Butyrate, a metabolite of intestinal bacteria, enhances sleep
Open accessAbstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is a source of sleep-promoting signals. Bacterial metabolites and components of the bacterial cell wall are likely to provide important links between the intestinal commensal flora and sleep-generating mechanisms in the brain. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by the intestinal bacteria by the fermentation of nondigestible polysaccharides. We tested the hypothesis that butyrate may serve as a bacterial-derived sleep-promoting signal. Oral gavage administration of tributyrin, a butyrate pro-drug, elicited an almost 50% increase in non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS) in mice for 4 hours after the treatment. Similarly, intraportal injection of butyrate led to prompt and robust increases in NREMS in rats. In the first 6 hours after the butyrate injection, NREMS increased by 70%. Both the oral and intraportal administration of butyrate led to a significant drop in body temperature. Systemic subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of butyrate did not have any significant effect on sleep or body temperature. The results suggest that the sleep-inducing effects of butyrate are mediated by a sensory mechanism located in the liver and/or in the portal vein wall. Hepatoportal butyrate-sensitive mechanisms may play a role in sleep modulation by the intestinal microbiota.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
SCFAs are associated with a variety of diseases such as rectal cancer, pancreatitis, abnormal energy metabolism, constipation, blood lipid metabolism, sleep disorders and Alzheimer's disease.
“Studies have found that SCFAs are associated with a variety of diseases such as rectal cancer, 174 pancreatitis, 175 abnormal energy metabolism, 176 constipation, 177 blood lipid metabolism, 178 sleep disorders 179 and Alzheimer's disease.180”
From The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options (2021) · cites this paper as [179]
Citation 179 is attached to “sleep disorders,” not the other conditions in the list. The Introduction and Discussion (page unavailable) report that butyrate, an SCFA, increased sleep in mice and rats. They do not establish an association with sleep disorders, so the cited evidence supports a link to sleep but not the disease-specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe influence of the gut microbiota is not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract; it plays a major role in bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system.
“it plays a major role in the bidirectional communication between the GI tract and the central nervous system (CNS).”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
SCFAs enhance sleep, suppress the activity of orexigenic neurons that express neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, and modulate signaling triggered by the ghrelin receptor, contributing to circadian rhythm and appetite control.
“Further, SCFAs show effects on several neural functions, such as enhancing sleep (10), suppressing the activity of orexigenic neurons that express neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus (89), and modulating the signaling triggered by the ghrelin receptor (129), contributing to circadian rhythm and appetite control.”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions
Nicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., Gibson, G., Jia, W., & Pettersson, S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223813 · Cited by 4,760 · see citing works
Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood
Cummings, J. H., Pomare, E. W., Branch, W. J., Naylor, C. P., & Macfarlane, G. T. (1987) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.28.10.1221 · Cited by 3,119 · see citing works
Brown, A. J., Goldsworthy, S. M., Barnes, A. A., Eilert, M. M., Tcheang, L., Daniels, D., Muir, A. I., Wigglesworth, M. J., Kinghorn, I., Fraser, N. J., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m211609200 · Cited by 2,409 · see citing works
Microbiota-Generated Metabolites Promote Metabolic Benefits via Gut-Brain Neural Circuits
De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Goncalves, D., Vinera, J., Zitoun, C., Duchampt, A., Bäckhed, F., & Mithieux, G. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.016 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
Le Poul, E., Loison, C., Struyf, S., Springael, J.-Y., Lannoy, V., Decobecq, M.-E., Brezillon, S., Dupriez, V., Vassart, G., Van Damme, J., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m301403200 · Cited by 1,651 · see citing works
Sodium butyrate inhibits histone deacetylation in cultured cells
Candido, E. (1978) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90305-7 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
The neuropharmacology of butyrate: the bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Stilling, R. M., van de Wouw, M., Clarke, G., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.011 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Thangaraju, M., Cresci, G. A., Liu, K., Ananth, S., Gnanaprakasam, J. P., Browning, D. D., Mellinger, J. D., Smith, S. B., Digby, G. J., Lambert, N. A., et al. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4466 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
(d)-β-Hydroxybutyrate Inhibits Adipocyte Lipolysis via the Nicotinic Acid Receptor PUMA-G
Taggart, A. K. P., Kero, J. T., Gan, X., Cai, T., Cheng, K., Ippolito, M. C., Ren, N., Kaplan, R. A., Wu, K., Wu, T.-J., et al. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c500213200 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Nilsson, N. E., Kotarsky, K., Owman, C., & Olde, B. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00488-1 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Poroyko, V. A., Carreras, A., Khalyfa, A., Khalyfa, A. A., Leone, V., Peris, E., Almendros, I., Gileles-Hillel, A., Qiao, Z., Hubert, N., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35405 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Microbial Modulation of Energy Availability in the Colon Regulates Intestinal Transit
Wichmann, A., Allahyar, A., Greiner, T. U., Plovier, H., Östergren‐Lundén, G., Larsson, T. P., Drucker, D. J., Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.09.012 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
NOD-Like Receptors: Versatile Cytosolic Sentinels
Motta, V. N., Soares, F., Sun, T., & Philpott, D. J. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2014 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota-Dependent Modulation of Energy Metabolism
Heiss, C. N., & Olofsson, L. E. (2018) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000481519 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Vagal afferent responses to fatty acids of different chain length in the rat
Lal, S., Kirkup, A. J., Brunsden, A. M., Thompson, D. G., & Grundy, D. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.4.g907 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Zimmerman, M. A., Singh, N., Martin, P. M., Thangaraju, M., Ganapathy, V., Waller, J. L., Shi, H., Robertson, K. D., Munn, D. H., & Liu, K. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00543.2011 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Germfree Mice and Rats
Høverstad, T., & Midtvedt, T. (1986) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/116.9.1772 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Sleep-promoting effects of muramyl peptides.
Krueger, J. M., Pappenheimer, J. R., & Karnovsky, M. L. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.19.6102 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Chase, M. H., Nakamura, Y., Clemente, C., & Sterman, M. B. (1967) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(67)90089-3 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Short-chain fatty acids suppress food intake by activating vagal afferent neurons
Goswami, C., Iwasaki, Y., & Yada, T. (2018) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.009 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Availability of eIF4E regulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis during recovery from exercise
Anthony, T. G., Anthony, T. G., Kimball, S. R., Paul, G. L., Layman, D. K., & Jefferson, L. S. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.2.c406 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Thermoregulation as a sleep signalling system
Gilbert, S. S., van den Heuvel, C. J., Ferguson, S. A., & Dawson, D. E. (2004) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(03)00023-6 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Fermentation, Energy Transduction and Gas Metabolism in the Human Large Intestine
Macfarlane, G. T., & Gibson, G. R. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4111-0_9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The Circadian Clock Mutation Promotes Intestinal Dysbiosis
Voigt, R. M., Summa, K. C., Forsyth, C. B., Green, S. J., Engen, P. A., Naqib, A. D., Vitaterna, M. H., Turek, F. W., & Keshavarzian, A. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12943 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Wilkes, J. J., Lloyd, D. J., & Gekakis, N. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-0245 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Parmeggiani, P. L. (2003) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/1054 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Schwab, M., Reynders, V., Loitsch, S. M., Steinhilber, D., Stein, J. M., & Schröder, O. (2007) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.010 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
D’Souza, W. N., Douangpanya, J., Mu, S., Jaeckel, P., Zhang, M., Maxwell, J. R., Rottman, J. B., Labitzke, K., Willee, A., Beckmann, H., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180190 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Selective and total sleep deprivation: effect on the sleep EEG in the rat
Endo, T., Schwierin, B., Borbély, A. A., & Tobler, I. (1997) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(96)03029-6 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Peters, S. G., Pomare, E. W., & Fisher, C. A. (1992) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.33.9.1249 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Ghrelin microinjection into forebrain sites induces wakefulness and feeding in rats
Szentirmai, É., Kapás, L., & Krueger, J. M. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00448.2006 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationKrueger, J. M., & Opp, M. R. (2016) · International Review of Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.003 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Arneth, B. M. (2018) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135424 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Zhuang, P., Shou, Q., Lu, Y., Wang, G., Qiu, J., Wang, J., He, L., Chen, J., Jiao, J., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Opp, M. R., & Toth, L. A. (1998) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00010-1 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Rémésy, C., & eacute, C. D. (1983) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000176624 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Miyoshi, M., Sakaki, H., Usami, M., Iizuka, N., Shuno, K., Aoyama, M., & Usami, Y. (2010) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.09.012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Ghrelin-induced sleep responses in ad libitum fed and food-restricted rats
Szentirmai, É., Hajdu, I., Obál, F., & Krueger, J. M. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.072 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationCircadian sleep and feeding patterns in the rat: possible dependence on lipogenesis and lipolysis
Danguir, J., & Nicolaı̈dis, S. (1980) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1980.238.3.e223 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Visceral afferents and metabolic function.
Niijima, A. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Gut-derived signaling molecules and vagal afferents in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis
Thorens, B., & Larsen, P. J. (2004) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000134368.91900.84 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Origin and utilization of volatile fatty acids in the rat
Rémésy, C., Demigné, C., & CHARTIER, F. (1980) · annales de biologie animale biochimie biophysique · doi:10.1051/rnd:19800725 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Visceral afferents and metabolic function
Niijima, A. (1981) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00254499 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Anticarcinogenic Actions of Tributyrin, A Butyric Acid Prodrug
Heidor, R., Ortega, J. F., de Conti, A., et al. (2012) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/138945012804545443 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Kapás, L., Hansen, M. K., Chang, H.-Y., & Krueger, J. M. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.2.r406 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Absorption of Large Amounts of Volatile Fatty Acids on Rat Liver Metabolism
Demigné, C., Yacoub, C., & Rémésy, C. (1986) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/116.1.77 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
An Electrophysiological Study on Amino Acid Sensors in the Hepato‐Portal System in the Rat
Niijima, A., & Meguid, M. M. (1995) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00494.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Effects of Fatty Acid Anions on the Electroencephalogram of Unanesthetized Rabbits
White, R. P., & Samson, F. E. (1956) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.186.2.271 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Modulation of HDL metabolism by the niacin receptor GPR109A in mouse hepatocytes
Li, X., Millar, J. S., Brownell, N. K., Briand, F., & Rader, D. J. (2010) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.023 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Are antibiotic effects on sleep behavior in the rat due to modulation of gut bacteria?
Brown, R. A., Price, R. J., King, M. G., et al. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90300-s · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Szentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01047-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSzentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12463 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationSchroder, C., Eckert, K., & MAURER, H. R. (1998) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.13.6.1335 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
L-364,718, a cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist, suppresses feeding-induced sleep in rats
Shemyakin, A., & Kapás, L. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.5.r1420 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationSickness behaviour after lipopolysaccharide treatment in ghrelin deficient mice
Szentirmai, É., & Krueger, J. M. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.017 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationKukorelli, T., & Juhász, G. D. (1976) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(76)90061-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Brown adipose tissue plays a central role in systemic inflammation-induced sleep responses
Szentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197409 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep induced by sodium butyrate in the cat
Matsuzaki, M., & Takagi, H. (1967) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(67)90006-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hepatic Portal Vein Cannulation for Infusion and Blood Sampling in Freely Moving Rats
STRUBBE, J. H., Bruggink, J. E., & Steffens, A. B. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00248-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effects of Macrophage Depletion on Sleep in Mice
Ames, C., Boland, E. L., & Szentirmai, É. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159812 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Escherichia coli Endotoxin on Temperature and Sleep Cycles of Rats
KADLECOVÁ, O., Anochina, I. P., Bauer, V., Mašek, K., & Rašková, H. (1972) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/126.2.179 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Perez, R. V., Johnson, J. R., Hubbard, N. E., et al. (1998) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-199805270-00002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fever and sleep cycle impairment after streptococcal mucopeptide administration
KADLECOVÁ, O., Mašková, K., Rašková, H., & Rotta, J. (1972) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/0041-0101(72)90172-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Afferent impulse discharges from glucoreceptors in the liver of the guinea pig
Niijima, A. (1996) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(96)80073-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sleep structure and feeding pattern changes induced by the liver’s thermal status in the rat
Hajjaji, F.-Z. E., PELLETIER, A., Delanaud, S., Libert, J., Bach, V., & Loos, N. (2011) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00973.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication
Silva, Y. P., Bernardi, A., & Frozza, R. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00025 · Cited by 3,043 · see citing works
“Effects on brown adipose tissue activation (89), regulation of liver mitochondrial function (90), whole-body energy homeostasis (91), and control of appetite (89) and sleep (10) have been attributed to all SCFAs.”
BackgroundSleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota
Matenchuk, B. A., Mandhane, P. J., & Kozyrskyj, A. L. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101340 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer's disease
Kesika, P., Suganthy, N., Sivamaruthi, B. S., & Chaiyasut, C. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118627 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Chen, W.-H., Li, S.-X., He, Z.-M., Zhu, W.-L., Ji, Y.-B., Wang, Z., Zhu, X.-M., Yuan, K., Bao, Y.-P., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01113-1 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options
Wang, Q., Luo, Y., Ray Chaudhuri, K., Reynolds, R., Tan, E.-K., & Pettersson, S. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab156 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease: what we know and what remains to be explored
Chandra, S., Sisodia, S. S., & Vassar, R. J. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00595-7 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Chidambaram, S. B., Essa, M. M., Rathipriya, A. G., Bishir, M., Ray, B., Mahalakshmi, A. M., Tousif, A. H., Sakharkar, M. K., Kashyap, R. S., Friedland, R. P., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Beresford-Jones, B. S., Forster, S. C., Stares, M. D., Notley, G., Viciani, E., Browne, H. P., Boehmler, D. J., Soderholm, A. T., Kumar, N., Vervier, K., et al. (2022) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.003 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Shimizu, Y., Yamamura, R., Yokoi, Y., Ayabe, T., Ukawa, S., Nakamura, K., Okada, E., Imae, A., Nakagawa, T., Tamakoshi, A., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2190306 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ioannou, A., Knol, J., & Belzer, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.631282 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Szentirmai, É., Millican, N. S., Massie, A. R., & Kapás, L.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- Corresponding author
- Szentirmai, Éva
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2019-05-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7035-7035
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6504874
- OpenAlex
- W2944574897
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL122390)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- butyrate, short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota, sleep, NREM sleep, tributyrin, gut-brain axis, body temperature, bacterial metabolites, sleep regulation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Administration, Oral, Animals, Butyrates, Injections, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Sleep, Triglycerides, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Butyric Acid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
