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Cited by 12Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced MRI Techniques and Applications

Apparent Diffusion Coefficient fMRI shines light on white matter resting-state connectivity compared to BOLD

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de Riedmatten, Inès, Spencer, Arthur P. C., Olszowy, Wiktor, Jelescu, Ileana O.·2025·Communications Biology
DOI 10.1038/s42003-025-07889-0PMC PMC11911413

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Abstract

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to derive functional connectivity (FC) between brain regions. Typically, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast is used. However, BOLD's reliance on neurovascular coupling poses challenges in reflecting brain activity accurately, leading to reduced sensitivity in white matter (WM). WM BOLD signals have long been considered physiological noise, although recent evidence shows that both stimulus-evoked and resting-state WM BOLD signals resemble those in gray matter (GM), albeit smaller in amplitude. We introduce apparent diffusion coefficient fMRI (ADC-fMRI) as a promising functional contrast for GM and WM FC, capturing activity-driven neuromorphological fluctuations. Our study compares BOLD-fMRI and ADC-fMRI FC in GM and WM, showing that ADC-fMRI mirrors BOLD-fMRI connectivity in GM, while capturing more robust FC in WM. ADC-fMRI displays higher average clustering and average node strength in WM, and higher inter-subject similarity, compared to BOLD. Taken together, this suggests that ADC-fMRI is a reliable tool for exploring FC that incorporates gray and white matter nodes in a novel way.

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  • T2-weighted spin-echo diffusion MRI retains residual vascular effects related to BOLD.

    “T2-weighted spin-echo diffusion MRI retains residual vascular effects related to BOLD (Aso et al., 2009; de Riedmatten, Spencer, Olszowy, et al., 2025; Kershaw et al., 2009; Miller et al., 2007).”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as de Riedmatten, Spencer, Olszowy, et al., 2025

  • T2-related effects are largely independent of b-value, so that, when echo time is matched, their contributions can be substantially reduced or eliminated by calculating an ADC or sADC derived from two b-values.

    “T2-related effects (which are weaker than T2*-weighted BOLD) are largely independent of b-value, so that, when echo time is matched, their contributions can be substantially reduced or eliminated by calculating an ADC or, better, sADC derived from two b-values (Aso et al., 2009; de Riedmatten, Spencer, Olszowy, et al., 2025; Le Bihan et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2025).”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as de Riedmatten, Spencer, Olszowy, et al., 2025

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Authors
de Riedmatten, I., Spencer, A. P. C., Olszowy, W., & Jelescu, I. O.
Affiliations
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
  • DSM (Switzerland) (CH)
ORCID
Venue
Communications Biology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-03-16
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
447-447
ISSN
2399-3642 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s42003-025-07889-0
PMC
PMC11911413
OpenAlex
W4408489168
Cited by
12
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 8
FWCI
6.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
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  • Communications Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
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  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (190882, 194260)
  • Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Keywords
resting-state functional connectivity, white matter, BOLD contrast, functional connectivity, gray matter, neurovascular coupling, clustering coefficient, node strength
MeSH terms
Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Rest, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Young Adult, White Matter, Gray Matter

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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