The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Computer for the 21st Century
Abstract
[This article is unavailable due to copyright restrictions.] Specialized elements of hardware and software, connected by wires, radio waves and infrared, will soon be so ubiquitous that no-one will notice their presence.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a prophetic 1991 paper, Weiser introduced the idea of ubiquitous technology, and stated that “the most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it” (p. 94). Since 2007, this prophecy has been realized; digital technology is inextricably woven “into the fabric of everyday life.””
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Weiser, 1991
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Internet of Things: A survey
Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010 · Cited by 15,613
Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., & Estrin, D. L. (2000) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/345910.345920 · Cited by 5,391
Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal
Warner, K. S. R., & Wäger, M. (2018) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2018.12.001 · Cited by 4,622
Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
Ishii, H., & Ullmer, B. (1997) · Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems · doi:10.1145/258549.258715 · Cited by 3,853
The Cricket location-support system
Priyantha, N. B., Chakraborty, A., & Balakrishnan, H. (2000) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/345910.345917 · Cited by 3,709
Five disruptive technology directions for 5G
Boccardi, F., Heath, R. W., Lozano, A., Marzetta, T. L., & Popovski, P. (2014) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6736746 · Cited by 3,698
Earthquake shakes Twitter users
Sakaki, T., Okazaki, M., & Matsuo, Y. (2010) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/1772690.1772777 · Cited by 3,631
Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges
Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., Pellegrini, F. D., & Imrich Chlamtac, A. (2012) · Ad Hoc Networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.02.016 · Cited by 3,629
Context-Aware Computing Applications
Schilit, B. N., Adams, N., & Want, R. (1994) · IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA) · doi:10.1109/wmcsa.1994.16 · Cited by 3,341
Big other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization
Zuboff, S. (2015) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1057/jit.2015.5 · Cited by 3,205
Dey, A. K., Abowd, G. D., & Salber, D. (2001) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327051hci16234_02 · Cited by 2,943
Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey
Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P., & Georgakopoulos, D. (2014) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/surv.2013.042313.00197 · Cited by 2,861
Estrin, D. L., Govindan, R., Heidemann, J., & Kumar, S. (1999) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/313451.313556 · Cited by 2,680
Pervasive computing: vision and challenges
Satyanarayanan, M. (2001) · IEEE Personal Communications · doi:10.1109/98.943998 · Cited by 2,416
Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing
Weiser, M. (1993) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/159544.159617 · Cited by 2,361
Self-citationDirected diffusion for wireless sensor networking
Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., Estrin, D., Heidemann, J., & Silva, F. (2003) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2002.808417 · Cited by 2,359
Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior
Park, J. S., O'Brien, J., Cai, C. J., Morris, M. R., Liang, P., & Bernstein, M. S. (2023) · Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology · doi:10.1145/3586183.3606763 · Cited by 2,187
Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior
Park, J. S., O'Brien, J. C., Cai, C. J., Morris, M. R., Liang, P., & Bernstein, M. S. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.03442 · Cited by 2,173
Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks
Ko, Y., & Vaidya, N. H. (1998) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/288235.288252 · Cited by 2,009
A survey on context-aware systems
Baldauf, M., Dustdar, S., & Rosenberg, F. (2007) · International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1504/ijahuc.2007.014070 · Cited by 1,984
An Introduction to RFID Technology
Want, R. (2006) · IEEE Pervasive Computing · doi:10.1109/mprv.2006.2 · Cited by 1,766
A Survey of Context-Aware Mobile Computing Research
Chen, G., & Kotz, D. F. (2000) · Cited by 1,757
A Survey of Augmented Reality Technologies, Applications and Limitations
van Krevelen, D. W. F., & Poelman, R. (2010) · International Journal of Virtual Reality · doi:10.20870/ijvr.2010.9.2.2767 · Cited by 1,662
Lee, K. M. (2004) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x · Cited by 1,631
Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review
Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2017) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.016 · Cited by 1,599
What we talk about when we talk about context
Dourish, P. (2004) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-003-0253-8 · Cited by 1,529
Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models
Palattella, M. R., Dohler, M., Grieco, A., Rizzo, G., Torsner, J., Engel, T., & Ladid, L. (2016) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2016.2525418 · Cited by 1,459
Charting past, present, and future research in ubiquitous computing
Abowd, G. D., & Mynatt, E. D. (2000) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/344949.344988 · Cited by 1,458
Disseminating active map information to mobile hosts
Schilit, B. N., & Theimer, M. M. (1994) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/65.313011 · Cited by 1,405
A new location technique for the active office
Ward, A., Jones, A., & Hopper, A. (1997) · IEEE Personal Communications · doi:10.1109/98.626982 · Cited by 1,350
Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review
Shaikh, F. K., & Zeadally, S. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.010 · Cited by 1,254
Emerging frameworks for tangible user interfaces
Ullmer, B., & Ishii, H. (2000) · IBM Systems Journal · doi:10.1147/sj.393.0915 · Cited by 1,225
Salber, D., Dey, A. K., & Abowd, G. D. (1999) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/302979.303126 · Cited by 1,191
Trends in augmented reality tracking, interaction and display: A review of ten years of ISMAR
Zhou, F., Duh, H. B., & Billinghurst, M. (2008) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR · doi:10.1109/ismar.2008.4637362 · Cited by 1,165
3D Virtual worlds and the metaverse: Current status and future possibilities
Dionisio, J. D. N., III, W. G. B., & Gilbert, R. (2013) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/2480741.2480751 · Cited by 1,151
Bardzell, S. (2010) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753521 · Cited by 1,139
Location‐Aided Routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks
Ko, Y., & Vaidya, N. H. (2000) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1023/a:1019106118419 · Cited by 1,139
Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection
Handy, M., Haase, M., & Timmermann, D. (2003) · Mobile and Wireless Communication Networks · doi:10.1109/mwcn.2002.1045790 · Cited by 1,121
Usability Engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human-Computer Interaction
Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2001) · Cited by 1,116
A middleware infrastructure for active spaces
Román, M., Hess, C. K., Cerqueira, R., Ranganathan, A., Campbell, R. H., & Nahrstedt, K. (2002) · IEEE Pervasive Computing · doi:10.1109/mprv.2002.1158281 · Cited by 1,084
Cooperstock, J. R. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470050118.ecse524 · Cited by 1,084
Interacting with paper on the DigitalDesk
Wellner, P. D. (1993) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/159544.159630 · Cited by 1,074
Sensor-Based Activity Recognition
Chen, L., Hoey, J., Nugent, C. D., Cook, D. J., & Yu, Z. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) · doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2198883 · Cited by 1,074
Hermida, A. (2010) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512781003640703 · Cited by 789
Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence
Erickson, M., & Clark, A. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3654679 · Cited by 1,037
Providing architectural support for building context-aware applications
Dey, A. K., & Abowd, G. D. (2000) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 1,033
Bricks: laying the foundations for graspable user interfaces
Fitzmaurice, G. W., Ishii, H., & Buxton, W. A. S. (1995) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '95 · doi:10.1145/223904.223964 · Cited by 991
Buer, S.-V., Strandhagen, J. O., & Chan, F. T. S. (2018) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2018.1442945 · Cited by 985
Personal Area Networks: Near-field intrabody communication
Zimmerman, T. G. (1996) · IBM Systems Journal · doi:10.1147/sj.353.0609 · Cited by 974
Knowledge-based augmented reality
Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., & Seligmann, D. D. (1993) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/159544.159587 · Cited by 971
Ambient intelligence: Technologies, applications, and opportunities
Cook, D. J., Augusto, J. C., & Jakkula, V. R. (2009) · Pervasive and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.04.001 · Cited by 968
Automation, Algorithms, and Beyond: Why Work Design Matters More Than Ever in a Digital World
Parker, S. K., & Grote, G. (2022) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12241 · Cited by 960
Heath, C., & Luff, P. (1992) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/bf00752451 · Cited by 920
Named Data Networking (NDN) Project
Zhang, L., Estrin, D. L., Burke, J. A., Jacobson, V. L., Thornton, J. D., Smetters, D. K., Zhang, B., & Tsudik, G. (2010) · Cited by 915
An ontology for context-aware pervasive computing environments
Chen, H., Finin, T., & Joshi, A. (2003) · The Knowledge Engineering Review · doi:10.1017/s0269888904000025 · Cited by 888
A survey of autonomic computing—degrees, models, and applications
Huebscher, M. C., & McCann, J. A. (2008) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/1380584.1380585 · Cited by 869
Smart cities: A conjuncture of four forces
Angelidou, M. (2015) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.05.004 · Cited by 863
Computing in Everyday Life: A Call for Research on Experiential Computing1
Yoo, Y. (2010) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/20721425 · Cited by 815
Hot topics-ubiquitous computing
Weiser, M. (1993) · Computer · doi:10.1109/2.237456 · Cited by 799
Self-citationThe myths of the digital native and the multitasker
Kirschner, P. A., & De Bruyckere, P. (2017) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2017.06.001 · Cited by 796
Park, Y. (2011) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v12i2.791 · Cited by 782
Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges
Bostrom, N., & Sandberg, A. (2009) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-009-9142-5 · Cited by 786
Programming Environments: Environmentality and Citizen Sensing in the Smart City
Gabrys, J. (2014) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1068/d16812 · Cited by 747
The Interactive Workspaces project: experiences with ubiquitous computing rooms
Johanson, B., Fox, A., & Winograd, T. A. (2002) · IEEE Pervasive Computing · doi:10.1109/mprv.2002.1012339 · Cited by 733
Floridi, L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6 · Cited by 823
Research on the architecture of Internet of Things
Wu, M., Lu, T., Ling, F.-Y., Sun, J., & Du, H. (2010) · International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering · doi:10.1109/icacte.2010.5579493 · Cited by 706
Slow Technology – Designing for Reflection
Hallnäs, L., & Redström, J. (2001) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/pl00000019 · Cited by 706
Ghasempour, A. (2019) · Inventions · doi:10.3390/inventions4010022 · Cited by 685
From the Internet of Computers to the Internet of Things
Mattern, F., & Flörkemeier, C. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17226-7_15 · Cited by 677
Interactive public ambient displays
Vogel, D., & Balakrishnan, R. (2004) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/1029632.1029656 · Cited by 683
Harnessing context sensing to develop a mobile intervention for depression
Burns, M. N., Begale, M., Duffecy, J., Gergle, D., Karr, C. J., Giangrande, E., & Mohr, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1838 · Cited by 646
How bodies matter: five themes for interaction design
Klemmer, S. R., Hartmann, B., & Takayama, L. (2006) · Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systems · doi:10.1145/1142405.1142429 · Cited by 645
SmartFactory—Towards a factory-of-things
Zuehlke, D. (2010) · Annual Reviews in Control · doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2010.02.008 · Cited by 645
Infrastructuring: Toward an Integrated Perspective on the Design and Use of Information Technology
Siegen, U., Pipek, V., Wulf, V., & Siegen, F.-I. F. A. I. F. A. U. (2009) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00195 · Cited by 638
Smart Homes for Elderly Healthcare—Recent Advances and Research Challenges
Majumder, S., Aghayi, E., Noferesti, M., Memarzadeh‐Tehran, H., Mondal, T. K., Pang, Z., & Deen, M. J. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17112496 · Cited by 636
Orr, R. J., & Abowd, G. D. (2000) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/633292.633453 · Cited by 634
Pervasive computing: a paradigm for the 21st century
Saha, D., & Mukherjee, A. (2003) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2003.1185214 · Cited by 630
A survey of autonomic communications
Dobson, S., Denazis, S., Anta, A. F., Gaïti, D., Erol Gelenbe, A., Massacci, F., Nixon, P., Saffre, F., Schmidt, N., & Zambonelli, F. (2006) · ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems · doi:10.1145/1186778.1186782 · Cited by 628
Privacy in the Internet of Things: threats and challenges
Ziegeldorf, J. H., Morchon, O. G., & Wehrle, K. (2013) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1002/sec.795 · Cited by 661
Classroom 2000: An experiment with the instrumentation of a living educational environment
Abowd, G. D. (1999) · IBM Systems Journal · doi:10.1147/sj.384.0508 · Cited by 616
Prospective materials and applications for Li secondary batteries
Jeong, G., Kim, Y.-U., Kim, H., Kim, Y., & Sohn, H. (2011) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c0ee00831a · Cited by 613
The origins of ubiquitous computing research at PARC in the late 1980s
Weiser, M., Gold, R., & Brown, J. S. (1999) · IBM Systems Journal · doi:10.1147/sj.384.0693 · Cited by 612
Self-citationAn architecture for a secure service discovery service
Czerwinski, S. E., Zhao, B. Y., Hodes, T. D., Joseph, A. D., & Katz, R. H. (1999) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/313451.313462 · Cited by 606
An architecture for privacy-sensitive ubiquitous computing
Hong, J., & Landay, J. A. (2004) · International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services · doi:10.1145/990064.990087 · Cited by 599
Heterogeneity in Mobile Cloud Computing: Taxonomy and Open Challenges
Sanaei, Z., Abolfazli, S., Gani, A., & Buyya, R. (2013) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/surv.2013.050113.00090 · Cited by 593
How smart are our environments? An updated look at the state of the art
Cook, D. J., & Das, S. K. (2006) · Pervasive and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2006.12.001 · Cited by 605
Bridging physical and virtual worlds with electronic tags
Want, R., Fishkin, K. P., Gujar, A. U., & Harrison, B. L. (1999) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/302979.303111 · Cited by 583
Streitz, N., Geißler, J., Holmer, T., Konomi, S., Müller-Tomfelde, C., Reischl, W., Rexroth, P., Seitz, P., & Steinmetz, R. (1999) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/302979.303010 · Cited by 578
Hamilakis, Y. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139024655 · Cited by 583
Luff, P., & Heath, C. (1998) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/289444.289505 · Cited by 559
Why and why not explanations improve the intelligibility of context-aware intelligent systems
Lim, B. Y., Dey, A. K., & Avrahami, D. (2009) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1519023 · Cited by 552
Aura: An Architectural Framework for User Mobility in Ubiquitous Computing Environments
Sousa, J. P., & Garlan, D. (2002) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35607-5_2 · Cited by 549
Ullmer, B., & Ishii, H. (1997) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/263407.263551 · Cited by 541
Perlin, K., & Fox, D. S. (1993) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/166117.166125 · Cited by 540
At Home with Ubiquitous Computing: Seven Challenges
Edwards, W. K., & Grinter, R. E. (2001) · Cited by 535
Sensing techniques for mobile interaction
Hinckley, K., Pierce, J., Sinclair, M., & Horvitz, E. (2000) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/354401.354417 · Cited by 534
Ishii, H. (2008) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/1347390.1347392 · Cited by 531
Issues and Challenges in Ubiquitous Computing
Lyytinen, K., & Yoo, Y. (2002) · UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias y Tecnologia Felix Morales Bueno · Cited by 530
Divining a digital future: mess and mythology in ubiquitous computing
Dourish, P., & Bell, G. (2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-6928 · Cited by 528
Design for Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing Environments
Bellotti, V. M. E., & Sellen, A. J. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2094-4_6 · Cited by 525
Metadata
- Authors
- Weiser, M.
- Corresponding author
- Weiser, Mark
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1991-09
- Volume
- 265
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 94-104
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1647826363
- Cited by
- 10,017
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 189 · 2021: 253 · 2020: 272 · 2019: 278 · 2018: 347 · 2017: 379 · 2016: 402 · 2015: 509 · 2014: 486 · 2013: 558 · 2012: 588
- FWCI
- 192.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- IEEE Pervasive Computing (publishedVersion)
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Topics
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Information Society and Technology Trends
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › History of Computing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Robotics and Automated Systems
- Keywords
- ubiquitous computing, computer hardware, computer software, wireless communication, infrared communication, future of computing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review