Using 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing technology to analyze the fecal microbiome of children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
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Abstract
To investigate the gut microbiota distribution and its functions in children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). A total of 135 children were enrolled in the study, including 102 children with ARFID and 33 healthy children. Fecal samples were analyzed to explore differences in gut microbiota composition and diversity and functional differences between the ARFID and healthy control (HC) groups via 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing. The gut microbiota composition and diversity in children with ARFID were different from those in heathy children, but there is no difference in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota between children at the age of 3–6 and 7–12 with ARFID. At the phylum level, the most abundant microbes in the two groups identified by 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing were the same. At the genus level, the abundance of Bacteroides was higher in the ARFID group ( P > 0.05); however, different from the result of 16SrDNA sequencing, metagenomic sequencing showed that the abundance of Bacteroides in the ARFID group was significantly higher than that in the HC group ( P = 0.041). At the species level, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lachnospira eligens were the most abundant taxa in the ARFID group, and Prevotella copri , Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum , and Ruminococcus gnavus were the top three microbial taxa in the HC group; there were no statistically significant differences between the abundance of these microbial taxa in the two groups. LefSe analysis indicated a greater abundance of the order Enterobacterales and its corresponding family Enterobacteriaceae, the family Bacteroidaceae and corresponding genus Bacteroides, the species Bacteroides vulgatus in ARFID group, while the abundance of the phylum Actinobacteriota and its corresponding class Actinobacteria , the order Bifidobacteriales and corresponding family Bifidobacteriaceae , the genus Bifidobacterium were enriched in the HC group. There were no statistically significant differences in the Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices between the Y1 and Y2 groups ( P = 0.1, P = 0.06, P = 0.06). At the phylum level, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were the most abundant taxa in both groups, but there were no statistically significant differences among the abundance of these bacteria ( P = 0.958, P = 0.456, P = 0.473, P = 0.065). At the genus level, Faecalibacterium was more abundant in the Y2 group than in the Y1 group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.037). The KEGG annotation results showed no significant difference in gut microbiota function between children with ARFID and healthy children; however, GT26 was significantly enriched in children with ARFID based on the CAZy database. The most abundant antibiotic resistance genes in the ARFID group were the vanT, tetQ, adeF, ermF genes, and the abundance of macrolide resistance genes in the ARFID group was significantly higher than that in the HC group ( P = 0.041). Compared with healthy children, children with ARFID have a different distribution of the gut microbiota and functional genes. This indicates that the gut microbiome might play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARFID. Clinical trial registration : ChiCTR2300074759
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Children with ARFID exhibit higher gut microbiota diversity indices compared to healthy controls.
“Children with ARFID exhibit changes in gut microbiota diversity, showing higher diversity indices compared to healthy controls.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
In Ye et al.'s study, microbial species diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) was higher in the ARFID group than in healthy children.
“Ye and colleagues found that the richness of microbial species (Chao1 index) was greater in healthy children, while the diversity of microbial species (Shannon index and Simpson index) was higher in the ARFID group.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
In Ye et al.'s study, microbial species richness (Chao1 index) was greater in healthy children than in children with ARFID.
“Ye and colleagues found that the richness of microbial species (Chao1 index) was greater in healthy children, while the diversity of microbial species (Shannon index and Simpson index) was higher in the ARFID group.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
In Ye et al.'s study, microbial composition differed between ARFID and healthy children, with the healthy group enriched in Actinobacteriota and its hierarchical taxa.
“The microbial composition differed between groups, with the HC group characterized by enrichment of Actinobacteriota and its hierarchical taxa (class Actinobacteria, order Bifidobacteriales, family Bifidobacteriaceae, and genus Bifidobacterium).”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Research on ARFID and its impact on the gut microbiota remains limited, with just one study by Ye et al. addressing the topic.
“Despite the topic’s importance, research remains limited, with just one study by Ye et al. addressing the topic of ARFID and its impact on the gut microbiota [36].”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
In Ye et al.'s study, the ARFID group showed elevated levels of Enterobacterales (including Enterobacteriaceae) and Bacteroidaceae (including Bacteroides and B. vulgatus).
“Conversely, the ARFID group showed elevated levels of both Enterobacterales (including family Enterobacteriaceae) and Bacteroidaceae (including genus Bacteroides and species B. vulgatus) [36] (Figure 4).”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
ARFID patients showed markedly reduced levels of beneficial Bifidobacterium species.
“Concurrent with these increases, ARFID patients showed markedly reduced levels of beneficial Bifidobacterium species.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
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- [25]Seitz J Trinh S Herpertz-Dahlmann B The microbiome and eating disorders Psychiatr Clin North Am 2019 42 93 103 10.1016/j.psc.2018.10.004 30704642 · DOI
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Tomaszek, N., Urbaniak, A. D., Bałdyga, D., Chwesiuk, K., Modzelewski, S., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030486 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ye, Q., Sun, S., Deng, J., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Lin, S., Du, H., Gao, J., Zou, X., Lin, X., Cai, Y., & Lu, Z.
- Affiliations
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center (CN)
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Zhuoming
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2023-11-20
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20253-20253
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10661725
- OpenAlex
- W4388833572
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, gut microbiota, fecal microbiota, children, Bacteroides, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, microbial diversity, age differences, Prevotella copri, Ruminococcus gnavus, functional metagenomics
- MeSH terms
- Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Child, Eating, Humans, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Macrolides, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Actinobacteria, Microbiota
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