Pulse Rate Measurement During Sleep Using Wearable Sensors, and its Correlation with the Menstrual Cycle Phases, A Prospective Observational Study
Open accessAbstract
An affordable, user-friendly fertility-monitoring tool remains an unmet need. We examine in this study the correlation between pulse rate (PR) and the menstrual phases using wrist-worn PR sensors. 91 healthy, non-pregnant women, between 22–42 years old, were recruited for a prospective-observational clinical trial. Participants measured PR during sleep using wrist-worn bracelets with photoplethysmographic sensors. Ovulation day was estimated with “Clearblue Digital-Ovulation-urine test”. Potential behavioral and nutritional confounders were collected daily. 274 ovulatory cycles were recorded from 91 eligible women, with a mean cycle length of 27.3 days (±2.7). We observed a significant increase in PR during the fertile window compared to the menstrual phase (2.1 beat-per-minute, p < 0.01). Moreover, PR during the mid-luteal phase was also significantly elevated compared to the fertile window (1.8 beat-per-minute, p < 0.01), and the menstrual phase (3.8 beat-per-minute, p < 0.01). PR increase in the ovulatory and mid-luteal phase was robust to adjustment for the collected confounders. There is a significant increase of the fertile-window PR (collected during sleep) compared to the menstrual phase. The aforementioned association was robust to the inter- and intra-person variability of menstrual-cycle length, behavioral, and nutritional profiles. Hence, PR monitoring using wearable sensors could be used as one parameter within a multi-parameter fertility awareness-based method.
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In a study of 91 women, fertile-window sleeping pulse rate measured via PPG was significantly increased compared with the menstrual phase, by an average of 2.1 beat-per-minute.
“In a recent study of 91 women, a significant increase of the fertile-window sleeping pulse rate compared with the menstrual phase (an average of 2.1 beat-per-minute) measured via PPG was found [17].”
From Wearables and the Medical Revolution (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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- [34]Guida M Efficacy of methods for determining ovulation in a natural family planning program Fertil. Steril. 1999 72 900 904 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00365-9 10560997 · DOI
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- Authors
- Shilaih, M., Clerck, V. D., Falco, L., Kübler, F., & Leeners, B.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Leeners, Brigitte
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-05-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1294-1294
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5431053
- OpenAlex
- W2609616328
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Kommission für Technologie und Innovation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Keywords
- pulse rate, menstrual cycle phases, fertility awareness, ovulation prediction, wearable sensors, photoplethysmography, wrist-worn devices, sleep, mid-luteal phase, fertile window, menstrual cycle length, non-pregnant women
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Adult, Female, Fertility, Heart Rate, Humans, Luteal Phase, Menstrual Cycle, Monitoring, Physiologic, Ovulation, Progesterone, Sleep, Young Adult
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