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Interannual to decadal variability within and across the major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems

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Bonino, Giulia, Di Lorenzo, Emanuele, Masina, Simona, Iovino, Doroteaciro·2019·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-56514-8PMC PMC6934820
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Abstract

Climate variability and climate change in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) affect global marine ecosystems services. We use passive tracers in a global ocean model hindcast at eddy-permitting resolution to diagnose EBUS low-frequency variability over 1958–2015 period. The results highlight the uniqueness of each EBUS in terms of drivers and climate variability. The wind forcing and the thermocline depth, which are potentially competitive or complementary upwelling drivers under climate change, control EBUS low-frequency variability with different contributions. Moreover, Atlantic and Pacific upwelling systems are independent. In the Pacific, the only coherent variability between California and Humboldt Systems is associated with El Ni ñ o Southern Oscillation. The remaining low-frequency variance is partially explained by the North and South Pacific expressions of the Meridional Modes. In the Atlantic, coherent variability between Canary and Benguela Systems is associated with upwelling trends, which are not dynamically linked and represent different processes. In the Canary, a negative upwelling trend is connected to the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, while in the Benguela, a positive upwelling trend is forced by a global sea level pressure trend, which is consistent with the climate response to anthropogenic forcing. The residual variability is forced by localized offshore high sea level pressure variability.

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  • Warming of the surface ocean is expected to increase stratification, resulting in limited vertical exchange with lower layers, reduced nutrient availability in the photic layer, and low primary production rates.

    “In general, the warming of the surface ocean is expected to increase stratification resulting in limited vertical exchange with lower layers of the ocean and reduced nutrient availability in the photic layer which, in turn, results in low primary production rates (Behrenfeld et al., 2006;Bonino et al., 2019).”

    From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Bonino et al., 2019

    The Introduction (page unavailable) says coastal warming increases stratification and can limit upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water into the euphotic zone. It also says those nutrients sustain phytoplankton blooms. The paper frames this as a possible effect in coastal upwelling systems, not an established ocean-wide reduction in primary production; it notes that changing winds may mitigate or amplify the effect. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Bonino et al. (2019) pointed out that both wind stress and stratification should be considered in order to evaluate future changes in coastal upwelling.

    “Bonino et al. (2019) pointed out that both the wind stress and the stratification should be considered in order to evaluate future changes in coastal upwelling.”

    From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Bonino et al. (2019)

  • Bonino et al. (2019) found that in the Canary upwelling system stratification and coastal trapped waves seem to have stronger effects on upwelling intensity than in other EBUS such as the Benguela system.

    “Bonino et al. (2019) found that in the Canary upwelling system the stratification and coastal trapped waves seem to have stronger effects on the upwelling intensity than in other EBUS such as the Benguela system where a positive linear relationship exists between the upwelling intensity and the wind stress.”

    From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Bonino et al. (2019)

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Authors
Bonino, G., Di Lorenzo, E., Masina, S., & Iovino, D.
Affiliations
  • Ca' Foscari University of Venice (IT)
  • CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (IT)
Corresponding author
Bonino, Giulia
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-12-27
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
19949-19949
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-019-56514-8
PMC
PMC6934820
OpenAlex
W2996798492
Cited by
72
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 4
FWCI
3.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
Keywords
eastern boundary upwelling systems, low-frequency variability, interannual to decadal variability, passive tracers, wind forcing, thermocline depth, ENSO, Atlantic Meridional Mode, Pacific Meridional Mode, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, California Current, Humboldt Current, Canary Current, Benguela Current, anthropogenic forcing

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