Defining blood-induced microglia functions in neurodegeneration through multiomic profiling
Open accessAbstract
Blood protein extravasation through a disrupted blood–brain barrier and innate immune activation are hallmarks of neurological diseases and emerging therapeutic targets. However, how blood proteins polarize innate immune cells remains largely unknown. Here, we established an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline to define the transcriptome and global phosphoproteome of blood-induced innate immune polarization and its role in microglia neurotoxicity. Blood induced widespread microglial transcriptional changes, including changes involving oxidative stress and neurodegenerative genes. Comparative functional multiomics showed that blood proteins induce distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional programs in microglia and macrophages, such as redox, type I interferon and lymphocyte recruitment. Deletion of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen largely reversed blood-induced microglia neurodegenerative signatures. Genetic elimination of the fibrinogen-binding motif to CD11b in Alzheimer’s disease mice reduced microglial lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative signatures that were shared with autoimmune-driven neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis mice. Our data provide an interactive resource for investigation of the immunology of blood proteins that could support therapeutic targeting of microglia activation by immune and vascular signals.
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Humanized App knockin (KI) and APP transgenic mouse models mimic certain aspects of AD pathogenesis, including progressive amyloidosis, gliosis, and neuroinflammation, as well as network hyperexcitability and cognitive impairment, albeit to different degrees of severity across models and paradigms.
“Humanized App knockin (KI) and APP transgenic mouse models mimic certain aspects of AD pathogenesis, including progressive amyloidosis, gliosis, and neuroinflammation, as well as network hyperexcitability and cognitive impairment, albeit to different degrees of severity across models and paradigms.15-27”
From Machine learning reveals prominent spontaneous behavioral changes and treatment efficacy in humanized and transgenic Alzheimer's disease models (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFggγ390-396A reduces AD-related pathogenesis, including amyloid burden, dystrophic neurites, synaptic loss, microgliosis, and neuroinflammation in 5xFAD-Fggγ390-396A mice relative to 5xFAD mice.
“Fggγ390–396A reduces AD-related pathogenesis, including amyloid burden, dystrophic neurites, synaptic loss, microgliosis, and neuroinflammation in 5xFAD-Fggγ390–396A mice relative to 5xFAD mice.21,22,34”
From Machine learning reveals prominent spontaneous behavioral changes and treatment efficacy in humanized and transgenic Alzheimer's disease models (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
In Results, “Fibrin drives neurotoxic microglia programs in AD mice” (page unavailable), the paper reports reduced neurodegeneration, a reduced neurodegenerative microglial gene signature, and fewer oxidative-stress-producing microglia around plaques in 5XFAD:Fggγ390–396A mice. It does not report reductions in amyloid burden, dystrophic neurites, synaptic loss, or overall microgliosis in that comparison; the reported microglial changes support only part of the claimed neuroinflammation reduction. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFibrinogen is deposited in the brain of patients with AD and is a key mediator of neurotoxic microglia polarization and cognitive impairment in mouse models of AD.
“The blood coagulation factor fibrinogen is deposited in the brain of patients with AD and is a key mediator of neurotoxic microglia polarization and cognitive impairment in mouse models of AD.21,22,32,33”
From Machine learning reveals prominent spontaneous behavioral changes and treatment efficacy in humanized and transgenic Alzheimer's disease models (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results section on AD mice reports that disrupting fibrin–CD11b signaling reduces neurodegenerative microglial signatures; it also states that the mice are protected from cognitive impairment. The Discussion likewise reports protection from cognitive impairment in AD models. The passages from our copy do not establish the separate claim that fibrinogen is deposited in the brains of patients with AD. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpontaneous behavioral abnormalities in 5xFAD mice were prevented by an AD-related therapeutic intervention, Fggγ390-396A, that prevents CD11b receptor-mediated interactions with microglia and reduces AD-related pathogenesis, including amyloid burden, dystrophic neurites, synaptic loss, microgliosis, and neuroinflammation.
“Third, and more importantly, spontaneous behavioral abnormalities in 5xFAD mice were prevented by an AD-related therapeutic intervention, Fggγ390–396A, that prevents CD11b receptor-mediated interactions with microglia22,33 and reduces AD-related pathogenesis, including amyloid burden, dystrophic neurites, synaptic loss, microgliosis, and neuroinflammation.21,22,34”
From Machine learning reveals prominent spontaneous behavioral changes and treatment efficacy in humanized and transgenic Alzheimer's disease models (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInfiltration of blood-derived protein fibrin induces microglial polarization to oxidative stress and neurodegenerative phenotypes in AD and multiple sclerosis mice.
“The infiltration of blood-derived protein, fibrin, also induces microglial polarization to oxidative stress and neurodegenerative phenotypes in AD and multiple sclerosis mice.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [659]
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Self-citationBlood Coagulation Factor Fibrinogen in Tumor Pathogenesis of Central Nervous System B-Cell Lymphoma
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Fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19
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Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis
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Kupffer cell programming by maternal obesity triggers fatty liver disease
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Macrophage fate: to kill or not to kill?
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Engineered Wnt7a ligands rescue blood–brain barrier and cognitive deficits in a COVID-19 mouse model
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Pioneering discovery and therapeutics at the brain-vascular-immune interface
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Self-citationEndothelial-Ercc1 DNA repair deficiency provokes blood-brain barrier dysfunction
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“21,22,34 Thus, our findings suggest that abnormalities in spontaneous behavior are mechanistically related to AD pathogenesis and may offer mechanistically relevant endpoints for assessing AD-related pathways and therapeutic interventions in mouse models.”
InfluentialSelf-citationFibrin-targeting immunotherapy for dementia
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Microglia regulate cortical remyelination via TNFR1-dependent phenotypic polarization
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Using focused ultrasound to modulate microglial structure and function
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Myeloid lineage C3 induces reactive gliosis and neuronal stress during CNS inflammation
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Neuroinflammation: An Oligodendrocentric View
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Mononuclear phagocytes in autoimmune neuroinflammation
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Multiple Sclerosis: Glial Cell Diversity in Time and Space
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Acute neuroinflammation induces prolonged transcriptional reprogramming in microglia
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Cerebral biomimetic nano-drug delivery systems: A frontier strategy for immunotherapy
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Neoplastic ICAM-1 protects lung carcinoma from apoptosis through ligation of fibrinogen
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Ageing-related changes in the regulation of microglia and their interaction with neurons
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Comprehensive immune ageing reveals TREM2/TIM3 myeloid cells drive brain immune evasion
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Fibrinogen drives neuroinflammation and neuropathology in perioperative neurocognitive disorders
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Self-citationMacrophage Lyn Kinase Is a Sex‐Specific Regulator of Post–Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Neuroinflammation
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The State of Alzheimer's Research and the Path Forward
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First-in-human Evaluation of Safety and Dosimetry of [64Cu]FBP8: A fibrin-binding PET Probe
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Adaptive and Innate Immunity Are Key Drivers of Age at Onset of Multiple Sclerosis
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Alzheimer's disease and vascular biology – A focus on the procoagulant state
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From Organotypic Mouse Brain Slices to Human Alzheimer Plasma Biomarkers: A Focus on Microglia
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Fibrinogen regulates microglial function through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway
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Self-citationThe interplay between neuroinflammation and endothelial dysfunction in cerebral small vessel disease
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Cooperative multi-view integration with Scalable and Interpretable Model Explainer
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- Authors
- Mendiola, A. S., Yan, Z., Dixit, K., Johnson, J. R., Bouhaddou, M., Meyer-Franke, A., Shin, M.-G., Yong, Y., Agrawal, A., MacDonald, E., Muthukumar, G., Pearce, C., Arun, N., Cabriga, B., Meza-Acevedo, R., Alzamora, M. D. P. S., Zamvil, S. S., Pico, A. R., Ryu, J. K., Krogan, N. J., & Akassoglou, K.
- Affiliations
- Gladstone Institutes (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Akassoglou, Katerina
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Immunology
- Published
- 2023-06-08
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1173-1187
- ISSN
- 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2916
- PMC
- PMC10307624
- OpenAlex
- W4379879277
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 14
- FWCI
- 12.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35 NS097976, K99 NS126707)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1 AG064926)
- BrightFocus Foundation (82021019F)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K99 AI163868)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- plasma proteins, microglia, neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier disruption, fibrinogen, CD11b, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, type I interferon, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, macrophages, phosphoproteome, transcriptome
- MeSH terms
- Multiomics, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Fibrinogen, Microglia, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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