A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention
Open accessAbstract
In this review, we provide an overview of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical uses of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as well as information about the ongoing studies and preclinical research to expand the use of VNS to additional applications. VNS is currently FDA approved for therapeutic use in patients aged >12 years with drug-resistant epilepsy and depression. Recent studies of VNS in in vivo systems have shown that it has anti-inflammatory properties which has led to more preclinical research aimed at expanding VNS treatment across a wider range of inflammatory disorders. Although the signaling pathway and mechanism by which VNS affects inflammation remain unknown, VNS has shown promising results in treating chronic inflammatory disorders such as sepsis, lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and diabetes. It is also being used to control pain in fibromyalgia and migraines. This new preclinical research shows that VNS bears the promise of being applied to a wider range of therapeutic applications.
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Vagus nerve stimulation is commonly applied with low percentages of effective stimulation time of 9-27%.
“Similarly, vagus nerve stimulation is commonly applied with low percentages of effective stimulation time of 9–27% [98].”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [98]
The Treatment of epilepsy section (page unavailable) says typical VNS for epilepsy and depression uses 30–90 seconds on followed by five minutes off, supporting the claim that stimulation is intermittent and occupies a low proportion of treatment time. Those timings imply approximately 9–23% on-time per cycle, not the stated upper bound of 27%. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeuromodulation of autonomic nerves has shown therapeutic benefits in diseases including heart failure, lung injury, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and diabetes.
“Neuromodulation of the autonomic nerves, which regulates non-volitional bodily processes such as those of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, has shown therapeutic benefits in diseases including heart failure, lung injury, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and diabetes [11], [12].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
The review reports benefits of vagus nerve stimulation in heart-failure and lung-injury models, a 20% symptom improvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and weight loss in an obesity trial. Its anti-inflammatory discussion describes preliminary evidence. In the Diabetes section, it reports lowered blood glucose with selective stimulation but says whether VNS can treat diabetes needs further investigation; the claim overstates that part as an established therapeutic benefit. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Transdermal Auricular Vagus Stimulation for the Treatment of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
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A review of pre-clinical models for Gulf War Illness
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Pathophysiology to Risk Factor and Therapeutics to Treatment Strategies on Epilepsy
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- Authors
- Johnson, R. L., & Wilson, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Loma Linda University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilson, Christopher G
- Venue
- Journal of Inflammation Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- Volume 11
- Pages
- 203-213
- ISSN
- 1178-7031 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5961632
- OpenAlex
- W2803358728
- Cited by
- 562
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 4.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Inflammation Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Loma Linda University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- vagus nerve stimulation, drug-resistant epilepsy, depression, anti-inflammatory activity, chronic inflammatory diseases, sepsis, lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, fibromyalgia, migraine, pain management, FDA-approved indications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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