, D., Chen, S., Zhang, F., Gao, S., Khunsriraksakul, C., Chen, F., Olsen, N. J., Foulke, G., et al. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100820 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Impact of disease-associated chromatin accessibility QTLs across immune cell types and contexts
Mu, Z., Randolph, H. E., Aguirre‐Gamboa, R., Ketter, E., Dumaine, A., Locher, V., Brandolino, C., Liu, X., Kaufmann, D., Barreiro, L. B., et al. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.101061 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Biological insights into schizophrenia from ancestrally diverse populations
Bigdeli, T. B., Chatzinakos, C., Bendl, J. M., Barr, P. B., Venkatesh, S., Gorman, B. R., Clarence, T., Genovese, G., Iyegbe, C. O., Peterson, R. E., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10000-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Buyukcelebi, K., Duval, A. J., Abdula, F., Elkafas, H., Seker-Polat, F., & Adli, M. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45382-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Perspective on recent developments and challenges in regulatory and systems genomics
Zeitlinger, J., Roy, S., Ay, F., Mathelier, A., Medina-Rivera, A., Mahony, S., Sinha, S. K., & Ernst, J. (2024) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbaf106 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Three open questions in polygenic score portability
Wang, J. Y., Lin, N., Zietz, M., Mares, J. A., Smith, O. S., Rathouz, P. J., & Harpak, A. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68565-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Spence, J. P., Mostafavi, H., Ota, M., Milind, N., Gjorgjieva, T., Smith, C. J., Simons, Y. B., Sella, G., & Pritchard, J. K. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.628073 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating genetic data with biological insight: A practical guide to cis-Mendelian randomization
Karhunen, V., Woolf, B. A. R., Bhatnagar, P., Gill, D., & Burgess, S. (2026) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2026.03.011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exponential family measurement error models for single-cell CRISPR screens
Barry, T., Roeder, K., & Katsevich, E. (2024) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxae010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Trans-eQTL hotspots shape complex traits by modulating cellular states
Renganaath, K., & Albert, F. W. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100873 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Realizing the promise of genome-wide association studies for effector gene prediction
Costanzo, M. C., Harris, L. W., Ji, Y., McMahon, A., Burtt, N. P., & Flannick, J. A. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02210-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Saitou, M., Dahl, A. W., Wang, Q., & Liu, X. (2024) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.10.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An encyclopedia of human enhancer–gene regulatory interactions
Gschwind, A. R., Mualim, K. S., Karbalayghareh, A., Sheth, M. U., Dey, K. K., Jagoda, E., Nurtdinov, R., Xi, W., Tan, A. S., Galante, J., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10781-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Brotman, S. M., Moustafa, J. S. E.-S., Guan, L., Broadaway, K. A., Wang, D., Jackson, A., Welch, R., Currin, K. W., Tomlinson, M., Vadlamudi, S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.563798 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Efficient count-based models improve power and robustness for large-scale single-cell eQTL mappingPreprint
Zhang, Z., Kim, A., Suboc, N., Mancuso, N., & Gazal, S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.18.25320755 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lee, P. C., Jung, I., Thussu, S., Patel, V., Wagoner, R., Burks, K. H., Amrute, J., Elenbaas, J. S., Kang, C. J., Young, E. P., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110104 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Murphy, A. E., Askarova, A., Lenhard, B., Skene, N. G., & Marzi, S. J. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1212 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Eleven Grand Challenges for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics and Genomics
Gibson, G. C., Rioux, J. D., Cho, J. H., Haritunians, T., Thoutam, A., Abreu, M. T., Brant, S. R., Kugathasan, S., McCauley, J. L., Silverberg, M. S., et al. (2024) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izae269 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wenz, B. M., He, Y., Chen, N.-C., Pickrell, J. K., Li, J. H., Dudek, M. F., Li, T., Keener, R., Voight, B. F., Brown, C. D., et al. (2025) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03538-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Transcripts with high distal heritability mediate genetic effects on complex metabolic traits
Tyler, A. L., Mahoney, J. M., Keller, M. P., Baker, C. N., Gaca, M., Srivastava, A., Gyuricza, I. G., Braun, M., Rosenthal, N. A., Attie, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61228-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ho, C., Dippel, M. A., McQuade, M. S., Nguyen, L. P., Mishra, A., Pribitzer, S., Hardy, S. R., Chandok, H., Chardon, F. M., McDiarmid, T. A., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02301-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Higher eQTL power reveals signals that boost GWAS colocalization
Rosen, J. D., Broadaway, K. A., Brotman, S. M., Mohlke, K., & Love, M. I. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2026.02.009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
FastGxC: Fast and Powerful Context-Specific eQTL Mapping in Bulk and Single-Cell DataPreprint
Krockenberger, L., Lu, A. C., Thompson, M., Liu, C., Gordon, M. G., Ramste, A., Carcamo‐Orive, I., Knowles, J. W., Dahl, A. W., Ye, C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448889 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Spiliopoulou, A., Iakovliev, A., Plant, D., Sutcliffe, M. A., Sharma, S., Çubuk, C., Lewis, M., Pitzalis, C., Barton, A. C., & McKeigue, P. (2025) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.43125 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Su, C., Lee, D., Jin, P., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59306-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Early establishment and life course stability of sex biases in the human brain transcriptome
Benoit‐Pilven, C., Asteljoki, J. V., Leinonen, J. T., Karjalainen, J. M., Daly, M. J., & Tukiainen, T. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100890 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A map of blood regulatory variation in South Africans enables GWAS interpretation
Castel, S. E., Tluway, F. D., Emde, A., Smyth, N., Karim, M. A., Sengupta, D., Gray, O. A., Hendershott, M. C., von Baeyer, S. L., Burke, E. E., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02223-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Multi-domain rule-based phenotyping algorithms enable improved GWAS signal
Newbury, A., Elhussein, A., & Gürsoy, G. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01815-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Beyond Mendel: a call to revisit the genotype–phenotype map through new experimental paradigms
Tautz, D., Pallares, L. F., Andersson, L., Barghi, N., Barton, N., Bay, R. A., Chan, Y. F., Hancock, A. M., Kaiser, T. S., Koenig, D., et al. (2026) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyag024 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Benton, M. L., Ruderfer, D. M., & Capra, J. A. (2023) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evad126 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Untangling the genetics of beta cell dysfunction and death in type 1 diabetes
Robertson, C. C., Elgamal, R. M., Henry-Kanarek, B. A., Arvan, P., Chen, S., Dhawan, S., Eizirik, D. L., Kaddis, J. S., Vahedi, G., Parker, S. C. J., et al. (2024) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101973 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impact of disease-associated chromatin accessibility QTLs across immune cell types and contextsPreprint
Mu, Z., Randolph, H. E., Aguirre‐Gamboa, R., Ketter, E., Dumaine, A., Locher, V., Brandolino, C., Liu, X., Kaufmann, D., Barreiro, L. B., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.05.24318552 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Comparative Genomics and Epigenomics of Transcriptional Regulation
Zhou, H., Clark, E. L., Guan, D., Lagarrigue, S., Fang, L., Cheng, H., Tuggle, C. K., Kapoor, M., Wang, Y., Giuffra, E., et al. (2024) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102217 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chignon, A., & Lettre, G. (2025) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118621 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dudek, M. F., Wenz, B. M., Brown, C. D., Voight, B. F., Almasy, L. A., & Grant, S. F. A. (2025) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2025.03.019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mutation–selection–drift balance models of complex diseases
Berg, J. J., Li, X., Riall, K., Hayward, L. K., & Sella, G. (2025) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyaf220 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Single-cell eQTL mapping reveals cell-type-specific genetic regulation in lung cancer
Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Jin, C., Zhang, C., Cai, J., Gong, L., Jin, C., Chen, G., Mou, Y., Zhang, C., et al. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.101100 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, J., Li, Y., & Liu, X. (2026) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02449-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Okamoto, J., Yin, X., Ryan, B., Chiou, J., Luca, F., Piqué-Regi, R., Im, H. K., Morrison, J., Burant, C., Fauman, E. B., et al. (2025) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03480-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Wang, P., & Li, Z. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106192 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Feitosa, M. F., Lin, S. J., Acharya, S., Thyagarajan, B., Wojczynski, M. K., Kuipers, A. L., Kulminski, A. M., Christensen, K., Zmuda, J. M., Brent, M. R., et al. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14261 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Conditional frequency spectra as a tool for studying selection on complex traits in biobanksPreprint
Patel, R. A., Weiß, C. L., Zhu, H., Mostafavi, H., Simons, Y. B., Spence, J. P., & Pritchard, J. K. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.15.599126 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationNonlinear transcriptional responses to gradual modulation of transcription factor dosagePreprint
Domingo, J., Minaeva, M., Morris, J. A., Ghatan, S., Ziosi, M., Sanjana, N. E., & Lappalainen, T. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100555 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Population-scale multiome immune cell atlas reveals complex disease driversPreprint
Kanai, M., Delorey, T. M., Honkanen, J. K., Rodosthenous, R. S., Juvila, J., Murphy, S. M., Teixeira-Soldano, I., Hwang, H. S., Karjalainen, J. M., Halonen, J., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.25340489 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Noncoding rare variant associations with blood traits in 166,740 UK Biobank genomes
Ribeiro, D. M., Hofmeister, R. J., Rubinacci, S., & Delaneau, O. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02288-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cell-type-resolved genetic variation shapes inflammatory bowel disease risk
Alegbe, T., Harris, B. T., Fachal, L., Ramirez-Navarro, L., Tutert, M., Krzak, M., Ghouraba, M., Strickland, M., Ozols, M., Cohen, C. E., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10627-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL): from population genetics to precision medicine
Wong, Z. Q., Deng, L., Cengnata, A., Rahman, T. H. A., Ismail, A. M., Lim, R. L. H., Xu, S., & Hoh, B. (2025) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2025.02.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jeong, R., & Bulyk, M. L. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98289 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hajheidari, M., Sunyaev, S. R., & de Meaux, J. (2024) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcae140 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Worf, K., Matosin, N., Gerstner, N., Fröhlich, A. S., Koller, A. C., Degenhardt, F., Thiele, H., Rietschel, M., Udawela, M., Scarr, E., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03366-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Green, N. F. O., Sutton, G. J., Pérez‐Burillo, J., Wang, J., Bagot, S., Danon, H. G., Walsh, K., Gokoolparsadh, A., Miles, S. A., Yang, G., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02154-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Herken, B. W., Wong, G. T., Mäkiniemi, A., Lundberg, E. K., Norman, T. M., & Gilbert, L. A. (2026) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2026.01.025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reimagining research papers as interactive and reliable AI agents
Miao, J.-C., Davis, J. R., Zhang, Y.-H., Pritchard, J. K., & Zou, J. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11044-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationJeong, R., & Bulyk, M. L. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98289.3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mostafavi, H., Spence, J. P., Naqvi, S., & Pritchard, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mostafavi, Hakhamanesh
- Pritchard, Jonathan K.
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2023-10-19
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1866-1875
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- PMC
- PMC12270542
- OpenAlex
- W4387782515
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 55.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG008140, R01HG011432, U01HG012069)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- expression quantitative trait loci, cis-eQTL, complex traits, non-coding variants, transcription start sites, natural selection, selective constraint, regulatory landscape, tissue-specific gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review