Spinal cord repair: advances in biology and technology

Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner

Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089

The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates CNS Synapse Elimination

Stevens, B., Allen, N. J., Vazquez, L. E., Howell, G. R., Christopherson, K. S., Nouri, N., Micheva, K. D., Mehalow, A. K., Huberman, A. D., Stafford, B., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036 · Cited by 3,313

Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm

Hochberg, L. R., Bacher, D., Jarosiewicz, B., Masse, N. Y., Simeral, J. D., Vogel, J., Haddadin, S., Liu, J., Cash, S. S., van der Smagt, P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11076 · Cited by 2,719

Targeting Recovery: Priorities of the Spinal Cord-Injured Population

Anderson, K. D. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1371 · Cited by 2,094

Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain

Holtmaat, A., & Svoboda, K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2699 · Cited by 1,934

Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration

Anderson, M. A., Burda, J. E., Ren, Y., Ao, Y., O’Shea, T. M., Kawaguchi, R., Coppola, G., Khakh, B. S., Deming, T. J., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17623 · Cited by 1,851

High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia

Collinger, J. L., Wodlinger, B., Downey, J. E., Wang, W., Tyler-Kabara, E. C., Weber, D. J., McMorland, A. J., Velliste, M., Boninger, M. L., & Schwartz, A. B. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61816-9 · Cited by 1,848

Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis

Christopherson, K. S., Ullian, E. M., Stokes, C. C. A., Mullowney, C. E., Hell, J. W., Agah, A., Lawler, J., Mosher, D. F., Bornstein, P., & Barres, B. A. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.020 · Cited by 1,688

Promoting Axon Regeneration in the Adult CNS by Modulation of the PTEN/mTOR Pathway

Park, K. K., Liu, K., Hu, Y., Smith, P. D., Wang, C., Cai, B., Xu, B., Connolly, L., Kramvis, I., Sahin, M., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1161566 · Cited by 1,686

Reactive Gliosis and the Multicellular Response to CNS Damage and Disease

Burda, J. E., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.034 · Cited by 1,500

An injectable, self-healing, electroconductive hydrogel loaded with neural stem cells and donepezil for enhancing local therapy effect of spinal cord injury

Liu, T., Zhang, Q., Li, H., Cui, X., Qi, Z., & Yang, X. (2023) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-023-00368-2 · Cited by 38

Spinal projecting neurons in rostral ventromedial medulla co-regulate motor and sympathetic tone

Zhang, Z., Su, J., Tang, J., Chung, L., Page, J. C., Winter, C. C., Liu, Y., Kegeles, E., Conti, S., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.022 · Cited by 41

Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and stroke

Zhou, W., Wang, X., Dong, Y., Gao, P., Zhao, X. F., Wang, M., Wu, X. F., Shen, J., Zhang, X., Lü, Z., et al. (2024) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.95953 · Cited by 39

Bioinspired Nanofiber Scaffold for Differentiating Bone Marrow-Derived Neural Stem Cells to Oligodendrocyte-Like Cells: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization

Boroojeni, F. R., Mashayekhan, S., Abbaszadeh, H., Ansarizadeh, M., Khoramgah, M. S., & Rahimi‐Movaghar, V. (2020) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s248509 · Cited by 38

Tracking White and Gray Matter Degeneration along the Spinal Cord Axis in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy

Vallotton, K., Dávid, G., Hupp, M., Pfender, N., Cohen‐Adad, J., Fehlings, M. G., Samson, R. S., Wheeler‐Kingshott, C. A. M. G., Curt, A. E. P., Freund, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0148 · Cited by 36

Gold nanoclusters conjugated berberine reduce inflammation and alleviate neuronal apoptosis by mediating M2 polarization for spinal cord injury repair

Zhou, Z., Li, D., Fan, X., Yuan, Y., Wang, H., Wang, D., & Mei, X. (2021) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbab072 · Cited by 39

Spatiotemporal Delivery of Required Facilitators for Microenvironment Remodeling Propels Neural Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury

Liu, J., Yao, Z., Hu, Z., Zhang, X., Gong, B., Dai, Y., Weng, H., Xiao, L., Zhang, B., Li, T., et al. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202503479 · Cited by 37

Acute Implantation of a Bioresorbable Polymer Scaffold in Patients With Complete Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury: 24-Month Follow-up From the INSPIRE Study

Kim, K. D., Lee, K. S., Coric, D., Harrop, J. S., Theodore, N., & Toselli, R. M. (2022) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000001932 · Cited by 38

Learning to promote recovery after spinal cord injury

Grau, J. W., Baine, R. E., Bean, P. A., Davis, J. A., Fauss, G. N. K., Henwood, M. K., Hudson, K. E., Johnston, D. T., Tarbet, M. M., & Strain, M. M. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113334 · Cited by 36

Elevating sestrin2 attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves functional recovery through autophagy activation after spinal cord injury

Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, K., Xie, L., Xiang, G., Fang, M., Han, W., Wang, X., & Xiao, J. (2020) · Cell Biology and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s10565-020-09550-4 · Cited by 36

Pluripotent Stem Cells in Clinical Setting—New Developments and Overview of Current Status

Ilić, D., & Ogilvie, C. M. (2022) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1093/stmcls/sxac040 · Cited by 39

Neonatal Spinal-Cord-Like Scaffold with Hierarchical Structural and Neurogenetic Microenvironments for Spinal Cord Injury Repair

Bai, B., Wang, J., Jiang, L., Zou, C., Liu, S., Qi, Z., Zhang, C., Li, Z., Zhang, R., Liu, Y., et al. (2026) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5c07071 · Cited by 35

Mechanics-electro-adaptive multifunctional bioactive nanocomposites hydrogel for inducing spinal cord regeneration

Wang, M., Wang, C., Chen, M., Luo, M., Chen, Q., & Lei, B. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.135629 · Cited by 35

Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord by Schwann Cell Transplantation

Fu, H., Hu, D., Chen, J., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Qi, C., & Yu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.800513 · Cited by 37

Structural mechanism of outer kinetochore Dam1-Ndc80 complex assembly on microtubules

Muir, K. W., Batters, C., Dendooven, T., Yang, J., Zhang, Z., Burt, A., & Barford, D. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adj8736 · Cited by 34

Ependymal cells in the spinal cord as neuronal progenitors

Moreno‐Manzano, V. (2019) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2019.11.008 · Cited by 34

Peptide ligands targeting FGF receptors promote recovery from dorsal root crush injury via AKT/mTOR signaling

Zhao, Y., Wang, Q., Xie, C., Cai, Y., Chen, X., Hou, Y., He, L., Li, J., Yao, M., Chen, S., et al. (2021) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.62525 · Cited by 34

Current Concepts of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Therapy for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Suzuki, H., Imajo, Y., Funaba, M., Nishida, N., Sakamoto, T., & Sakai, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.794692 · Cited by 36

Three-dimensional nanofibrous sponges with aligned architecture and controlled hierarchy regulate neural stem cell fate for spinal cord regeneration

Li, Z., Qi, Y., Sun, L., Li, Z., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Han, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., et al. (2023) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.87288 · Cited by 33

Constructing Electron‐Rich Ru Clusters on Non‐Stoichiometric Copper Hydroxide for Superior Biocatalytic ROS Scavenging to Treat Inflammatory Spinal Cord Injury

Liu, J., Wang, T., Liao, C., Geng, W., Yang, J., Ma, S., Tian, W., Liao, L., & Cheng, C. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202411618 · Cited by 32

Multifunctional bioelectronics for brain–body circuits

Sahasrabudhe, A., Cea, C., & Anikeeva, P. (2025) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00289-3 · Cited by 34

Capacity of astrocytes to promote axon growth in the injured mammalian central nervous system

Hemati-Gourabi, M., Cao, T., Romprey, M. K., & Chen, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.955598 · Cited by 32

Current treatments after spinal cord injury: Cell engineering, tissue engineering, and combined therapies

Shen, Y., Cao, X., Lu, M., Gu, H., Li, M., & Posner, D. A. (2022) · Smart Medicine · doi:10.1002/smmd.20220017 · Cited by 35

Architecture‐Engineered Electrospinning Cascade Regulates Spinal Microenvironment to Promote Nerve Regeneration

Tang, Y., Xu, Z., Tang, J., Xu, Y., Li, Z., Wang, W., Wu, L., Xi, K., Gu, Y., & Chen, L. (2023) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202202658 · Cited by 35

Exosomes combined with biomaterials in the treatment of spinal cord injury

Zhang, X., Jiang, W., Lu, Y., Mao, T., Gu, Y., Ju, D., & Dong, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1077825 · Cited by 32

Axonal growth inhibitors and their receptors in spinal cord injury: from biology to clinical translation

Chambel, S. S., & Cruz, C. D. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.373674 · Cited by 36

In Situ Reaction-Generated Aldehyde-Scavenging Polypeptides-Curcumin Conjugate Nanoassemblies for Combined Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury

Liu, Y., Lin, F., Wu, C., Liu, W., Wang, H., Xiao, C., & Chen, X. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c08662 · Cited by 32

Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Nerve Regeneration

Yavuz, B., Mutlu, E. C., Ahmed, Z., Ben‐Nissan, B., & Stamboulis, A. G. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25115863 · Cited by 32

Stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus enables training and boosts recovery after spinal cord injury

Hofer, A., Scheuber, M. I., Sartori, A. M., Good, N., Stalder, S. A., Hammer, N., Fricke, K., Schalbetter, S. M., Engmann, A. K., Weber, R., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac184 · Cited by 32

Clemastine Promotes Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Through the Activation of ERK1/2 via Muscarinic Receptors After Spinal Cord Injury

Tong, L., Deng, Y.-B., Du, W., Zhou, W., Liao, X.-Y., & Jiang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.914153 · Cited by 31

Intranasal delivery of engineered extracellular vesicles promotes neurofunctional recovery in traumatic brain injury

Li, P., Sun, S., Zhu, X., Liu, X., Yin, R. M., Chen, Y., Chang, J., Ye, L., Gao, J., Zhao, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03181-9 · Cited by 34

Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair

McCallum, S. E., Suresh, K. B., Islam, T. S., Tripathi, M. K., Saustad, A. W., Shelest, O., Patil, A., Lee, D. S., Kwon, B., Leitholf, K., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09887-y · Cited by 36

Exogenous platelet-derived growth factor improves neurovascular unit recovery after spinal cord injury

Xu, K., Li, X., Zhang, H., Ye, L., An, N., Huang, P., Li, D.-H., Zheng, Z., Ji, H., Li, H., et al. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.295347 · Cited by 31

Metformin Protects against Spinal Cord Injury and Cell Pyroptosis via AMPK/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway

Yuan, Y., Fan, X., Guo, Z., Zhou, Z., & Gao, W. (2022) · Analytical Cellular Pathology · doi:10.1155/2022/3634908 · Cited by 31

Controllable growth of spiral ganglion neurons by magnetic colloidal nanochains

Xia, L. H., Zhao, X., Ma, X., Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., & Chai, R. (2022) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101507 · Cited by 32

Role of regulatory T cells in spinal cord injury

Chen, H., Hao, P., Wang, P.-C., Zou, T., Feng, X.-M., & Wan, B. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01122-6 · Cited by 29

Decellularized extracellular matrix in the treatment of spinal cord injury

Jiang, W., Zhang, X., Yu, S., Yan, F., Chen, J., Liu, J., & Dong, C. (2023) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114506 · Cited by 30

Smart Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration

Xie, C., Xu, J., Wang, X., Jiang, S., Zheng, Y., Liu, Z., Jia, Z., Jia, Z., & Lu, X. (2023) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.202300339 · Cited by 31

Polymer-Based Scaffold Strategies for Spinal Cord Repair and Regeneration

Qu, W., Chen, B., Shu, W., Tian, H., Ou, X., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., & Wu, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.590549 · Cited by 30

A novel hydrogel-based combination therapy for effective neuroregeneration after spinal cord injury

Wang, Q., Dong, X., Zhang, H., Li, P., Lu, X., Wu, M. C., Zhang, W., Lin, X., Zheng, Y., Mao, Y., et al. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.128964 · Cited by 30

Spinal Cord‐Like Scaffold with Rapid Tissue Integration Enhanced Spinal Cord Nerve Repair

Bai, B., Zhang, R., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Zou, C., Jiang, L., Qi, Z., Song, X., Li, C., et al. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202505402 · Cited by 28

Construction and reconstruction of brain circuits: normal and pathological axon guidance

Roig‐Puiggros, S., Vigouroux, R. J., Beckman, D., Bocai, N. I., Chiou, B., Davimes, J. G., Gómez, G., Grassi, S., Hoque, A., Karikari, T. K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14900 · Cited by 29

Ambulation in Dogs With Absent Pain Perception After Acute Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Injury

Lewis, M. J., Jeffery, N. D., & Olby, N. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00560 · Cited by 28

The Hybridization of the Human with Brain Implants: The Neuralink Project

Fourneret, É. (2020) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180120000419 · Cited by 31

Human Embryonic Stem Cell–derived Neural Crest Cells Promote Sprouting and Motor Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats

Jones, I., Novikova, L. N., Wiberg, M., Carlsson, L., & Novikov, L. N. (2021) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689720988245 · Cited by 28

Hybrid material mimics a hypoxic environment to promote regeneration of peripheral nerves

Quan, Q., Hong, L., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yin, X. H., Cheng, X., Liu, G., Tang, H., Meng, H., Liu, S., et al. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121068 · Cited by 28

Engineering spinal cord repair

Squair, J. W., Gautier, M., Sofroniew, M. V., Courtine, G., & Anderson, M. A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.006 · Cited by 28

Repetitive Trans Spinal Magnetic Stimulation Improves Functional Recovery and Tissue Repair in Contusive and Penetrating Spinal Cord Injury Models in Rats

Robac, A., Neveu, P., Hugede, A., Garrido, E., Nicol, L., Delarue, Q., & Guérout, N. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9121827 · Cited by 27

The immune microenvironment and tissue engineering strategies for spinal cord regeneration

Yuan, F., Peng, Y., Jie, J., Yang, Y., & Yang, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.969002 · Cited by 28

Emerging fiber-based neural interfaces with conductive composites

Won, C., Cho, S., Jang, K., Park, J., Cho, J. H., & Lee, T. (2025) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d4mh01854k · Cited by 27

SGK1 inhibition supports neuroprotection in spinal cord injury by suppressing oxidative stress and AIM2 activation via FoxO1 mediated mitophagy

Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Fang, N., Xu, J., Teng, Y., Wang, K., Huang, L., Ni, H., Wang, Y., Zhou, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03844-w · Cited by 27

Plasticity of the Injured Spinal Cord

Guérout, N. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10081886 · Cited by 29

Sensory-motor coupling electrical stimulation driven by a bionic Z‐structured triboelectric nanogenerator improves functional recovery from spinal cord injury

Lu, B., Jia, S., Wang, Z., Wu, W., Yan, L. W., Zhu, L., & Hao, D. (2022) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.108133 · Cited by 27

Knockout of microglial Hv1 proton channel reduces neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and neuronal damage via the ROS / STAT3 pathway after spinal cord injury

Li, Y., Xie, Y., Liu, R., Wang, Z., Chen, P., Wang, M., Yu, Z., Wang, W., & Luo, X. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24433 · Cited by 28

Application of Injectable Hydrogels as Delivery Systems in Spinal Cord Injury

Ji, R., Hao, Z., Wang, H., Li, X., Duan, L., Guan, F., & Ma, S. (2023) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels9110907 · Cited by 27

Exosomes as promising bioactive materials in the treatment of spinal cord injury

Li, Y., Luo, W., Meng, C., Shi, K., Gu, R., & Cui, S. (2024) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-024-03952-5 · Cited by 26

Macropinocytosis enhances foamy macrophage formation and cholesterol crystallization to activate NLRP3 inflammasome after spinal cord injury

Zhang, C., Zhao, S., Huang, Z., Ao, X., Liu, H., Dai, S., Zheng, Z., Li, Y., Guo, X., Gu, J., et al. (2024) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103469 · Cited by 28

Biomimetic piezoelectric hydrogel system for energy metabolism reprogramming in spinal cord injury repair

Shi, G., Su, T., Li, J., Wang, A., Gao, G., Tao, B., Chen, N., Tian, L., Yan, J., Zhao, L., et al. (2025) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.108329 · Cited by 26

Upper limb sensorimotor restoration through brain–computer interface technology in tetraparesis

Bockbrader, M. A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.002 · Cited by 29

Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury

Dolbow, D. R., Gorgey, A. S., Sutor, T. W., Bochkezanian, V., & Musselman, K. E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10225356 · Cited by 27

Preferential activation of proprioceptive and cutaneous sensory fibers compared to motor fibers during cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: a computational study

de Freitas, R. M., Capogrosso, M., Nomura, T., & Milosevic, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6a7c · Cited by 26

The activation of dormant ependymal cells following spinal cord injury

Rodríguez-Jiménez, F. J., Jendelová, P., & Erceg, S. (2023) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03395-4 · Cited by 26

Resilience of neural networks for locomotion

Haspel, G., Severi, K. E., Fauci, L., Cohen, N., Tytell, E. D., & Morgan, J. R. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp279214 · Cited by 26

White matter regeneration induced by aligned fibrin nanofiber hydrogel contributes to motor functional recovery in canine T12 spinal cord injury

Cao, Z. H., Man, W., Xiong, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, S., Liu, D., Zhao, H., Yang, Y., Yao, S., Li, C., et al. (2021) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbab069 · Cited by 25

ROS filter coating scaffold protects 3D mesenchymal stem cell spheroids for dual-phase treatment of spinal cord injury

Cao, J. X., Wu, J., Mu, J., Lin, L., Zhang, X., Huang, T., Ma, T., Zhu, M., Dai, X., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.142192 · Cited by 25

Curcumin-Containing polyphosphazene nanodrug for Anti-Inflammation and nerve regeneration to improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury

Su, X., Jing, X., Jiang, W.-T., Li, M., Liu, K., Teng, M., Wang, D., Meng, L., Zhang, Y., & Ji, W. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123197 · Cited by 25

Synergy of Nanotopography and Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT/PSS for Enhanced Neuronal Development

Bianchi, M., Guzzo, S., Lunghi, A., Greco, P., Pisciotta, A., Murgia, M., Carnevale, G., Fadiga, L., & Biscarini, F. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.3c15278 · Cited by 25

Decoding epigenetic codes: new frontiers in exploring recovery from spinal cord injury

Chang, P., Chang, P.-Y., Zhu, Q.-S., Zhu, Q., & Saijilafu (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.276323 · Cited by 25

Systematic Evaluation of Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models in the Field of Biomaterials

Verstappen, K., Aquarius, R., Klymov, A., Wever, K. E., Damveld, L., Leeuwenburgh, S. C. G., Bartels, R., Hooijmans, C. R., & Walboomers, X. F. (2021) · Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0194 · Cited by 24

LDH nanoparticles-doped cellulose nanofiber scaffolds with aligned microchannels direct high-efficiency neural regeneration and organized neural circuit remodeling through RhoA/Rock/Myosin II pathway

Pang, X., Zhang, T., Li, J., Yu, L., Liu, Z., Li, L., Li, L., Cheng, L., & Zhu, R. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122873 · Cited by 24

Biomimetic “Trojan Horse” Fibers Modulate Innate Immunity Cascades for Nerve Regeneration

Wu, J., Tang, J., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Li, Z., Zhou, L., Jiang, X., Huang, Y., Guo, Q., Wang, W., et al. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c12036 · Cited by 24

Reaching and Grasping Training Improves Functional Recovery After Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Gallegos, C. M., Carey, M., Zheng, Y., He, X., & Cao, Q. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00110 · Cited by 24

Comparison of the effects of two therapeutic strategies based on olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation and repetitive magnetic stimulation after spinal cord injury in female mice

Delarue, Q., Robac, A., Massardier, R., Marie, J., & Guérout, N. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24836 · Cited by 22

Iridium metal complex targeting oxidation resistance 1 protein attenuates spinal cord injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-associated reactive oxygen species

Peng, C., Luo, J., Wang, K., Li, J., Ma, Y., Li, J., Yang, H., Chen, T., Zhang, G., Ji, X., et al. (2023) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102913 · Cited by 24

Exosomes derived from vMIP-II-Lamp2b gene-modified M2 cells provide neuroprotection by targeting the injured spinal cord, inhibiting chemokine signals and modulating microglia/macrophage polarization in mice

Fu, G.-Q., Wang, Y., Xu, Y.-M., Bian, M.-M., Zhang, L., Yan, H.-Z., Gao, J.-X., Li, J.-L., Chen, Y., Zhang, N., et al. (2024) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114784 · Cited by 23

ATF3 is a neuron‐specific biomarker for spinal cord injury and ischaemic stroke

Pan, J. Z., Wang, Z., Sun, W., Pan, P., Li, W., Sun, Y., Chen, S., Lin, A., Tan, W., He, L., et al. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1650 · Cited by 23

Curculigoside Regulates Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Against Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating the Nrf-2/NQO-1 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo

Hou, Y., Liang, C., Sui, L., Li, Y., Wang, K., Li, X., Zheng, K., Su, H., Xie, D., Lin, D., et al. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04409-9 · Cited by 23

Novel cytokine-loaded PCL-PEG scaffold composites for spinal cord injury repair

Wang, P., Wang, H., Ma, K., Wang, S., Yang, C., Mu, N., Yang, F., Feng, H., & Chen, T. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c9ra10385f · Cited by 23

Fighting for recovery on multiple fronts: The past, present, and future of clinical trials for spinal cord injury

Dietz, V. A., Roberts, N., Knox, K., Moore, S., Pitonak, M., Barr, C., Centeno, J., Leininger, S., New, K. C., Nowell̀, P. C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.977679 · Cited by 23

Activating Endogenous Neurogenesis for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Yu, H., Yang, S., Li, H., Wu, R., Lai, B., & Zheng, Q. (2023) · Neurospine · doi:10.14245/ns.2245184.296 · Cited by 23

Local Delivery of Taxol From FGL-Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Scaffold Promotes Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Xiao, Z., Yao, Y., Wang, Z., Tian, Q., Wang, J., Gu, L., Li, B., Zheng, Q., & Wu, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00820 · Cited by 23

Chinese Herbal Medicine in Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Zheng, Y., Qi, S., Wu, F., Hu, J., Zhong, R., Cong, H., Jiang, D., & Quan, R. (2020) · The American Journal of Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1142/s0192415x20500792 · Cited by 23

Current advances in in vitro models of central nervous system trauma

Omelchenko, A., Singh, N. K., & Firestein, B. L. (2020) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2020.05.002 · Cited by 22

Improved Locomotor Recovery in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury by BioLuminescent-OptoGenetic (BL-OG) Stimulation with an Enhanced Luminopsin

Ikefuama, E. C., Kendziorski, G., Anderson, K. A., Shafau, A.-L., Prakash, M., Hochgeschwender, U., & Petersen, E. D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232112994 · Cited by 24

Role of Trichocytic Keratins in Anti‐Neuroinflammatory Effects After Spinal Cord Injury

Zhong, W., Shi, D., Zhou, J., Yang, Y., Wang, B., Sun, X., Shu, Q., Li, W., Xia, Y., Ao, L., et al. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202212870 · Cited by 22

Melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating astro- and microgliosis and suppressing inflammatory response following spinal cord injury

Yang, Z., Bao, Y., Chen, W., & He, Y. (2019) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2019.102002 · Cited by 22

A spatiotemporal molecular atlas of mouse spinal cord injury identifies a distinct astrocyte subpopulation and therapeutic potential of IGFBP2

Wang, Z., Li, Z., Luan, T., Cui, G., Shu, S., Liang, Y., Zhang, K., Xiao, J., Yu, W., Cui, J., et al. (2024) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.016 · Cited by 22

NF-κB 1-induced LINC00665 regulates inflammation and apoptosis of neurons caused by spinal cord injury by targeting miR-34a-5p

Deng, Q., Ma, L., Chen, T., Yang, Y., Ma, Y., & Ma, L. (2021) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2020.1866373 · Cited by 21

The design criteria and therapeutic strategy of functional scaffolds for spinal cord injury repair

Cao, J. X., Wu, J., Mu, J., Feng, S., & Gao, J. (2021) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d1bm00361e · Cited by 21

Preclinical upper limb neurorobotic platform to assess, rehabilitate, and develop therapies

Pasquini, M., James, N. D., Dewany, I., Coen, F.-V., Cho, N., Lai, S., Anil, S., Carpaneto, J., Barraud, Q., Lacour, S. P., et al. (2022) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abk2378 · Cited by 21

Stem Cell Strategies in Promoting Neuronal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review

Bonosi, L., Silven, M. P., Biancardino, A. A., Sciortino, A., Giammalva, G. R., Scerrati, A., Sturiale, C. L., Albanese, A., Tumbiolo, S., Visocchi, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232112996 · Cited by 21

Drug screening in zebrafish larvae reveals inflammation-related modulators of secondary damage after spinal cord injury in mice

Oprişoreanu, A., Ryan, F., Richmond, C., Dzekhtsiarova, Y., Carragher, N. O., Becker, T., David, S., & Becker, C. G. (2023) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.81332 · Cited by 21

3D bioprinting approaches for spinal cord injury repair

Jiu, J., Liu, H., Li, D., Li, J., Liu, L., Yang, W., Yan, L., Li, S., Zhang, J., Li, X., et al. (2024) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a13 · Cited by 22

Hydrogel-based therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury repair: Recent advances and future prospects

Li, N., & He, J. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134591 · Cited by 22

SCO-spondin-derived Peptide Protects Neurons from Glutamate-induced Excitotoxicity

Delétage, N., Douce, J. L., Callizot, N., Godfrin, Y., & Lemarchant, S. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.005 · Cited by 21

Developing Novel Therapies for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy [AO Spine RECODE-DCM Research Priority Number 7]: Opportunities From Restorative Neurobiology

Gharooni, A.-A., Kwon, B. K., Fehlings, M. G., Boerger, T. F., Rodrigues‐Pinto, R., Koljonen, P. A., Kurpad, S. N., Harrop, J. S., Aarabi, B., Rahimi‐Movaghar, V., et al. (2022) · Global Spine Journal · doi:10.1177/21925682211052920 · Cited by 21

Electrical stimulation and conductive materials: electrophysiology-based treatment for spinal cord injury

Guo, J., Cao, J., Wu, J., & Gao, J. (2024) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d4bm00959b · Cited by 20

Core-shell hydrogel microspheres with sequential delivery of cerium oxide nanoparticles and spinal white matter extracellular matrix for improved functional recovery in spinal cord injury

Ai, Y., Hu, C., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, R., Xu, H., Li, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Ning, R., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.160861 · Cited by 20

Fecal microbiota transplantation promotes functional recovery in mice with spinal cord injury by modulating the spinal cord microenvironment

Xie, H., Zhang, H., Zhou, L., Chen, J., Yao, S., He, Q., Li, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06232-9 · Cited by 20

Unraveling the lymphatic system in the spinal cord meninges: a critical element in protecting the central nervous system

Gonuguntla, S., & Herz, J. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-023-05013-1 · Cited by 21

Regenerative and Repair Strategies for the Central Nervous System: Progress in Basic and Clinical Research on Spinal Cord Injury

Sandoval, A., & Chen, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68237-7_53

Spinal Cord Regeneration

Verma, P., & Fawcett, J. W. (2005) · Advances in biochemical engineering, biotechnology · doi:10.1007/b99999 · Cited by 34

Spinal cord injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions

Hu, X., Xu, W., Ren, Y., Wang, Z., He, X., Huang, R., Ma, B., Zhao, J., Zhu, R., & Cheng, L. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01477-6 · Cited by 840

Emerging strategies for spinal cord injury repair: stem cells, extracellular vesicles, biomaterials, and neuromodulation

Wu, B., Ying, X., Dou, J., Zhang, H., Chen, C., Feng, J., Zhang, J., Tang, B., Wu, L., Dong, L., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1870955 · Cited by 1

Miracles and molecules—progress in spinal cord repair

Blight, A. R. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn939 · Cited by 96