How accurate is pulse rate variability as an estimate of heart rate variability?

Schäfer, Axel; Vagedes, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.119

Cited by 661Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlNon-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

How accurate is pulse rate variability as an estimate of heart rate variability?

Schäfer, Axel, Vagedes, Jan·2013·International Journal of Cardiology

DOI 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.119

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background The usefulness of heart rate variability (HRV) as a clinical research and diagnostic tool has been verified in numerous studies. The gold standard technique comprises analyzing time series of RR intervals from an electrocardiographic signal. However, some authors have used pulse cycle intervals instead of RR intervals, as they can be determined from a pulse wave (e.g. a photoplethysmographic) signal. This option is often called pulse rate variability (PRV), and utilizing it could expand the serviceability of pulse oximeters or simplify ambulatory monitoring of HRV.Methods We review studies investigating the accuracy of PRV as an estimate of HRV, regardless of the underlying technology (photoplethysmography, continuous blood pressure monitoring or Finapresi, impedance plethysmography).Results/conclusions Results speak in favor of sufficient accuracy when subjects are at rest, although many studies suggest that short-term variability is somewhat overestimated by PRV, which reflects coupling effects between respiration and the cardiovascular system. Physical activity and some mental stressors seem to impair the agreement of PRV and HRV, often to an inacceptable extent. Findings regarding the position of the sensor or the detection algorithm are not conclusive. Generally, quantitative conclusions are impeded by the fact that results of different studies are mostly incommensurable due to diverse experimental settings and/or methods of analysis.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.119

Cites

112 of 112 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Photoplethysmography can be used during rest but not during stress.
“A comparative review of photoplethysmography against ECG stated that photoplethysmography can be used during rest but not during stress (Schafer and Vagedes, 2013).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Schafer and Vagedes, 2013
Pulse rate variability cannot yet be considered a surrogate of heart rate variability during exercise or stress.
“However, it cannot yet be considered to be a surrogate during exercise or stress [17], [129].”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
Reviews have concluded that pulse rate variability is a good surrogate of heart rate variability for certain applications at rest.
“Nonetheless, reviews have concluded that PRV is a good surrogate of HRV for certain applications at rest.”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [17]

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
Martin Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8 · Cited by 47,965 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use
Electrophysiology, T. F. O. T. E. S. O. C. T. N. A. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.5.1043 · Cited by 17,159 · see citing works
Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use
Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Camm, A. J., Kleiger, R. E., Malliani, A., Moss, A. J., & Schwartz, P. J. (1996) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868 · Cited by 15,289 · see citing works
A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility.
Lin, L. I.-K. (1989) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532051 · Cited by 8,785 · see citing works
Power Spectrum Analysis of Heart Rate Fluctuation: A Quantitative Probe of Beat-to-Beat Cardiovascular Control
Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Berger, A. C., & Cohen, R. J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6166045 · Cited by 5,079 · see citing works
Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction
Kleiger, R. E., Miller, J. P., Bigger, J. T., & Moss, A. J. (1987) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)90795-8 · Cited by 3,995 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement
Allen, J. (2007) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/3/r01 · Cited by 3,967 · see citing works
Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis
Pomeranz, B., Macaulay, R. J., Caudill, M. A., Kutz, I., Adam, D., Gordon, D., Kilborn, K. M., Barger, A. C., Shannon, D. C., Cohen, R. J., et al. (1985) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1985.248.1.h151 · Cited by 2,876 · see citing works
Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91748-9 · Cited by 2,343 · see citing works
Impact of Reduced Heart Rate Variability on Risk for Cardiac Events: The Framingham Heart Study
Tsuji, H., Larson, M. G., Venditti, F. J., Manders, E. S., Evans, J. C., Feldman, C. L., & Levy, D. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.11.2850 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
Fifteen years experience with finger arterial pressure monitoring: assessment of the technology
Imholz, B. P. M. (1998) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00067-4 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Transfer function analysis of the circulation: unique insights into cardiovascular regulation
Saul, J. P., Berger, R. D., Albrecht, P., Stein, S. P., Chen, M. H., & Cohen, R. J. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.4.h1231 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Electrical Impedance Plethysmography
Nyboer, J., Mm, K., & Hannapel, L. (1950) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.2.6.811 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography pulse rate variability as a surrogate measurement of heart rate variability during non-stationary conditions.
Gil, E., Orini, M., Bailón, R., Vergara, J. M., Mainardi, L., & Laguna, P. (2010) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/31/9/015 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography: Beyond the Calculation of Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate
Shelley, K. H. (2007) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000269512.82836.c9 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Motion Artifact Reduction in Photoplethysmography Using Independent Component Analysis
Kim, B., & Yoo, S. K. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.869784 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Photoplethysmographic assessment of pulse wave reflection
Chowienczyk, P., Kelly, R. P., MacCallum, H., Millasseau, S., Andersson, T. L. G., Gosling, R. G., Ritter, J. M., & Änggård, E. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00441-6 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Assessment of heart rate variability derived from finger-tip photoplethysmography as compared to electrocardiography
Selvaraj, N., Jaryal, A. K., Santhosh, J., Deepak, K. K., & Anand, S. (2008) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1080/03091900701781317 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
An open-source algorithm to detect onset of arterial blood pressure pulses
Zong, W., Heldt, T., Moody, G. B., & Mark, R. G. (2003) · Computers in cardiology · doi:10.1109/cic.2003.1291140 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
A comparison of photoplethysmography and ECG recording to analyse heart rate variability in healthy subjects
Lü, G., Yang, F., Taylor, J. A., & Stein, J. F. (2009) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.3109/03091900903150998 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Determination of pulse wave velocities with computerized algorithms
Chiu, Y. C., Arand, P. W., Shroff, S. G., Feldman, T. E., & Carroll, J. D. (1991) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(91)90153-9 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Contactless Multiple Wavelength Photoplethysmographic Imaging: A First Step Toward “SpO2 Camera” Technology
Wieringa, F. P., Mastik, F., & van der Steen, A. F. W. (2005) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-005-5763-2 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Can Photoplethysmography Variability Serve as an Alternative Approach to Obtain Heart Rate Variability Information?
Lu, S. F., Zhao, H., Ju, K., Shin, K., Lee, M., Shelley, K. H., & Chon, K. H. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-007-9103-y · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Are affective disorders associated with alterations of heart rate variability?
Rechlin, T., Weis, M., Spitzer, A., & Kaschka, W. P. (1994) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)90091-4 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Sampling frequency of the electrocardiogram for spectral analysis of the heart rate variability
Merri, M., Farden, D. C., Mottley, J. G., & Titlebaum, E. L. (1990) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.43621 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates by photoplethysmography using a digital filtering technique
Nakajima, K., TAMURA, T., & Miike, H. (1996) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/1350-4533(95)00066-6 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Screening of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome by Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Roche, F., Gaspoz, J., Court‐Fortune, I., Minini, P., Pichot, V., Duverney, D., Costes, F., Lacour, J.-R., & Barthélemy, J. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.13.1411 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The variability of the photoplethysmographic signal - a potential method for the evaluation of the autonomic nervous system
Nitzan, M., Babchenko, A., Khanokh, B., & Landau, D. (1998) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/19/1/008 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
An Automatic Beat Detection Algorithm for Pressure Signals
Aboy, M., McNames, J., Thong, T., Tsunami, D., Ellenby, M. S., & Goldstein, B. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.855725 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Psychosocial Factors and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Women
Horsten, M., Erigson, M., Perski, A., Wamala, S. P., Schenck-Gustafsson, K. G., & Orth‐Gomér, K. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199901000-00009 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Effect of exercise training on heart rate variability in healthy older adults
Stein, P. K., Ehsani, A. A., Domitrovich, P. P., Kleiger, R. E., & Rottman, J. N. (1999) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70162-6 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Accuracy of Pulse Oximetry Measurement of Heart Rate of Newborn Infants in the Delivery Room
Kamlin, C. O. F., Dawson, J. A., O’Donnell, C. P., Morley, C. J., Donath, S. M., Sekhon, J., & Davis, P. G. (2008) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.01.002 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Signal Features Derived from Electrocardiography and Photoplethysmography in Healthy Individuals
Bolaños, M. J., Nazeran, H., & Haltiwanger, E. P. (2006) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2006.260607 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The effect of contacting force on photoplethysmographic signals
Teng, X. F., & Zhang, Y. T. (2004) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/25/5/020 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Attenuated 24-h heart rate variability in apparently healthy subjects, subsequently suffering sudden cardiac death
Mølgaard, H., Sørensen, K. E., & Bjerregaard, P. (1991) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/bf01824992 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
(1992) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.1992.589383 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Pulse rate variability is not a surrogate for heart rate variability
Constant, I., Laude, D., Murat, I., & Elghozi, J. (1999) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0970391 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Monitoring of respiratory and heart rates using a fibre-optic sensor
Lindberg, L., Ugnell, H., & Öberg, P. Å. (1992) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02457833 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Autonomic Control of Skin Microvessels: Assessment by Power Spectrum of Photoplethysmographic Waves
Bernardi, L., Radaelli, A., Soldà, P. L., Coats, A. J. S., REEDER, M. K., Calciati, A., Garrard, C. S., & Sleight, P. (1996) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0900345 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
4th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2008
Magjarevic, R., Wan Abas, W. A. B., Ting, H.-N., Nagel, J. H., Ibrahim, F., Abu Osman, N. A., Abdul Rahman, H. S., & 2008, B. (2008) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69139-6 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Agreement of two different methods for measurement of heart rate variability
Radespiel‐Tröger, M., Rauh, R. D., Mahlke, C., Gottschalk, T., & M�ck-Weymann, M. (2003) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-003-0085-7 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Synchronous and baroceptor-sensitive oscillations in skin microcirculation: evidence for central autonomic control
Bernardi, L., Hayoz, D., Wenzel, R. R., Passino, C., Calciati, A., Weber, R., & Noll, G. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.4.h1867 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Comparison of Time‐Domain Short‐Term Heart Interval Variability Analysis Using a Wrist‐Worn Heart Rate Monitor and the Conventional Electrocardiogram
Porto, L. G. G., & Junqueira, L. F. (2008) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02175.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
2008 International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics
(2008) · doi:10.1109/bmei13886.2008 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Wavelet-Based Cascaded Adaptive Filter for Removing Baseline Drift in Pulse Waveforms
Xu, L., Zhang, D. D., & Wang, K. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.856296 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Value of beat-to-beat blood pressure changes, detected by pulse transit time, in the management of the obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome
Pitson, D., & Stradling (1998) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.98.12030685 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Estimation of Breathing Rate from Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: Comparison of Various Methods
Schäfer, A., & Kratky, K. W. (2008) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-007-9428-1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citation
A new method for pulse oximetry possessing inherent insensitivity to artifact
Hayes, M. J., & Smith, P. R. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.915711 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Comparison of finger plethysmograph to ECG in the measurement of heart rate variability
Giardino, N. D., Lehrer, P. M., & Edelberg, R. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3920246 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Pulse Transit Time by R-Wave-Gated Infrared Photoplethysmography: Review of the Literature and Personal Experience
Naschitz, J. E., Bezobchuk, S., Priselac, R. M., Sundick, S., Dreyfuss, D., Khorshidi, I., Karidis, A., Manor, H., Nagar, M., Peck, E. R., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-005-4300-z · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Independent and incremental prognostic value of heart rate variability in patients with chronic heart failure
Bonaduce, D., Petretta, M., Marcianò, F., Vicario, M. L. E., Apicella, C., Rao, M. A. E., Nicolai, E., & Volpe, M. (1999) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70112-2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Effects of aging on blood pressure variability in resting conditions.
Veerman, D. P., Imholz, B. P. M., Wieling, W., Karemaker, J. M., & van Montfrans, G. A. (1994) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.24.1.120 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography and nociception
Korhonen, I., & Yli‐Hankala, A. (2009) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02026.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A Method for Automatic Identification of Reliable Heart Rates Calculated from ECG and PPG Waveforms
Yu, C., Liu, Z., McKenna, T., Reisner, A. T., & Jaques Reifman, A. (2006) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m1925 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Comparison of pulse rate variability with heart rate variability during obstructive sleep apnea
Khandoker, A. H., Karmakar, C. K., & Palaniswami, M. S. (2010) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.09.020 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Standard pulse oximeters can be used to monitor respiratory rate
Leonard, P. A. (2003) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.20.6.524 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Monitoring of Heart and Respiratory Rates in Newborn Infants Using a New Photoplethysmographic Technique
Johansson, A., Öberg, P. Å., & Sedin, G. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1023/a:1009912831366 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The effect of venous pulsation on the forehead pulse oximeter wave form as a possible source of error in Spo2 calculation
Shelley, K. H., Tamai, D., Jablonka, D., Gesquiere, M., Stout, R. G., & Silverman, D. G. (2005) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000145063.01043.4b · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Accuracy of ultra-short heart rate variability measures
Thong, T., Li, K., McNames, J., Aboy, M., & Goldstein, B. (2004) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2003.1280405 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Combined photoplethysmographic monitoring of respiration rate and pulse: A comparison between different measurement sites in spontaneously breathing subjects
Nilsson, L., Goscinski, T., Kalman, S., Lindberg, L. ‐., & Johansson, A. (2007) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01375.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Interchangeability between heart rate and photoplethysmography variabilities during sympathetic stimulations
Charlot, K., Cornolo, J., Brugniaux, J. V., Richalet, J., & Pichon, A. (2009) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/30/12/005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Engineering in medicine and biology society
(2005) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/cne.2005.1419532 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Feasibility of Imaging Photoplethysmography
Zheng, J., Hu, S., Chouliaras, V. A., & Summers, R. (2008) · International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI) · doi:10.1109/bmei.2008.365 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Pulse transit time as an indirect marker for variations in cardiovascular related reactivity
Foo, J. Y. A., & Lim, C. S. (2006) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.3233/thc-2006-14205 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Can cardiac vagal tone be estimated from the 10-second ECG?
Hamilton, R., McKechnie, P. S., & Macfarlane, P. W. (2004) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.07.005 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Assessment of pulse rate variability by the method of pulse frequency demodulation
Hayano, J., Barros, A. K., Kamiya, A., Ohte, N., & Yasuma, F. (2005) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/1475-925x-4-62 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Effect of Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Fluvoxamine, and Paroxetine Treatment on Heart Rate Variability
Rechlin, T. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199412000-00004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Engineering in medicine and biology society
(2008) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2008.4649068 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Negative intrathoracic pressure decreases independently left ventricular filling and emptying
Peters, J., Fraser, C. D., Stuart, R. S., Baumgartner, W. A., & Robotham, J. L. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.1.h120 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: effect of respiratory events and arousal on pulse wave amplitude measured by photoplethysmography in NREM sleep
Haba‐Rubio, J., Darbellay, G. A., Herrmann, F. R., Frey, J. G., Fernandes, A., Vesin, J. M., Thiran, J., & Tschopp, J. M. (2005) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-005-0017-y · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring using ECG and Finger Photoplethysmogram
Chua, C. P., & Heneghan, C. (2006) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2006.259612 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Deriving heart period variability from blood pressure waveforms
McKinley, P. S., Shapiro, P. A., Bagiella, E., Myers, M. M., Meersman, R. E. D., Grant, I., & Sloan, R. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01110.2002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Pulse rate variability is not a surrogate for heart rate variability
Constant, I., Laude, D., Murat, I., et al. (1999) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs19990062 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2008) · Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Changes of central haemodynamic parameters during mental stress and acute bouts of static and dynamic exercise
Lydakis, C., Momen, A., Blaha, C., Gugoff, S., Gray, K. S., Herr, M. D., Leuenberger, U. A., & Sinoway, L. I. (2008) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The effect of applied sensor contact force on pulse transit time
Teng, X. F., & Zhang, Y. T. (2006) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/27/8/002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FOOT POINT OF THE ARTERIAL PULSE WAVE AND EVALUATION OF PROPOSED METHODS
Kazanavičius, E., Girčys, R., Vrubliauskas, A., & Lugin, S. (2005) · Information Technology And Control · doi:10.5755/j01.itc.34.1.11968 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE OSCILLATIONS RELATED TO RESPIRATION
Laude, D., Weise, F., Girard, A., & Elghozi, J. (1995) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02014.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The detection of peripheral venous pulsation using the pulse oximeter as a plethysmograph
Shelley, K. H., Dickstein, M., & Shulman, S. M. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring · doi:10.1007/bf02886699 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Evaluation of pulse oximetry as a continuous monitoring technique in the neonatal intensive care unit
Barrington, K. J., Finer, N. N., & Ryan, C. A. (1988) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-198811000-00013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of olanzapine and clozapine upon pulse rate variability
Müeck‐Weymann, M., Rechlin, T., Ehrengut, F., Rauh, R., Acker, J. G., Dittmann, R., Czekalla, J., Joraschky, P., & Musselman, D. L. (2002) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10037 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Detection of dicrotic notch in arterial pressure signals.
Hoeksel, S. A. A. P., Jansen, J. R. C., Blom, J. A., & Schreuder, J. J. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Monitoring · doi:10.1023/a:1007414906294 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Extracting heart rate variability from a wearable reflectance pulse oximeter
Johnston, W. S., & Mendelson, Y. (2005) · Proceedings of the IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference · doi:10.1109/nebc.2005.1431971 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
3rd Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2006
Ibrahim, F., Usman, J., Osman, N., Kadri, N. A., & 2006, B. (2007) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68017-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Spectral analysis of AC and DC components of the pulse photoplethysmograph at rest and during induction of anaesthesia
Larsen, P., Harty, M., Thiruchelvam, M., & Galletly, D. C. (1997) · International journal of clinical monitoring and computing · doi:10.1007/bf03356582 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Spectral Analysis of Pulse Transit Time Variability and Its Coherence with Other Cardiovascular Variabilities
Ma, H. T., & Zhang, Y. (2006) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2006.259365 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Preliminary Attempt to Understand Compatibility of Photoplethysmographic Pulse Rate Variability with Electrocardiogramic Heart Rate Variability
Shi, P. A., Hu, S., & Zhu, Y. (2008) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability: Short‐Term Studies are as Useful as Holter to Differentiate Diabetic Patients from Healthy Subjects
Migliaro, E. R., Canetti, R. M., Contreras, P., & Hakas, M. (2003) · Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology · doi:10.1046/j.1542-474x.2003.08409.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Comparison of three methods for beat-to-beat-interval extraction from continuous blood pressure and electrocardiogram with respect to heart rate variability analysis / Vergleich von drei Methoden der Schlag-zu-Schlag-Intervall-Extraktion aus kontinuierlichen Blutdruckverläufen und Elektrokardiogrammen zur Herzratenvariabilitätsanalyse
Suhrbier, A., Heringer, R., Walther, T., Malberg, H., & Wessel, N. (2006) · Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/bmt.2006.013 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Electrical impedance plethysmography
(1971) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(71)90147-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography for simultaneous recording of heart and respiratory rates in newborn infants
Olsson, E., Ugnell, H., Öberg, P. Å., & Sedin, G. (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1080/080352500750043774 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The application of surface plethysmography for heart rate variability analysis after GSM radiofrequency exposure
Atlasz, T., Kellényi, L., Kovács, P., Babai, N. Z., Thuróczy, G., Hejjel, L., & Hernádi, I. (2006) · Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.03.017 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Comparison of the heart rate variability parameters obtained from the electrocardiogram and the blood pressure wave
Carrasco, S., Gonzàlez, R., Jimenez, J. E., Román, R., Medina, V., & Azpiroz, J. (1998) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.3109/03091909809032542 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Variations of HRV analysis in different approaches
Chang, F. C., Chang, C.-C., Chiu, C. C., Hsu, S.-Y., & Lin, Y. (2007) · Computers in cardiology · doi:10.1109/cic.2007.4745410 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Accuracy of pulse oximetry in assessing heart rate of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
Singh, J. K., Kamlin, C. O. F., Morley, C. J., O’Donnell, C. P., Donath, S. M., & Davis, P. G. (2007) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01250.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Contactless and continuous monitoring of heart rate based on photoplethysmography on a mattress
Wong, M. Y. M., Pickwell‐MacPherson, E., & Zhang, Y. (2010) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/31/7/014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Algorithm for identifying and separating beats from arterial pulse records
Treo, E. F., Herrera, M. C., & Valentinuzzi, M. E. (2005) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/1475-925x-4-48 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Design and evaluation of a handheld impedance plethysmograph for measuring heart rate variability
Kristiansen, N. K., Fleischer, J., Jensen, M. S., Andersen, K. S., & Nygaard, H. (2005) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02344734 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
In-Ear Heart Rate Monitoring Using a Micro-Optic Reflective Sensor
Vogel, S., Hülsbusch, M., Starke, D., & Leonhardt, S. K. (2007) · Conference proceedings · doi:10.1109/iembs.2007.4352554 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Comparison of heart rate variability and pulse rate variability detected with photoplethysmography
Rauh, R., Limley, R., Bauer, R. D., Radespiel‐Tröger, M., & Müeck‐Weymann, M. (2004) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.578377 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Study on the peak interval variability of photoplethysmogtaphic signals
Teng, X. F., & Zhang, Y. (2004) · IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/apbme.2003.1302623 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pulse onset detection using neighbor pulse-based signal enhancement
Xu, P., Bergsneider, M., & Hu, X. (2008) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.06.005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Feasibility of Photoplethymographic Signal for Assessment of Autonomic Response using Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Selvaraj, N., Santhosh, J., & Anand, S. (2007) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68017-8_99 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Estimation of heart rate variability from peripheral pulse wave using PPG sensor
Srinivas, K., Reddy, L. R. G., & Srinivas, R. (2007) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68017-8_83 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Should one use electrocardiographic or Finapres-derived pulse intervals for calculation of cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity?
Sl, D., Rb, P., & Potter (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Analysis of heart rate variability: Comparison between spectra obtained from ECG and finger blood pressure
Karrakchou, M., Vésin, J.-M., Laberer, S., & Pruvot, E. J. (1992) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.1992.5761108 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Contactless recording of photoplethysmogram on a sleeping bed
Wong, M. Y. M., Leung, H. K., Pickwell‐MacPherson, E., Gu, W. B., & Zhang, Y. (2009) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5334560 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Validation of vital signs recorded via a new telecare system
Kornowski, R., Zlochiver, S., Botzer, L., Tirosh, R., Abboud, S., & Misan, S. (2003) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/135763303771005225 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Poincaré plot analysis for pulse interval extracted from non-contact photoplethysmography
Qiu, Y., Cai, Y., Zhu, Y., Cheang, P.-Y., Crabtree, V. P., Smith, P. R., & Hu, S. (2005) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2005.1616838 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stationarity of the heart rate variability by acceleration plethysmography: short-term measurements of healthy young males in daily life.
Takada, M., Ebara, T., Sakai, Y., & Kuwano, Y. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
[Pulse oximetry as a continuous, noninvasive monitoring procedure. Comparison of 2 instruments].
Altemeyer, K.-H., Mayer, J., Berg-Seiter, S., & Fösel, T. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Analysis Of Heart Rate Variability: Comparison Between Spectra Obtained From ECG And Finger Blood Pressure
Karrakchou, Vesin, Laberer, & Pruvot (1992) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.1992.595708 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 114 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213 · Cited by 2,336 · see citing works
“A comparative review of photoplethysmography against ECG stated that photoplethysmography can be used during rest but not during stress (Schafer and Vagedes, 2013).”
Background
A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability.
Shaffer, F., McCraty, R., & Zerr, C. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040 · Cited by 1,866 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography Revisited: From Contact to Noncontact, From Point to Imaging
Sun, Y., & Thakor, N. V. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2476337 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
“Regardless of how successful these systems has been in acquiring physiological parameters, e.g., HR/respiration rate (RR) and HRV, a number of key questions still remain regarding IPPG systems that utilize ambient light as the illumination source, such as the practical issue of how variations in ambient light intensit…”
Influential
Wearable Sleep Technology in Clinical and Research Settings
DE ZAMBOTTI, M., CELLINI, N., GOLDSTONE, A., COLRAIN, I. M., & BAKER, F. C. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001947 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: the mobile/wearable devices opportunity
Kourtis, L. C., Regele, O. B., Wright, J. M., & Jones, G. B. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0084-2 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Photoplethysmogram Analysis and Applications: An Integrative Review
Park, J., Seok, H. S., Kim, S.-S., & Shin, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.808451 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
“However, it was reported that PRV could be differ from HRV under dynamic conditions, such as exercise or mental stress conditions (Schäfer and Vagedes, 2013; Mejía-Mejía et al., 2020).”
Background
Association between heart rate variability and fluctuations in resting-state functional connectivity
Chang, C., Metzger, C. D., Glover, G. H., Duyn, J. H., Heinze, H., & Walter, M. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.038 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
A Review of Psychophysiological Measures to Assess Cognitive States in Real-World Driving
Lohani, M., Payne, B. R., & Strayer, D. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00057 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Such methodological differences between PPG and ECG can explain why PPG and ECG findings are comparable during rest, but are not comparable during stress, for example (Schäfer and Vagedes, 2013).”
Comparison of Heart-Rate-Variability Recording With Smartphone Photoplethysmography, Polar H7 Chest Strap, and Electrocardiography
Plews, D. J., Scott, B., Altini, M., Wood, M., Kilding, A. E., & Laursen, P. B. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0668 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“When we contrast other studies that have compared HRV values measured through PPG against ECG it is currently difficult, as differences between experimental settings and/or methods of analysis are apparent.(19) Furthermore, many of these studies have been carried out using a variety of “clip-on” devices (e.”
Result
State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research
de Zambotti, M., Goldstein, C. A., Cook, J. D., Menghini, L., Altini, M., Cheng, P., & Robillard, R. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad325 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
A Critical Review of Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Norms Research
Shaffer, F., Meehan, Z. M., & Zerr, C. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.594880 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“The ECG method is more accurate than PPG during paced breathing (Jan et al., 2019) and when increased sympathetic tone results in vasoconstriction in monitored fingers (Giardino et al., 2002; Schafer and Vagedes, 2013).”
Method
Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring
Charlton, P. H., Kyriacou, P. A., Mant, J., Marozas, V., Chowienczyk, P., & Alastruey, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2022.3149785 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Can Wearable Devices Accurately Measure Heart Rate Variability? A Systematic Review
Georgiou, K., Larentzakis, A. V., Khamis, N. N., Alsuhaibani, G. I., Alaska, Y. A., & Giallafos, E. J. (2018) · Folia Medica · doi:10.2478/folmed-2018-0012 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Physiological and Behavioral Responses Reveal 9-Month-Old Infants’ Sensitivity to Pleasant Touch
Fairhurst, M. T., Löken, L. S., & Großmann, T. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614527114 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“In the absence of excessive movement, the signal from pulse oximetry is comparable to that from the ECG (Schäfer & Vagedes, 2013).”
Method
Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology—Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement
Quigley, K. S., Gianaros, P. J., Norman, G. J., Jennings, J. R., Berntson, G. G., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14604 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography in Wearable Devices: A Comprehensive Review of Technological Advances, Current Challenges, and Future Directions
Kim, K. B., & Baek, H. J. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12132923 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“Pulse rate variability (PRV) measurement is a commonly used parameter in addition to pulse rate measurement [51,52].”
The 2023 wearable photoplethysmography roadmap
Charlton, P. H., Allen, J., Bailón, R., Baker, S., Behar, J. A., Chen, F., Clifford, G. D., Clifton, D. A., Davies, H. J., Ding, C., et al. (2023) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/acead2 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The Accuracy of Acquiring Heart Rate Variability from Portable Devices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Dobbs, W. C., Fedewa, M. V., MacDonald, H. V., Holmes, C. J., Cicone, Z. S., Plews, D. J., & Esco, M. R. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01061-5 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Feasible assessment of recovery and cardiovascular health: accuracy of nocturnal HR and HRV assessed via ring PPG in comparison to medical grade ECG
Kinnunen, H., Rantanen, A., Kenttä, T., & Koskimäki, H. (2020) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ab840a · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“The main challenge is sensitivity to motion, and studies have illustrated more noisy estimates of HRV with PPG than those measured with ECG, particularly in high-frequency parameters (Schäfer and Vagedes 2013).”
Background
Comparison of Non-Invasive Individual Monitoring of the Training and Health of Athletes with Commercially Available Wearable Technologies
Düking, P., Andreas Hotho, A., Holmberg, H., Fuss, F. K., & Sperlich, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00071 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“However, it should be noted that such devices measure variations in pulse rate rather than HRV directly (Schäfer and Vagedes, 2013).”
Background
UBFC-Phys: A Multimodal Database For Psychophysiological Studies of Social Stress
Sabour, R. M., Benezeth, Y., Oliveira, P. D., Chappé, J., & Yang, F. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3056960 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Several studies focused on the analogy between PRV and HRV, leading to the result that both are linked to the ANS activity, and that the same features can be extracted from the two signals [5].”
Background
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Pulse Rate Variability (PRV) for the Assessment of Autonomic Responses
Mejía‐Mejía, E., Budidha, K., Abay, T. Y., May, J. M., & Kyriacou, P. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00779 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, although PRV has been treated as a valid surrogate of HRV, their relationship is not entirely clear, and PRV has been found to significantly differ from HRV under certain circumstances (Schäfer and Vagedes, 2013).”
Background
Wearable Devices for Physical Activity and Healthcare Monitoring in Elderly People: A Critical Review
Teixeira, E., Fonseca, H., Diniz‐Sousa, F., Veras, L., Boppre, G., de Oliveira, J. J. F., Pinto, D., Alves, A. J., Barbosa, A., Mendes, R., et al. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6020038 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Most evidence supports PRV as a valid surrogate of HRV in healthy and younger adults at rest [67].”
Background
Can PPG be used for HRV analysis?
Pinheiro, N. C., Couceiro, R., Henriques, J. M. O., Muehlsteff, J., Quintal, I., Gonçalves, L. M. M., & Carvalho, P. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591347 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“A major challenge for using PPG in HRV analysis is its sensitivity to motion artifacts [3, 5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Incision and stress regulation in borderline personality disorder: Neurobiological mechanisms of self-injurious behaviour
Reitz, S. C., Kluetsch, R. C., Niedtfeld, I., Knorz, T., Lis, S., Paret, C., Kirsch, P., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Treede, R., Baumgärtner, U., et al. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.153379 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Heart rate variability measurement through a smart wearable device: another breakthrough for personal health monitoring?
Li, K., Cardoso, C., Moctezuma-Ramirez, A., Elgalad, A., & Perin, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20247146 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Pulse rate variability in cardiovascular health: a review on its applications and relationship with heart rate variability
Mejía‐Mejía, E., May, J. M., Torres, R., & Kyriacou, P. A. (2020) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ab998c · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“…points (Constant et al 1999, Giardino et al 2002, Rauh et al 2003, Lu and Yang 2009, Charlot et al 2009, Khandoker et al 2011, Wong et al 2012, Schäfer and Vagedes 2013, Dehkordi et al 2013aa, Pellegrino et al 2014, Parasnis et al 2015, Chen et al 2015, Peng et al 2015, Shin 2016, Pinheiro…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Stressing the accuracy: Wrist‐worn wearable sensor validation over different conditions
Menghini, L., Gianfranchi, E., Cellini, N., Patron, E., Tagliabue, M., & Sarlo, M. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13441 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Heart rate variability and self-control—A meta-analysis
Zahn, D., Adams, J., Krohn, J., Wenzel, M., Mann, C. G., Gomille, L. K., Jacobi-Scherbening, V., & Kubiak, T. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.12.007 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Heart rate variability as a biomarker in health and affective disorders: A perspective on neuroimaging studies
Mulcahy, J. S., Larsson, D. E. O., Garfinkel, S. N., & Critchley, H. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116072 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Extraction of Heart Rate Variability from Smartphone Photoplethysmograms
Peng, R., Zhou, X.-L., Lin, W.-H., & Zhang, Y. (2015) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/516826 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Agreements were ranked as good (BAR < 10%), moderate (10% ≤ BAR < 20%), or insufficient (BAR ≥ 20%) [28].”
Background
Hidden Signals—The History and Methods of Heart Rate Variability
Ernst, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00265 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Smart-watches: a potential challenger to the implantable loop recorder? Europace (2016) 18(6):791–3.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Body‐Monitoring and Health Supervision by Means of Optical Fiber‐Based Sensing Systems in Medical Textiles
Quandt, B. M., Scherer, L. J., Boesel, L. F., Wolf, M., Bona, G. L., & Rossi, R. M. (2014) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201400463 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Evaluation of wearable consumer heart rate monitors based on photopletysmography
Parak, J., & Korhonen, I. (2014) · 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944419 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Measuring human physiological indices for thermal comfort assessment through wearable devices: A review
Mansi, S. A., Barone, G. B., Forzano, C., Pigliautile, I., Ferrara, M., Pisello, A. L., & Arnesano, M. (2021) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109872 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Accuracy of optical heart rate sensing technology in wearable fitness trackers for young and older adults: validation and comparison study
Chow, H.-W., & Yang, C.-C. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/14707 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Touch increases autonomic coupling between romantic partners
Chatel-Goldman, J., Congedo, M., Jutten, C., & Schwartz, J.-L. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00095 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“It has been demonstrated that PRV is an accurate estimator of HRV when applied to healthy subjects at rest (Schäfer and Vagedes, 2013), a requirement that is satisfied in our study.”
BackgroundMethod
Direct and indirect effects of age on interoceptive accuracy and awareness across the adult lifespan
Murphy, J., Geary, H., Millgate, E., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1339-z · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Photoplethysmography signal processing and synthesis
Mejía-Mejía, E., Allen, J., Budidha, K., El-Hajj, C., Kyriacou, P. A., & Charlton, P. H. (2022) · Photoplethysmography · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823374-0.00015-3 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
A Survey on Wearable Sensors for Mental Health Monitoring
Gomes, N., Pato, M. P. M., Lourenço, A., & Datia, N. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23031330 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Holistically Engineered Polymer–Polymer and Polymer–Ion Interactions in Biocompatible Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends for High‐Performance Triboelectric Devices in Self‐Powered Wearable Cardiovascular Monitorings
Wang, R., Mu, L., Bao, Y., Lin, H., Ji, T., Shi, Y., Zhu, J., & Wu, W. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202002878 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Autonomic dysfunction in acute ischemic stroke: An underexplored therapeutic area?
Raedt, S. D., Vos, A. D., & Keyser, J. D. (2014) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.12.007 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Alternatively, interbeat intervals (ibi) might be calculated from non-invasive blood pressure monitoring using plethysmography (eg NEXFIN HD®, WatchPAT®, POLAR®, Finometer®, CNAPTM®, Finapres®), which is called pulse rate variability [15–17].”
Method
Dominant hemisphere lateralization of cortical parasympathetic control as revealed by frontotemporal dementia
Guo, C. C., Sturm, V. E., Zhou, J. H., Gennatas, E. D., Trujillo, A. J., Hua, A. Y., Crawford, R. K., Stables, L. A., Kramer, J. H., Rankin, K. P., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1509184113 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Although few studies have assessed clinical and older populations, pulse rate variability offers an accurate estimate of HRV at rest in healthy adults (73).”
BackgroundMethod
Graphene coated textile based highly flexible and washable sports bra for human health monitoring
Shathi, M. A., Chen, M., Khoso, N. A., Rahman, M. T., & Bhattacharjee, B. (2020) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108792 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A deep transfer learning approach for wearable sleep stage classification with photoplethysmography
Radha, M., Fonseca, P. M., Moreau, A., Ross, M., Cerny, A., Anderer, P., Long, X., & Aarts, R. M. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00510-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“As mentioned before, these can be caused by, for example, the known discrepancy in hemodynamic or cardiovascular physiology between HRV data measured from ECG and PPG signals and for assessing autonomic responses 39,40 , and a higher sensitivity of wrist-worn PPG to motion artefacts than ECG 41 .”
Background
Cardiovascular assessment by imaging photoplethysmography – a review
Zaunseder, S., Trumpp, A., Wedekind, D., & Malberg, H. (2018) · Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/bmt-2017-0119 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Heart rate variability in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Kessing, L. V., & Munkholm, K. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.007 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Validation of Polar OH1 optical heart rate sensor for moderate and high intensity physical activities
Hettiarachchi, I. T., Hanoun, S., Nahavandi, D., & Nahavandi, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217288 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A Practical Guide to Resonance Frequency Assessment for Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback
Shaffer, F., & Meehan, Z. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.570400 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Photoplethysmograhic sensors, potential and limitations: Is it time for regulation? A comprehensive review
Scardulla, F., Cosoli, G., Spinsante, S., Poli, A., Iadarola, G., Pernice, R., Busacca, A., Pasta, S., Scalise, L., & D’Acquisto, L. (2023) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113150 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Recovering pulse rate during motion artifact with a multi-imager array for non-contact imaging photoplethysmography
Estepp, J. R., Blackford, E. B., & Meier, C. M. (2014) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2014.6974121 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“The difference between the ECG/IBI- and PPG/IPI-derived cardiac cycle rates served as a best-case baseline comparison to calculating heart rate from ECG using rates based on individual cycle identification to create IXI time series, as cardiac cycle rates derived from ECG and PPG should not a priori assumed to be equa…”
BackgroundMethod
HRV and Stress: A Mixed-Methods Approach for Comparison of Wearable Heart Rate Sensors for Biofeedback
Umair, M., Chalabianloo, N., Sas, C., & Ersoy, C. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3052131 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Investigation of photoplethysmography (PPG) accuracy as an estimate of HRV and the possibility of employing it as a surrogate of electrocardiography (ECG) have been the topics of many experimental and survey studies [19], [21], [55], [56].”
Background
Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring.
Charlton, P. H., Kyriacou, P. A., Mant, J., Marozas, V., Chowienczyk, P., & Alastruey, J. (2022) · KTUePubl (Repository of Kaunas University of Technology) · doi:10.17863/cam.81148 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A literature review of heart rate variability in depressive and bipolar disorders
Bassett, D. L. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415622689 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“HRV is also highly sensitive to respiration, including respiratory rate, respiratory depth and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) (Heathers, 2014; Perakakis et al., 2009; Quintana and Heathers, 2014; Schafer and Vagedes, 2013; Shaffer et al., 2014).”
Background
An Open Framework for Remote-PPG Methods and Their Assessment
Boccignone, G., Conte, D., Cuculo, V., D’Amelio, A., Grossi, G., & Lanzarotti, R. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040936 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“This fact is witnessed by a number of publications reporting universally good agreement between PRV and HRV, even if this concordance may be susceptible of many variables such as experimental conditions and postures (see [48] and the citations thereof).”
BackgroundMethod
Combining ensemble empirical mode decomposition with spectrum subtraction technique for heart rate monitoring using wrist-type photoplethysmography
Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Zhang, Z. (2015) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2015.05.006 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Instant Stress: Detection of Perceived Mental Stress Through Smartphone Photoplethysmography and Thermal Imaging
Cho, Y., Julier, S., & Bianchi‐Berthouze, N. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10140 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“In the case of PPG, the term Pulse Rate Variability (PRV) or PPG HRV are often used to clarify the different type (even if related) of event measured [26,29–31] with respect to ECG.”
Method
A Review of Deep Learning-Based Contactless Heart Rate Measurement Methods
Ni, A., Azarang, A., & Kehtarnavaz, N. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21113719 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Contact ECG and PPG [19] 2012 Accuracy of pulse rate variability (PRV) as an estimate of HRV”
BackgroundMethod
Remote Healthcare for Elderly People Using Wearables: A Review
Olmedo-Aguirre, J. O., Reyes-Campos, J., Alor‐Hernández, G., Machorro-Cano, I., Rodríguez-Mazahua, L., & Sánchez-Cervantes, J. L. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12020073 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A Quantitative Exploration of Two Teachers with Contrasting Emotions: Intra-Individual Process Analyses of Physiology and Interpersonal Behavior
Donker, M. H., van Gog, T., & Mainhard, T. (2018) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v6i3.372 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Seven electrodes were placed on the teacher’s chest to minimize the influence of movement (Porges & Byrne, 1992) and to get a more reliable estimate of heart rate than with wristbands based on pulse plethysmography (PPG; Rohrbaugh, 2016; Schäfer & Vagedes, 2013).”
Method
Evaluation of the beat-to-beat detection accuracy of PulseOn wearable optical heart rate monitor
Parák, J., Tarniceriu, A., Renevey, P., Bertschi, M., Delgado-Gonzalo, R., & Korhonen, I. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7320273 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“However, it has been suggested that pulse rate variability (PRV) from PPG is sufficiently accurate only for healthy (and mostly younger) subjects at rest, HRV estimated from PRV tends to be overestimated against ECG based values, and motion artifacts lead to inaccurate PPGbased beat detection [15].”
Background
Guideline for the application of heart rate and heart rate variability in occupational medicine and occupational health science
Sammito, S., Thielmann, B., Klußmann, A., Deußen, A., Braumann, K.-M., & Böckelmann, I. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12995-024-00414-9 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“A systematic review [24] showed that only in young, healthy subjects under resting conditions are there acceptable correspondences between NN intervals and pulse NN intervals, but HRV parameters based on the pulse NN intervals are sometimes significantly increased (e.g. in HF).”
Background
Combining Nonlinear Adaptive Filtering and Signal Decomposition for Motion Artifact Removal in Wearable Photoplethysmography
Ye, Y., Cheng, Y., He, W., Hou, M., & Zhang, Z. (2016) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2016.2597265 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Since rhythms of PPG signals correspond to heartbeats, estimated HR from PPG signals can be achieved by detecting instantaneous fundamental frequency of PPG signals [6], [7].”
Method
An Ultra Low Power Personalizable Wrist Worn ECG Monitor Integrated With IoT Infrastructure
Beach, C., Krachunov, S., Pope, J., Fafoutis, X., Piechocki, R. J., Craddock, I., & Casson, A. J. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2864675 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“For PPG signals, we note that variability measures are typically termed Pulse Rate Variability (PRV) [60] to account for the minor differences between HRV and PRV as the pulse transit time down the arm varies with posture and blood pressure.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Wearable monitoring of sleep-disordered breathing: estimation of the apnea–hypopnea index using wrist-worn reflective photoplethysmography
Papini, G. B., Fonseca, P., van Gilst, M. M., Bergmans, J. W. M., Vullings, R., & Overeem, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69935-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Linking Pain Sensation to the Autonomic Nervous System: The Role of the Anterior Cingulate and Periaqueductal Gray Resting-State Networks
Hohenschurz‐Schmidt, D., Calcagnini, G., Dipasquale, O., Jackson, J. B., Medina, S., O’Daly, O., O’Muircheartaigh, J., Rubio, A. D. L., Williams, S., McMahon, S. B., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00147 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Sufficient accuracy under stationary conditions has also been confirmed by a review on the topic (Schäfer and Vagedes, 2013).”
BackgroundMethod
CardioGAN: Attentive Generative Adversarial Network with Dual Discriminators for Synthesis of ECG from PPG
Sarkar, P., & Etemad, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i1.16126 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Sleep stage classification based on multi-level feature learning and recurrent neural networks via wearable device
Zhang, X., Kou, W., Chang, E., Gao, H., Fan, Y., & Xu, Y. L. (2018) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.10.010 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sensors Capabilities, Performance, and Use of Consumer Sleep Technology
de Zambotti, M., Cellini, N., Menghini, L., Sarlo, M., & Baker, F. C. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Comparison of Polar M600 Optical Heart Rate and ECG Heart Rate during Exercise
HORTON, J. F., STERGIOU, P., FUNG, T. S., & KATZ, L. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001388 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pulse rate estimation using imaging photoplethysmography: generic framework and comparison of methods on a publicly available dataset
Михайлович, У. А. (2018) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/aabd09 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…from electrocardiogram or assessed by pulse rate (number of pulse waves transmitted from heart to periphery per unit of time, usually highly correlated with heart rate (Schäfer and Vagedes 2013))which can be computed from indirect measurements such as photoplethysmogram (PPG, (Allen 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Wearable Heart Rate Monitor Technology Accuracy in Research: A Comparative Study Between PPG and ECG Technology
Weiler, D. T., Villajuan, S. O., Edkins, L., Cleary, S., & Saleem, J. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213601804 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“In fact, the usefulness of heart rate variability as a clinical diagnostic and research tool has previously been verified (Schafer & Vagedes, 2013).”
MethodInfluential
Interpersonal autonomic nervous system synchrony and its association to relationship and performance – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mayo, O., Lavidor, M., & Gordon, I. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113391 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST): Physiological and Subjective Responses in Anticipation, and Post-stress
Shilton, A. L., Laycock, R., & Crewther, S. G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00567 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Highly Sensitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Side‐by‐Side Package Based on Alveoli and Arch Structure
Ding, Z., Li, W., Wang, W., Zhao, Z., Zhu, Y., Hou, B., Zhu, L., Chen, M., & Che, L. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202309407 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A scoping review of heart rate variability in sport and exercise psychology
Mosley, E., & Laborde, S. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2022.2092884 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Comparison between Electrocardiographic and Earlobe Pulse Photoplethysmographic Detection for Evaluating Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects in Short- and Long-Term Recordings
Vescio, B., Salsone, M., Gambardella, A., & Quattrone, A. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18030844 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chronic pain-related changes in cardiovascular regulation and impact on comorbid hypertension in a general population: the Tromsø study
Bruehl, S. P., Olsen, R. B., Tronstad, C., Sevre, K., Burns, J. W., Schirmer, H., Nielsen, C. S., Stubhaug, A., & Rosseland, L. A. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001070 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“intervals reflected in both measures, R-R intervals can be estimated using pulse wave data obtained by plethysmography in the course of acquiring continuous noninvasive beat-to-beat BPs.(50) A systematic review showed that most investigations demonstrated good agreement between HRV estimates based on”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of slow breathing rate on blood pressure and heart rate variabilities
Chang, Q., Liu, R., & Shen, Z. (2013) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.121 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A Study on the Effect of Contact Pressure during Physical Activity on Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Measurements
Scardulla, F., D’Acquisto, L., Colombarini, R., Hu, S., Pasta, S., & Bellavia, D. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20185052 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Uncovering complex central autonomic networks at rest: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study on complex cardiovascular oscillations
Valenza, G., Passamonti, L., Duggento, A., Toschi, N., & Barbieri, R. (2020) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0878 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pulse Rate Measurement During Sleep Using Wearable Sensors, and its Correlation with the Menstrual Cycle Phases, A Prospective Observational Study
Shilaih, M., Clerck, V. D., Falco, L., Kübler, F., & Leeners, B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01433-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Analysis of a Pulse Rate Variability Measurement Using a Smartphone Camera
Bánhalmi, A., Borbás, J., Fidrich, M., Bilicki, V., Gingl, Z., & Rudas, L. (2018) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2018/4038034 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“PRV and HRV have good correlations, and it was con ﬁ rmed by several previous publications [9 – 11].”
BackgroundResult
Self-Compassion and Psycho-Physiological Recovery From Recalled Sport Failure
Ceccarelli, L. A., Giuliano, R. J., Glazebrook, C. M., & Strachan, S. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01564 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“It should also be noted that here we used photoplethysmography as a proxy for electrocardiogram activity, and although these two measures may diverge under conditions of acute stress (Schäfer and Vagedes, 2013), photoplethysmography has been demonstrated to reliably assess acute stress reactivity (Charlton et al.”
Method
Accuracy of heart rate variability estimated with reflective wrist-PPG in elderly vascular patients
Antink, C. H., Mai, Y., Peltokangas, M., Leonhardt, S. K., Oksala, N., & Vehkaoja, A. T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87489-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Relationships between heart-rate variability and pulse-rate variability obtained from video-PPG signal using ZCA
Iozzia, L., Cerina, L., & Mainardi, L. T. (2016) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/37/11/1934 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“[23] on the accuracy of PRV as an estimate of HRV.”
BackgroundResult
Comparison of short-term heart rate variability indexes evaluated through electrocardiographic and continuous blood pressure monitoring
Member, I., Pernice, R., Javorka, M., Krohová, J., Czippelová, B., Turianiková, Z., Busacca, A., & Faes, L. (2019) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-019-01957-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Quantitative detection of sleep apnea with wearable watch device
Hayano, J., Yamamoto, H., Nonaka, I., Komazawa, M., Itao, K., Ueda, N., 田中, 春., & Yuda, E. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237279 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Evaluation of Coherence Between ECG and PPG Derived Parameters on Heart Rate Variability and Respiration in Healthy Volunteers With/Without Controlled Breathing
Jan, H.-Y., Chen, M.-F., Fu, T., Lin, W., Tsai, C.-L., & Lin, K. (2019) · Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40846-019-00468-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“We found that the PPGderived PR from either limb was an acceptable surrogate of ECG-derived HR, as reported in the literature [10, 11, 24, 33].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Reduction of Periodic Motion Artifacts in Photoplethysmography
Wijshoff, R. W. C. G. R., Mischi, M., & Aarts, R. M. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2553060 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“This may result from residual motion artifacts, or from physiological ﬂuctuations in IBIs during walking caused by variations in pre-ejection time and pulse transit time [22].”
Ambient temperature effect on pulse rate variability as an alternative to heart rate variability in young adult
Shin, H. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-015-9798-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Measuring Photoplethysmogram-Based Stress-Induced Vascular Response Index to Assess Cognitive Load and Stress
Lyu, Y., Luo, X., Zhou, J., Yu, C., Miao, C., Wang, T., Shi, Y., & Kameyama, K.-I. (2015) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702399 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The ECG was measured using a SMOTE PSG device (Compumedics Ltd., Australia) at a sampling rate of 200Hz [24].”
BackgroundMethod
Validation of a New Heart Rate Measurement Algorithm for Fingertip Recording of Video Signals with Smartphones
Koenig, N., Seeck, A., Eckstein, J., Mainka, A., Huebner, T. A., Voss, A., & Weber, S. (2016) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2015.0212 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In the studies reviewed by Scha¨fer and Vagedes, 10 correlation values of R ‡ 0.9 were achieved for all HRV parameters when comparing HRV analysis by plethysmography with ECG recordings.”
Influential
The accuracy of heartbeat detection using photoplethysmography technology in cardiac patients
Blok, S., Piek, M. A., Tulevski, I. I., Somsen, G. A., & Winter, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Electrocardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2021.06.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Towards Photoplethysmography-Based Estimation of Instantaneous Heart Rate During Physical Activity
Jarchi, D., & Casson, A. J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2017.2668763 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“have shown that despite these minor differences PRV can be a useful measure of instantaneous heart rate [19]–[21], but it has not been possible to extract measures of instantaneous heart”
Background
Evaluation of the accuracy and reliability for photoplethysmography based heart rate and beat-to-beat detection during daily activities
Pietilä, J., Mehrang, S., Tolonen, J., Helander, E. E., Jimison, H. B., Misha Pavel, C., & Korhonen, I. (2017) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5122-7_37 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Estimation of Mental Distress from Photoplethysmography
Zangróniz, R., Martínez‐Rodrigo, A., López, M. T., Pastor, J. M., & Fernández‐Caballero, A. (2018) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app8010069 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“However, a high correlation between both metrics has been reported for subjects at rest [20].”
Background
Digital Cardiovascular Twins, AI Agents, and Sensor Data: A Narrative Review from System Architecture to Proactive Heart Health
Tasmurzayev, N., Amangeldy, B., Imanbek, B., Baigarayeva, Z. E., Imankulov, T., Dikhanbayeva, G., Amangeldi, I., & Sharipova, S. (2025) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25175272 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…strategies address this by first applying timestamp normalization to a common reference clock, often using the ECG R-wave peaks as temporal anchors for resampling lower-frequency signals such as PPG or respiration to physiologically relevant intervals (e.g., RR-interval alignment) [41].”
Effects of frame rate and image resolution on pulse rate measured using multiple camera imaging photoplethysmography
Blackford, E. B., & Estepp, J. R. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2083940 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Heart rate variability (HRV) in deep breathing tests and 5-min short-term recordings: agreement of ear photoplethysmography with ECG measurements, in 343 subjects
Weinschenk, S. W., Beise, R. D., & Lorenz, J. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3401-3 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In accordance with other studies [for review, see (Schafer and Vagedes 2013)], HRV parameters reflecting long-term variability, such as mean-HR, SD2, and SDNN, agreed better than parameters reflecting the highly dynamic short-term changes of the heart rate (e.g., SD1, Power HF band, and RMSSD).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential

Comment on ‘Pulse rate variability in cardiovascular health: a review on its applications and relationship with heart rate variability’
Hejjel, L., & Béres, S. (2021) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abd332 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reliability of Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Indexes Assessed through Photoplethysmography
Pernice, R., Javorka, M., Krohová, J., Czippelová, B., Turianiková, Z., Busacca, A., & Faes, L. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513634 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Analysis and refinement of pulse rate variability
Li, Y. (2019) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/4dka-vhp2
Assessment of agreement between pulse rate variability and heart rate variability depending fiducial point in multi-site photoplethysmography
Zawadzka, S., & Sondej, T. (2025) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.108055 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pulse Rate Variability for the Assessment of Cardiovascular \nChanges
Mejía‐Mejía, E. (2023) · City Research Online (City University London)

Authors: Schäfer, A., & Vagedes, J.
Affiliations: Academic Research in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (DE)
University Children's Hospital Tübingen (DE)
Corresponding author: Vagedes, Jan
ORCID: Vagedes, Jan
Venue: International Journal of Cardiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-06
Volume: 166
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-29
ISSN: 0167-5273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.119
OpenAlex: W188715143
Cited by: 661
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 11.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords: pulse rate variability, heart rate variability, photoplethysmography, pulse oximetry, RR interval, measurement accuracy, physical activity, psychological stress, sensor position, detection algorithm, ambulatory monitoring
MeSH terms: Electrocardiography, Heart Rate, Humans, Motor Activity, Pulse, Rest, Photoplethysmography

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How accurate is pulse rate variability as an estimate of heart rate variability?

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks