A novel flexible cuff-like microelectrode for dual purpose, acute and chronic electrical interfacing with the mouse cervical vagus nerve
Open accessAbstract
Objective . Neural reflexes regulate immune responses and homeostasis. Advances in bioelectronic medicine indicate that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can be used to treat inflammatory disease, yet the understanding of neural signals that regulate inflammation is incomplete. Current interfaces with the vagus nerve do not permit effective chronic stimulation or recording in mouse models, which is vital to studying the molecular and neurophysiological mechanisms that control inflammation homeostasis in health and disease. We developed an implantable, dual purpose, multi-channel, flexible ‘microelectrode’ array, for recording and stimulation of the mouse vagus nerve. Approach . The array was microfabricated on an 8 µ m layer of highly biocompatible parylene configured with 16 sites. The microelectrode was evaluated by studying the recording and stimulation performance. Mice were chronically implanted with devices for up to 12 weeks. Main results . Using the microelectrode in vivo , high fidelity signals were recorded during physiological challenges (e.g potassium chloride and interleukin-1 β ), and electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve produced the expected significant reduction of blood levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in endotoxemia. Inflammatory cell infiltration at the microelectrode 12 weeks of implantation was limited according to radial distribution analysis of inflammatory cells. Significance . This novel device provides an important step towards a viable chronic interface for cervical vagus nerve stimulation and recording in mice.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper reports a flexible 16-channel parylene-C cuff-like microelectrode for acute and chronic recording and stimulation of the mouse cervical vagus nerve. It recorded high-fidelity compound action potentials during KCl and IL-1β challenges, reduced TNFα in endotoxemia with electrical stimulation, and showed limited inflammatory cell infiltration after 12 weeks.
Key findings
- The microelectrode had 16 sites on an 8 μm parylene sheet, with site areas of 6400, 2500, or 225 μm²; 1 kHz impedance in physiological saline was 100±12, 411±21, and 910±75 kΩ, respectively (n=320 sites).
- During KCl challenge, mean CAPs were 2.36±0.50 per channel; 2500 μm² sites gave 477±38 μV signal and SNR 8.63±1.36, while 6400 μm² sites gave 179.5±24.5 μV, SNR 5.98±0.81, and 3.25±0.45 features per channel. The 225 μm² sites had impedance too high for meaningful CAP isolation.
- After intraperitoneal IL-1β, distinctive CAP shapes and interspike intervals appeared in bursts 5 minutes after injection, found only in a subset of 14 adjacently arranged recording channels spaced 250 μm apart. Delays of 6 ms and 12 ms across 250 μm corresponded to conduction velocities of 42 m/s and 21 m/s.
- Vagus nerve stimulation (1 mA, 250 μs biphasic pulse, 50 μs interphase delay, 10 Hz, 60 s) significantly reduced serum TNFα versus sham-operated controls in endotoxemia (n=30; p<0.05). At 12 weeks, no significant differences in CD3 or I-Ab staining were found between non-implanted and implanted nerve areas by radial distribution analysis extending 150 μm from the nerve center.
Methods
- The device was microfabricated as a parylene-C (4 μm)–WTi (300 nm)–parylene-C (4 μm) sandwich, with 16 electrode sites in tetrode-like or diagonal arrangements, a ribbon cable, and an Omnetics connector; impedance was measured at 1 kHz in physiological saline.
- Male BALB/c and C57Bl/6J mice (8–12 weeks) were implanted on the left cervical vagus nerve. In vivo recordings under isoflurane were sampled at 30 kHz, high-pass filtered at 200 Hz, and CAPs sorted with principal component analysis using a 4σ threshold; challenges included topical KCl, intraperitoneal saline, and intraperitoneal IL-1β.
- For stimulation, mice received left cervical vagus nerve stimulation, then 5 mg/kg endotoxin intraperitoneally after 3 h, were euthanized 90 minutes post-injection, and serum TNFα was measured by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry used anti-CD3 and anti-I-Ab antibodies with radial distribution analysis; statistics used unpaired or paired two-tailed Student’s t-tests with p<0.05 considered significant.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a formal limitations section. It states that 225 μm² sites had impedance too high for meaningful CAP isolation, that IL-1β-associated bursts were found only in a subset of 14 adjacently arranged channels, and that studies are ongoing to further characterize chronic recording and stimulation performance.
- Evident from the text: chronic evaluation focuses on 12-week histological inflammatory response rather than long-term chronic recording or stimulation performance; the IL-1β recording findings come from a subset of channels and mice, and the paper does not report detailed chronic electrophysiology over the implantation period.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 16 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Using the microelectrode in vivo, high fidelity signals were recorded during physiological challenges such as potassium chloride and interleukin-1 beta.
“Using the microelectrode in vivo, high fidelity signals were recorded during physiological challenges (e.g potassium chloride and interleukin-1 β)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve through the microelectrode produced a significant reduction of blood TNF alpha levels in endotoxemia compared to sham-operated controls (n=30; p<0.05).
“electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve produced the expected significant reduction of blood levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in endotoxemia.”
- Also stated in: § Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve using the microelectrode reduced TNFα in endotoxemia · plain
“The TNFα levels were significantly lower in the electrically stimulated mice as compared to sham-operated controls (n=30; p<0.05)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve using the microelectrode reduced TNFα in endotoxemia · plain
- Findingown data
Inflammatory cell infiltration at the microelectrode implantation at 12 weeks of implantation was limited in the radial distribution analysis of inflammatory cells.
“Inflammatory cell infiltration at the microelectrode implantation at 12 weeks of implantation was limited in our radial distribution analysis of inflammatory cell.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant differences in either CD3 or I-Ab staining were found between non-implanted and implanted nerve areas as determined by normalised radial distribution analysis extending 150 um from the cross-sectional nerve center.
“No significant differences in either CD3 or l-Ab staining were found between non-implanted and implanted nerve areas (Figure 6) as determined by normalised radial distribution analysis extending 150 um from the cross-sectional nerve center [18].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Pavlov, 2003, The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation, Mol. Med. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Electrode impedance at 1 kHz in physiological saline was 100±12, 411±21, and 910±75 kΩ for 6400, 2500 and 225 μm2 recording sites, respectively (n=320 sites).
“Electrode impedance as measured at 1 kHz in physiological saline was 100±12, 411 ±21, and 910±75 kΩ for 6400, 2500 and 225 μm2 recording sites, respectively (n=320 sites).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The IL-1 beta-induced bursts were only found in a subset of the 14 adjacently arranged recording channels spaced 250 μm apart.
“These bursts were only found in a subset of the 14 adjacently arranged recording channels spaced 250 μm apart.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
High fidelity signal (477±38 μV) and SNR (8.63±1.36) was obtained from the 2500 μm2 sites.
“High fidelity signal (477±38 μV) and SNR (8.63±1.36) was obtained from the 2500 μm2 sites (Figure 2D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The electrical activity associated with the cardiac and respiratory cycles remained unchanged after saline injection.
“The electrical activity associated with the cardiac and respiratory cycles also remain unchanged (Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Intraperitoneal injection of 200 μL saline produced an acute increase of activity lasting less than 3 seconds at the point of injection.
“At the point of injection (time ‘0’ seconds), an acute increase of activity lasting less than 3 seconds was observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Intraperitoneal injection of IL-1 beta (200 μL, 350 ng/mg) produced distinctive CAP shapes and interspike intervals in bursts 5 minutes after injection compared with baseline.
“Compared with baseline, distinctive CAP shapes and interspike intervals were observed in the bursts 5 minutes after injection (Figure 4B-D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The difference between a burst-associated feature captured across two sites spaced 250 μm apart was 6 ms, corresponding to a conduction velocity of 42 m/s.
“For example, the difference between a burst-associated feature captured across two sites spaced 250 μm apart, was 6 ms. This corresponds to a conduction velocity of 42 m/s.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The impedance of the 225 μm2 sites was too high to allow for meaningful CAP isolation over the noise band.
“The impedance of the 225 μm2 sites was too high to allow for meaningful CAP isolation over the noise band (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Another feature captured across two channels had a 12 ms difference in times, equating to a 21 m/s conduction velocity.
“Another feature captured across two channels had a 12 ms difference in times, which equates to a 21 m/s conduction velocity (Figure 4D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The recording from multiple channels configured in close proximity along and around the nerve enabled the observation that some isolated features were detected on some but not all channels, i.e. detectable only in specific locations on the nerve.
“The recording from multiple channels configured in close proximity along and around the nerve enabled the observation that some isolated features were detected on some but not all channels, i.e detectable only in specific locations on the nerve.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Current interfaces with the vagus nerve do not permit effective chronic stimulation or recording in mouse models.
“Current interfaces with the vagus nerve do not permit effective chronic stimulation or recording in mouse models, which is vital to studying the molecular and neurophysiological mechanisms that control inflammation homeostasis in health and disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Koopman, 2003, Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The limited inflammatory response observed indicates high biocompatibility of the implanted microelectrode.
“The limited inflammatory response observed indicates high biocompatibility of the implanted microelectrode.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The impedance values indicate that the microfabrication process between the different electrode designs was stable and consistent.
“The impedance values indicate that the microfabrication process between the different electrode designs was stable and consistent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Capturing burst-associated CAPs on multiple channels can be a tool to determine which specific fiber types are likely involved in a response.
“Thus, capturing burst-associated CAPs on multiple channels can be a tool to determine which specific fiber types are likely involved in a response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The longitudinal configuration of the microelectrode permits using spike times for specific features to determine directionality, i.e. whether a feature represents an efferent or afferent signal propagation.
“The longitudinal configuration of the microelectrode also permits using spike times for specific features to determine directionality, i.e. whether a feature represents an efferent or afferent signal propagation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The reduction in TNF alpha validates the design capability to activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
“validating the design capability to activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway [19]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Quiroga, 2004, Unsupervised spike detection and sorting with wavelets and superparamagnetic clustering, Neural. Comput. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Nerve electrodes implanted in previous studies have induced inflammation around the nerve causing device degradation and failure, limiting functionality in small animals due to mechanical damage and nerve injury.
“In addition, nerve electrodes implanted in previous studies have induced inflammation around the nerve causing device degradation and failure, limiting the functionality in small animals due to mechanical damage and nerve injury [14].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Loeb, 1996, Cuff electrodes for chronic stimulation and recording of peripheral nerve activity, J. Neurosci. Methods source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
A contributing factor to the high fidelity recordings was likely the greater adhesion to the nerve of flexible parylene-C, thereby increasing the electrical coupling for the recording sites.
“A contributing factor to the high fidelity recordings was likely the greater adhesion to the nerve, in comparison to other common electrode materials, of flexible parylene-C [21], thereby increasing the electrical coupling for the recording sites.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Niijima, 1994, Parenteral nutrients in rat suppresses hepatic vagal afferent signals from portal vein to hypothalamus, Surgery
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Different fibre types in the peripheral nervous system are associated with specific conduction velocities.
“Different fibre types in the peripheral nervous system are associated with specific conduction velocities [30,31].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [30] Harper, 1985, Electrical properties of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones with different peripheral nerve conduction velocities, J. Physiol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [31] Steffens, 2012, In vivo measurement of conduction velocities in afferent and efferent nerve fibre groups in mice, Physiol. Res. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The histological analysis indicates that this microelectrode may be suitable for chronic implantation with limited risk for nerve damage.
“The histological analysis indicates that this microelectrode may be suitable for chronic implantation with limited risk for nerve damage, a considerable challenge for chronic interfacing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The limited risk for nerve damage is perhaps attributable to the multiple design measures to prevent unnecessary tethering stresses on the nerve: ultra-thin film design, necking region to decouple the ribbon cable from the microelectrode, and an incorporated ribbon cable to allow for stabilisation of the connector on the skull of the mouse.
“This is perhaps attributable to the multiple design measures to prevent unnecessary tethering stresses on the nerve - ultra-thin film design, necking region to decouple the ribbon cable from the microelectrode, and an incorporated ribbon cable to allow for stabilisation of the connector on the skull of the mouse.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This novel device provides an important step towards a viable chronic interface for cervical vagus nerve stimulation and recording in mice for both acute and chronic applications.
“This novel device provides an important step towards a viable chronic interface for cervical vagus nerve stimulation and recording in mice for both acute and chronic applications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo change in amplitude and frequency of the recorded signal was observed after saline injection compared to baseline, consistent across all animals.
“No change in amplitude and frequency of the recorded signal was observed after saline injection as compared to baseline which was consistent across all animals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataGood signal quality (179.5±24.5 μV) and SNR (5.98±0.81) with 3.25±0.45 features per channel were obtained from the 6400 μm2 sites.
“Good signal quality (179.5±24.5 μV) and SNR (5.98±0.81) with 3.25±0.45 features per channel were obtained from the 64002 μm sites (Figure 2E).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataApplication of 50 μL of 4 mM KCl directly on the vagus nerve increased overall electrical activity and yielded a good number of CAPs across all recording channels (mean±SEM 2.36±0.50 per channel).
“We observed an increase in overall electrical activity and obtained a good number of CAPs across all recording channels (Figure 2C, Mean±SEM CAPs = 2.36±0.50 per channel).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn this study, recorded peak-to-peak signal amplitudes ranged between 100 and 2500 μV in response to pharmacological stimuli, and differed with the size of recording sites.
“In this study, recorded peak-to-peak signal amplitudes ranged between 100 and 2500 μV in response to pharmacological stimuli, and differed with the size of recording sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany current vagus nerve electrode implants cannot be successfully implanted chronically due to their size and can damage the nerve long-term.
“Further, many of these implants can not be successfully implanted chronically due to their size and can damage the nerve long-term [9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Koopman, 2003, Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPrevious studies of peripheral implants used for rodents have reported peak-to-peak signal amplitudes ranging from 100-900 μV in response to electrical stimuli.
“Previous studies of peripheral implants used for rodents have reported peak-to-peak signal amplitudes ranging from 100–900 μV in response to electrical stimuli [22–27].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [22] Olofsson, 2015, Single-pulse and unidirectional electrical activation of the cervical vagus nerve reduces tumor necrosis factor in endotoxemia, Bioelectron. Med. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] Seymour, 2009, The insulation performance of reactive parylene films in implantable electronic devices, Biomaterials source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [24] Yu, 2014, A cable-tie-type parylene cuff electrode for peripheral nerve interfaces source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [25] Lee, 2016, Flexible epineural strip electrode for recording in fine nerves, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] Badia, 2016, Spatial and functional selectivity of peripheral nerve signal recording with the transversal intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME), IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [27] Lee, 2016, Selective stimulation and neural recording on peripheral nerves using flexible split ring electrodes, Sensors Actuators B source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe ultra-thin, inherently flexible, and customisable design of the microelectrode allows for improved interfacing with small diameter peripheral nerves in mice and avoids the increased tissue pressure associated with bulky silicone cuffs.
“The ultra-thin, inherently flexible, and customisable design of the microelectrode developed in this study allows for improved interfacing with small diameter peripheral nerves in mice and avoids the increased tissue pressure associated with bulky silicone cuffs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe current device design is fabricated with 16 channels, but it can easily be scaled up to ~1000 channels with the use of previously established process flows.
“The current device design is fabricated with 16 channels, but it can easily be scaled up to ~1000 channels with the use of previously established process flows [29].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Kagaya, 2002, Characterization of the anandamide induced depolarization of guinea-pig isolated vagus nerve, Br. J. Pharmacol. source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSteinberg et al. recently demonstrated cytokine-specific neurograms in the sensory vagus nerve in mice.
“Using bipolar electrodes, Steinberg et al. [13] recently demonstrated cytokine-specific neurograms in the sensory vagus nerve in mice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Steinberg, 2016, Cytokine-specific neurograms in the sensory vagus nerve, Bioelectron. Med. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningInformation on signal propagation velocities may identify specific fibre types involved in a response, and indicate whether the activity is efferent or afferent.
“Hence, information on signal propagation velocities may identify specific fibre types involved in a response, and indicate whether the activity is efferent or afferent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Optimal parameters for vagus nerve stimulation in inflammatory diseases have not been established.
“However, the optimal parameters for vagus nerve stimulation in inflammatory diseases have not been established”
The paper relies on this without support.
Technology for chronic implantation of electrodes in relevant mouse models has been lacking.
“in part because technology for chronic implantation of electrodes in relevant mouse models has been lacking”
The paper relies on this without support.
The neurophysiology of long-term electrical vagus nerve stimulation has not been mechanistically addressed.
“For the same reason, the neurophysiology of long-term electrical vagus nerve stimulation has not been mechanistically addressed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the electrical activity in the sensory, afferent arc of the inflammatory reflex.
“In addition, little is known about the electrical activity in the sensory, afferent arc of the inflammatory reflex.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The thin film parylene-C microfabrication technology has not yet been implemented for interfacing with peripheral nerves.
“To our knowledge, this technology has not yet been implemented for interfacing with peripheral nerves.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many current electrode designs have low channel counts allowing the capture of only a certain number of compound action potentials (CAPs) to any given pharmacological challenge of the nerve.
“Many current electrode designs have low channel counts allowing the capture of only a certain number of compound action potentials (CAPs) to any given pharmacological challenge of the nerve.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many flexible PNS implants have shown promising performance in long-term in vivo tests.
“Many of them have shown promising performance in long-term in vivo tests (Sohal et al. 2016; Caravaca et al. 2017; Hara et al. 2016; Wurth et al. 2017; Pothhof et al. 2016).”
From Realizing flexible bioelectronic medicines for accessing the peripheral nerves – technology considerations (2018) · cites this paper as Caravaca et al. 2017
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Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Identification of cytokine-specific sensory neural signals by decoding murine vagus nerve activity
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Self-citationA review for the peripheral nerve interface designer
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Direct measurement of vagal tone in rats does not show correlation to HRV
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How is flexible electronics advancing neuroscience research?
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Development and characterization of a chronic implant mouse model for vagus nerve stimulation
Mughrabi, I. T., Hickman, J. L., Jayaprakash, N., Thompson, D., Ahmed, U., Papadoyannis, E. S., Chang, Y.-C., Abbas, A., Datta, T., Chang, E. H., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61270 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective peripheral nerve recordings from nerve cuff electrodes using convolutional neural networks
Koh, R. G. L., Balas, M., Nachman, A., & Zariffa, J. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab4ac4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Printable microscale interfaces for long-term peripheral nerve mapping and precision control
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Flexible microelectrode array for interfacing with the surface of neural ganglia
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Towards improved control of inflammatory bowel disease
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Self-citationNeural Control of Inflammation: Bioelectronic Medicine in Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory DiseasePreprint
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Impact of Non-Pharmacological Interventions on the Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis
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Wireless optoelectronic devices for vagus nerve stimulation in mice
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Self-citationA novel microwire interface for small diameter peripheral nerves in a chronic, awake murine model
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Self-citationBioelectronic medicine: an unexpected path to new therapies
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Tutorial: a guide to techniques for analysing recordings from the peripheral nervous system
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- Authors
- Caravaca, A. S., Tsaava, T., Goldman, L., Silverman, H., Riggott, G., Chavan, S. S., Bouton, C., Tracey, K. J., Desimone, R., Boyden, E. S., Sohal, H. S., & Olofsson, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- MIT Media Lab (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sohal, H S
- Olofsson, P S
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-11-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 066005
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- PMC
- PMC6130808
- OpenAlex
- W2643626930
- Semantic Scholar
- fed7afda0fe5fb160041d66b8d089dec8bfa2a49
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- New York Stem Cell Foundation Robertson Award
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg’s Foundation (20140212)
- Heart Lung Foundation (20150767)
- NIH (1R01EY023173)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Keywords
- cervical vagus nerve, flexible microelectrode arrays, neurostimulation, neural recording, chronic implantation, parylene, bioelectronic medicine, inflammation, endotoxemia, TNF-α, IL-1β, inflammatory cell infiltration, mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Cervical Vertebrae, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microelectrodes, Vagus Nerve, Mice, Vagus Nerve Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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