Direct measurement of vagal tone in rats does not show correlation to HRV
Open accessAbstract
The vagus nerve is the largest autonomic nerve, innervating nearly every organ in the body. “Vagal tone” is a clinical measure believed to indicate overall levels of vagal activity, but is measured indirectly through the heart rate variability (HRV). Abnormal HRV has been associated with many severe conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, and hypertension. However, vagal tone has never been directly measured, leading to disagreements in its interpretation and influencing the effectiveness of vagal therapies. Using custom carbon nanotube yarn electrodes, we were able to chronically record neural activity from the left cervical vagus in both anesthetized and non-anesthetized rats. Here we show that tonic vagal activity does not correlate with common HRV metrics with or without anesthesia. Although we found that average vagal activity is increased during inspiration compared to expiration, this respiratory-linked signal was not correlated with HRV either. These results represent a clear advance in neural recording technology but also point to the need for a re-interpretation of the link between HRV and “vagal tone”.
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Breathwork may be able to help quickly, as suggested by very recent literature whereby just one session of slow, deep breathing had beneficial effects on anxiety and vagal tone in adults.
“Alternatively, this could be indicative of breathwork being possibly able to help quickly, as suggested in very recent literature whereby just one session of slow, deep breathing had beneficial effects on anxiety and vagal tone in adults94, with vagal tone being measured, albeit indirectly, through HRV6.”
From Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Citation 6 is attached to the statement that HRV indirectly measures vagal tone, not to the preceding claim about one breathing session in adults. The Discussion says HRV has been used to represent vagal activity, but the paper’s direct measurements found no significant correlation and conclude that HRV is not an accurate measure of vagal tone in rats. Its finding does not establish the same result in adults. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Marmerstein, J. T., McCallum, G. A., & Durand, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Durand, Dominique M.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-01-13
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1210-1210
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7807082
- OpenAlex
- W3120247360
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 10.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-05-07)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-18-1-058)
- National Institutes of Health (5R01NS032845-22)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- vagal tone, heart rate variability, vagus nerve, chronic neural recording, anesthetic effects, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Heart, Heart Rate, Male, Vagus Nerve, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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