Long-Term Artificial Selection of Hanwoo (Korean) Cattle Left Genetic Signatures for the Breeding Traits and Has Altered the Genomic Structure
Open accessAbstract
Indigenous Korean breeds such as Hanwoo (Korean) cattle have adapted to their local environment during the past 5000 years. In the 1980s, the National Genetic Improvement Program was established to develop a modern economic breed for beef production in Korea through artificial selection. This process is thought to have altered the genomic structure of breeding traits over time. The detection of genetic variants under selection could help to elucidate the genetic mechanism of artificial selection in modern cattle breeds. Indigenous Hanwoo cattle have adapted in response to local natural and artificial selection during a 40-year breeding program. We analyzed genomic changes in the selection signatures of an unselected population (USP; n = 362) and a selected population (KPN; n = 667) of Hanwoo cattle. Genomic changes due to long-term artificial selection were identified using a genome-wide integrated haplotype score (iHS) and a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Signatures of recent selection were detected as positive (piHS > 6) or negative (piHS < -6) iHS scores spanning more than 46 related genes in KPN cattle, but none in USP cattle. A region adjacent to the PLAG1 gene was found to be under strong selection for carcass weight. The GWAS results also showed a selection signature on BTA14, but none on BTA13. Pathway and quantitative trait locus analysis results identified candidate genes related to energy metabolism, feed efficiency, and reproductive traits in Hanwoo cattle. Strong selection significantly altered Hanwoo cattle genome structural properties such as linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotypes through causal mutation for target traits. Haplotype changes of genome structure which are changes of ancestral allele to derived alleles due to selection were clearly identified on BTA13 and BTA14; however, the structure of the LD block was not clearly observed except BTA14. Thus, selection based on EBVs would be working very well in Hanwoo cattle breeding program appears to have been highly successful.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In Hanwoo, genomic regions under selection for carcass and growth traits are mainly located on chromosomes 6 and 14, including candidate genes LCORL, NCAPG, PPARGC1A, etc.
“In Hanwoo, genomic regions under selection for carcass and growth traits are mainly located on chromosomes 6 and 14, including candidate genes LCORL, NCAPG, PPARGC1A, ABCG2, FAM110B, FABP4, DGAT1, PLAG1, and TOX [170,171].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [171]
The Results and Discussion identify selection signals on BTA14 associated with carcass weight and eye muscle area, near PLAG1. They do not support the claim that the regions are mainly on chromosomes 6 and 14: the paper emphasizes BTA13 and BTA14, and the cited passages do not identify LCORL, NCAPG, or PPARGC1A as candidate genes from this study. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Cytoscape: A software Environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks
Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N. S., Wang, J. T., Ramage, D., Amin, N., Schwikowski, B., & Ideker, T. (2003) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.1239303 · Cited by 51,888 · see citing works
KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
Kanehisa, M. (2000) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/28.1.27 · Cited by 37,077 · see citing works
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089 · see citing works
KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
Ogata, H., Goto, S., Sato, K., Fujibuchi, W., Bono, H., & Kanehisa, M. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.1.29 · Cited by 31,232 · see citing works
Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps
Barrett, J., Fry, B., Maller, J., & Daly, M. (2005) · Bioinform. · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth457 · Cited by 15,086 · see citing works
Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J., & Lange, K. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.094052.109 · Cited by 9,898 · see citing works
DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
Dennis, G., Sherman, B. T., Hosack, D. A., Yang, J., Gao, W., Lane, H. C., & Lempicki, R. A. (2003) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-5-p3 · Cited by 9,327 · see citing works
GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis
Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011 · Cited by 8,279 · see citing works
Bindea, G., Mlecnik, B., Hackl, H., Charoentong, P., Tosolini, M., Kirilovsky, A., Fridman, W.-H., Pagès, F., Trajanoski, Z., & Galon, J. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101 · Cited by 6,280 · see citing works
A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome
Voight, B. F., Kudaravalli, S., Wen, X., & Pritchard, J. K. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040072 · Cited by 2,847 · see citing works
DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
Dennis, G., Sherman, B. T., Hosack, D. A., Yang, J., Gao, W., Lane, H. C., & Lempicki, R. A. (2003) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-9-r60 · Cited by 2,383 · see citing works
Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure
Sabeti, P. C., Reich, D. E., Higgins, J. M., Levine, H. Z. P., Richter, D. J., Schaffner, S. F., Gabriel, S. B., Platko, J. V., Patterson, N. J., McDonald, G. J., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01140 · Cited by 2,106 · see citing works
Scheet, P. A., & Stephens, M. (2006) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/502802 · Cited by 1,949 · see citing works
Advantages and pitfalls in the application of mixed-model association methods
Yang, J., Zaitlen, N. A., Goddard, M. E., Visscher, P. M., & Price, A. L. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2876 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Evidence for Two Independent Domestications of Cattle
Loftus, R. T., MacHugh, D. E., Bradley, D. G., Sharp, P. M., & Cunningham, P. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2757 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Gautier, M., & Vitalis, R. (2012) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts115 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Cole, J. B., Wiggans, G. R., Ma, L., Sonstegard, T. S., Lawlor, T. J., Crooker, B. A., Tassell, C. P. V., Yang, J., Wang, S., Matukumalli, L. K., et al. (2011) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-408 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
A new approach for using genome scans to detect recent positive selection in the human genome
Tang, K., Thornton, K. R., & Stoneking, M. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050171 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Genomic insights into positive selection
Biswas, S., & Akey, J. M. (2006) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.06.005 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Karim, L., Takeda, H., Li, L., Druet, T., Arias, J., Baurain, D., Cambisano, N., Davis, S. R., Farnir, F., Grisart, B., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.814 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Rexroad, C. E., Vallet, J. L., Matukumalli, L. K., Reecy, J. M., Bickhart, D. M., Blackburn, H. D., Boggess, M., Cheng, H. H., Clutter, A. C., Cockett, N. E., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00327 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Genome-wide association studies for feedlot and growth traits in cattle1
Bolormaa, S., Hayes, B. J., Savin, K. W., Hawken, R., Barendse, W., Arthur, P. F., Herd, R. M., & Goddard, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3079 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Mapping signatures of positive selection in the genome of livestock
Qanbari, S., & Simianer, H. (2014) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.05.003 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
A genome‐wide scan for signatures of recent selection in Holstein cattle
Qanbari, S., Pimentel, E. C. G., Tetens, J., Thaller, G. E., Lichtner, P., Sharifi, A., & Simianer, H. (2010) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.02016.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Footprints of selection in the ancestral admixture of a New World Creole cattle breed
Gautier, M., & Navès, M. (2011) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05163.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
PLAG1 and NCAPG‐LCORL in livestock
Takasuga, A. (2015) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.12417 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Hanwoo cattle: origin, domestication, breeding strategies and genomic selection
Lee, S. H., Park, B., Sharma, A., Dang, C., Lee, S. S., Choi, T.-J., Choy, Y.-H., Kim, H., Jeon, K.-J., Kim, S.-D., et al. (2014) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.1186/2055-0391-56-2 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Pausch, H., Flisikowski, K., Jung, S., Emmerling, R., Edel, C., Götz, K., & Fries, R. (2010) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.110.124057 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Utsunomiya, Y. T., O’Brien, A. M. P., Sonstegard, T. S., Tassell, C. P. V., do Carmo, A. S., Mészáros, G., Sölkner, J., & Garcia, J. F. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064280 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lee, S. H., Choi, B., Lim, D., Gondro, C., Cho, Y. M., Dang, C., Sharma, A., Jang, G. W., Lee, K., Yoon, D., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074677 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Barendse, W., Harrison, B. E., Bunch, R. J., Thomas, M. B., & Turner, L. B. (2009) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-178 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The origin of selection signatures on bovine chromosome 6
Hayes, B. J., Lien, S., Nilsen, H., Olsen, H. G., Berg, P. R., MacEachern, S., Potter, S., & Meuwissen, T. H. E. (2008) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01683.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Huson, H. J., Kim, E.-S., Godfrey, R. W., Olson, T. A., McClure, M. C., Chase, C. C., Rizzi, R., O’Brien, A. M. P., Tassell, C. P. V., Garcia, J. F., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00101 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cánovas, Á., Rincón, G., Islas‐Trejo, A., Jiménez‐Flores, R., Laubscher, A. M., & Medrano, J. F. F. (2013) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6213 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Signatures of Selection in Admixed Dairy Cattle in Tanzania
Cheruiyot, E. K., Bett, R. C., Amimo, J. O., Zhang, Y., Mrode, R., & Mujibi, F. D. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00607 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Signatures of positive selection in African Butana and Kenana dairy zebu cattle
Bahbahani, H., Salim, B., Almathen, F., Al Enezi, F., Mwacharo, J. M., & Hanotte, O. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190446 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Beef tenderness and intramuscular fat proteomic biomarkers: Effect of gender and rearing practices
Picard, B. B., Gagaoua, M., Al-Jammas, M., & Bonnet, M. (2019) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.010 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Understanding Adaptation in Large Populations
Barton, N. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000987 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Frischknecht, M., Bapst, B., Seefried, F. R., Signer‐Hasler, H., Garrick, D. J., Stricker, C., Fries, R., Ruß, I., Sölkner, J., Bieber, A., et al. (2017) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4308-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Höglund, J., Sahana, G., Brøndum, R. F., Guldbrandtsen, B., Buitenhuis, B., & Lund, M. S. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-790 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
National Genetic Evaluation (System) of Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle)
Park, B., Choi, T.-J., Kim, S., & Oh, S.-H. (2013) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12439 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study for milking speed in French Holstein cows
Marete, A., Sahana, G., Fritz, S., Lefebvre, R., Barbat, A., Lund, M. S., Guldbrandtsen, B., & Boichard, D. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-14067 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Schwarzenbacher, H., Dolezal, M., Flisikowski, K., Seefried, F. R., Wurmser, C., Schlötterer, C., & Fries, R. (2012) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-48 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Inferring positive selection in humans from genomic data
Wollstein, A., & Stephan, W. (2015) · Investigative Genetics · doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0023-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kim, H. J., Sharma, A., Lee, S.-H., Lee, D. H., Lim, D. J., Cho, Y. M., Yang, B. S., & Lee, S. H. (2016) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12523 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Liu, M., Li, M., Wang, S., Xu, Y., Lan, X., Li, Z., Lei, C., Yang, D., Jia, Y., & Chen, H. (2013) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.046 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Stratz, P., Wimmers, K., Meuwissen, T. H. E., & Bennewitz, J. (2014) · Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics · doi:10.1111/jbg.12107 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fortes, M. R. S., Enculescu, C., Neto, L. R. P., Lehnert, S. A., McCulloch, R. J., & Hayes, B. J. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/rbz4720170226 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abondio, P., Cilli, E., & Luiselli, D. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13050926 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Haque, M. A., Iqbal, A., Bae, H., Lee, S., Park, S., Lee, Y.-M., & Kim, J.-J. (2023) · Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics · doi:10.1111/jbg.12776 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wan, X., Jing, J.-N., Wang, D., & Lv, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1173017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Romanov, M. N., Shakhin, A. V., Abdelmanova, A. S., Волкова, Н. А., Efimov, D. N., Fisinin, V. I., Коршунова, Л. Г., Anshakov, D. V., Dotsev, A. V., Griffin, D. K., et al. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15040524 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hosseinzadeh, S., Rafat, S. A., & Fang, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82448-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Lv, G., Liu, Z., Ye, C., Ding, R., Yang, G., & Yu, T. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11627-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Participatory Identification of Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Begaria Cattle Breed
Aseged, T., Getachew, T., & Banerjee, S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141912766 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yu, J., Naseem, S., Park, S., Hur, S. J., Choi, Y., Lee, T., Li, X., & Choi, S. H. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15060897 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Connection between gene markers with milk production traits of Ukrainian dairy cows
Gritsienko, Y., Gill, M. I., & Каратєєва, О. І. (2022) · Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research · doi:10.51227/ojafr.2022.41 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Koo, Y., Alkhoder, H., Choi, T.-J., Liu, Z., & Reents, R. (2023) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skad104 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sarviaho, K., Uimari, P., & Martikainen, K. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-24105 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sun, H., Hua, J., Tao, Y., He, J., Wang, Q., Dong, Y., He, J., & Qiang, J. (2025) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110558 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jemaa, S. B., Tolone, M., Sardina, M. T., Gerlando, R. D., Chessari, G., Criscione, A., Persichilli, C., Portolano, B., & Mastrangelo, S. (2023) · Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics · doi:10.1111/jbg.12779 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kim, H. J., Moghaddar, N., Clark, S., van der Werf, J. H. J., & Heras‐Saldana, S. D. L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324034 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Congiu, M., Cesarani, A., Falchi, L., Macciotta, N. P. P., & Dimauro, C. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15121516 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Igoshin, A. V., Romashov, G. A., Yurchenko, A. A., Yudin, N. S., & Larkin, D. M. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14142059 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Park, Y., Jang, S., Chai, H., Son, J.-W., Lim, D., & Park, W. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11712-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
High-quality phased genome assemblies of line-bred Korean Hanwoo cattle
Shin, J. W., Kim, H. J., Jin, S., Chung, Y., Lee, S. H., & Kim, J. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-06069-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution
Liu, Y., Dao, W., Gao, R., Fan, X., Yang, R., & Miao, Y. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16050776 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sánchez-Gómez, J. S., Trujillo-Díaz, J., Mina, C. F. G., Martinez, C. D. A., Ruiz, F. V. G., Fernández, M. B., & Díaz-Piraquive, F. N. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98235-4_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Lu, X., Jiang, H., Yang, Z., & Xu, T. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14010017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, H., Lee, D. J., Kang, J. M., Oh, S., Do, H., Lee, D. H., Kim, Y., Kim, S. J., Son, J., Lee, S. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Applied Animal Research · doi:10.1080/09712119.2025.2489485
Trujillo-Díaz, J., Lopez-Ariza, L. V. T. I., Orellano-Calambas, V. A., & Lozano, C. T. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98235-4_2
Temiz, K. O., Aubrey, W., & Hegarty, M. (2025) · Applied Animal Science · doi:10.15232/aas.2025-02692
Genome-Wide Detection of Genetic Diversity and Genomic Structure in Hanwoo Cows
Oh, S., & Yoon, D. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16203320
- Authors
- Seo, D., Lee, D. H., Jin, S., Won, J. I., Lim, D., Park, M., Kim, T. H., Lee, H. K., Kim, S., Choi, I., Lee, J. H., Gondro, C., & Lee, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Chungnam National University (KR)
- Rural Development Administration (KR)
- National Institute of Animal Science (KR)
- Jeonbuk National University (KR)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Seung Hwan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2022-04-19
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6438-6438
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9018707
- OpenAlex
- W4224294535
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Chungnam National University (2020-0-01441)
- Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
- Rural Development Administration
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (2020-0-01441)
- National Institute of Animal Science
- Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology
- Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion (2020-0-01441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Livestock Farming and Management
- Keywords
- Hanwoo cattle, selective breeding, selection signatures, integrated haplotype score, PLAG1, carcass weight, BTA14, linkage disequilibrium, haplotype structure, beef cattle breeding, energy metabolism, feed efficiency, reproductive traits, indigenous cattle breeds
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Selection, Genetic, Linkage Disequilibrium, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genomics, Quantitative Trait Loci, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
