Evidence for Two Independent Domestications of Cattle

Loftus, R T; MacHugh, D E; Bradley, D G; Sharp, P M; Cunningham, P

doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2757

Cited by 815Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestockGenetic diversity and population structureForensic and Genetic Research

Evidence for Two Independent Domestications of Cattle

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Loftus, R T, MacHugh, D E, Bradley, D G, Sharp, P M, Cunningham, P·1994·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2757PMC PMC43449

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Abstract

The origin and taxonomic status of domesticated cattle are controversial. Zebu and taurine breeds are differentiated primarily by the presence or absence of a hump and have been recognized as separate species (Bos indicus and Bos taurus). However, the most widely held view is that both types of cattle derive from a single domestication event 8000-10,000 years ago. We have examined mtDNA sequences from representatives of six European (taurine) breeds, three Indian (zebu) breeds, and four African (three zebu, one taurine) breeds. Similar levels of average sequence divergence were observed among animals within each of the major continental groups: 0.41% (European), 0.38% (African), and 0.42% (Indian). However, the sequences fell into two very distinct geographic lineages that do not correspond with the taurine-zebu dichotomy: all European and African breeds are in one lineage, and all Indian breeds are in the other. There was little indication of breed clustering within either lineage. Application of a molecular clock suggests that the two major mtDNA clades diverged at least 200,000, and possibly as much as 1 million, years ago. This relatively large divergence is interpreted most simply as evidence for two separate domestication events, presumably of different subspecies of the aurochs, Bos primigenius. The clustering of all African zebu mtDNA sequences within the taurine lineage is attributed to ancestral crossbreeding with the earlier B. taurus inhabitants of the continent.

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The molecular divergence estimate strongly supports two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.
“strongly supporting the two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
Molecular divergence of taurine and indicine lineages occurred approximately 201,000-301,200 years ago.
“Molecular divergence of taurine and indicine (also referred to as zebu) lineages is estimated to have occurred at approximately 201,000–301,200 years ago [5,7,8,9,10], strongly supporting the two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
The main mitochondrial lineages of modern cattle are the mtDNA taurine T lineage and the zebu I lineage.
“As mentioned, the main mitochondrial lineages of modern cattle are the mtDNA taurine T lineage and the zebu I lineage [8].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [8]

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Authors: Loftus, R. T., MacHugh, D. E., Bradley, D. G., Sharp, P. M., & Cunningham, P.
Affiliations: Trinity College Dublin (IE)
ORCID: MacHugh, D E
Bradley, D G
Sharp, P M
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1994-03-29
Volume: 91
Issue: 7
Pages: 2757-2761
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2757
PMC: PMC43449
OpenAlex: W2005395185
Cited by: 812
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 6.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
Keywords: cattle domestication, cattle, Bos indicus, taurine cattle, mitochondrial DNA, aurochs, Bos primigenius, molecular clock, crossbreeding
MeSH terms: Africa, Algorithms, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Base Sequence, Breeding, Cattle, DNA, Mitochondrial, Europe, Gene Amplification, India, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, RNA, Transfer, Pro, Genetic Variation, Bison, Sequence Analysis, DNA

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Evidence for Two Independent Domestications of Cattle

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