Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models
Open accessAbstract
The IoT paradigm holds the promise to revolutionize the way we live and work by means of a wealth of new services, based on seamless interactions between a large amount of heterogeneous devices. After decades of conceptual inception of the IoT, in recent years a large variety of communication technologies has gradually emerged, reflecting a large diversity of application domains and of communication requirements. Such heterogeneity and fragmentation of the connectivity landscape is currently hampering the full realization of the IoT vision, by posing several complex integration challenges. In this context, the advent of 5G cellular systems, with the availability of a connectivity technology, which is at once truly ubiquitous, reliable, scalable, and cost-efficient, is considered as a potentially key driver for the yet-to emerge global IoT. In the present paper, we analyze in detail the potential of 5G technologies for the IoT, by considering both the technological and standardization aspects. We review the present-day IoT connectivity landscape, as well as the main 5G enablers for the IoT. Last but not least, we illustrate the massive business shifts that a tight link between IoT and 5G may cause in the operator and vendors ecosystem.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The 3GPP, 4G, and 4G LTE based networks offer IoT applications with high data transmission rate, wide coverage, and some levels of security protection.
“In many IoT applications, the 3GPP, 4G, and 4G LTE based networks are widely used to provide communications between devices (Astely et al., 2013), which offer IoT applications with high data transmission rate, wide coverage, and some levels of security protection (Palattella et al., 2016).”
From Future Industry Internet of Things with Zero-trust Security (2024) · cites this paper as Palattella et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Computer for the 21st Century
Weiser, M. (1991) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0991-94 · Cited by 10,017 · see citing works
Internet of Things in industries: A survey
Xu, L. D., He, W., & Li, S. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2014.2300753 · Cited by 5,172 · see citing works
Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey
Kreutz, D., Ramos, F. M. V., Esteves Verissimo, P., Esteve Rothenberg, C., Azodolmolky, S., & Uhlig, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2371999 · Cited by 5,050 · see citing works
Five disruptive technology directions for 5G
Boccardi, F., Heath, R. W., Lozano, A., Marzetta, T. L., & Popovski, P. (2014) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6736746 · Cited by 3,698 · see citing works
Security, privacy and trust in Internet of Things: The road ahead
Sicari, S., Rizzardi, A., Grieco, L. A., & Coen‐Porisini, A. (2014) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.008 · Cited by 2,341 · see citing works
Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Technology and Standardization
Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. (2011) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-011-0288-5 · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Device-to-device communication in 5G cellular networks: challenges, solutions, and future directions
Tehrani, M. N., Uysal, M., & Yanıkömeroğlu, H. (2014) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6815897 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Richardson, L., & Ruby, S. (2007) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology
Gomez, C., Oller, J., & Paradells, J. (2012) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s120911734 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
The Quantified Self: Fundamental Disruption in Big Data Science and Biological Discovery
Swan, M. (2013) · Big Data · doi:10.1089/big.2012.0002 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Seven ways that HetNets are a cellular paradigm shift
Andrews, J. G. (2013) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2013.6476878 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
The requirements, challenges, and technologies for 5G of terrestrial mobile telecommunication
Chen, S., & Zhao, J. (2014) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6815891 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Standardized Protocol Stack for the Internet of (Important) Things
Palattella, M. R., Accettura, N., Vilajosana, X., Watteyne, T., Grieco, L. A., Boggia, G., & Döhler, M. (2012) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/surv.2012.111412.00158 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Self-citationLoad & backhaul aware decoupled downlink/uplink access in 5G systems
Elshaer, H., Boccardi, F., Döhler, M., & Irmer, R. (2015) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2015.7249179 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Cloud technologies for flexible 5G radio access networks
Rost, P., Bernardos, C. J., Domenico, A. D., Girolamo, M. D., Lalam, M., Maeder, A., Sabella, D., & Wübben, D. (2014) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6898939 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
How low energy is bluetooth low energy? Comparative measurements with ZigBee/802.15.4
Siekkinen, M., Hiienkari, M., Nurminen, J. K., & Nieminen, J. (2012) · IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW) · doi:10.1109/wcncw.2012.6215496 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
A survey on IEEE 802.11ah: An enabling networking technology for smart cities
Khorov, E., Lyakhov, A. I., Krotov, A., et al. (2014) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2014.08.008 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Toward a standardized common M2M service layer platform: Introduction to oneM2M
Swetina, J., Lu, G., Jacobs, P., Ennesser, F., & Song, J. (2014) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.2014.6845045 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Understanding the IoT connectivity landscape: a contemporary M2M radio technology roadmap
Andreev, S. D., Galinina, O., Pyattaev, A., Gerasimenko, M., Tirronen, T., Torsner, J., Sachs, J., Döhler, M., & Koucheryavy, Y. A. (2015) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7263370 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationTSMP: TIME SYNCHRONIZED MESH PROTOCOL
Pister, K. S. J., Doherty, L., & Networks, D. (2008) · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Practical Attacks Against Privacy and Availability in 4G/LTE Mobile Communication Systems
Shaik, A., Borgaonkar, R., Asokan, N., et al. (2016) · Network and Distributed System Security Symposium · doi:10.14722/ndss.2016.23236 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
IEEE 802.11AH: the WiFi approach for M2M communications
Adame, T., Bel, A., Bellalta, B., et al. (2014) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.2014.7000982 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
An overview of cooperative communications
Tao, X., Xu, X., & Cui, Q. (2012) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2012.6211487 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Why to decouple the uplink and downlink in cellular networks and how to do it
Boccardi, F., Andrews, J. G., Elshaer, H., Döhler, M., Parkvall, S., Popovski, P., & Singh, S. (2016) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2016.7432156 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Downlink and Uplink Decoupling: A disruptive architectural design for 5G networks
Elshaer, H., Boccardi, F., Döhler, M., & Irmer, R. (2014) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/glocom.2014.7037069 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
(2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119974031 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Buffer-aided cooperative communications: opportunities and challenges
Zlatanov, N., Ikhlef, A., Islam, T., et al. (2014) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6807959 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Condoluci, M., Döhler, M., Araniti, G., Molinaro, A., & Zheng, K. (2015) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7010526 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Interference coordination for dense wireless networks
Soret, B., Pedersen, K. I., Jørgensen, N., et al. (2015) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7010522 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Integration of SDR and SDN for 5G
Cho, H., Lai, C., Shih, T. K., & Chao, H. (2014) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2014.2357435 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
IPv6 over BLUETOOTH(R) Low Energy
Nieminen, J., Savolainen, T., Isomäki, M., et al. (2015) · doi:10.17487/rfc7668 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
OM2M: Extensible ETSI-compliant M2M service platform with self-configuration capability
Alaya, M. B., Banouar, Y., Monteil, T., Chassot, C., & Drira, K. (2014) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.536 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
CROWD: An SDN Approach for DenseNets
Ali-Ahmad, H., Cicconetti, C., de la Oliva, A., Dräxler, M., Gupta, R. K., Mancuso, V., Roullet, L., & Sciancalepore, V. (2013) · European Workshop on Software Defined Networks (EWSDN) · doi:10.1109/ewsdn.2013.11 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Granelli, F., Gebremariam, A. A., Usman, M., Cugini, F., Stamati, V., Alitska, M., & Chatzimisios, P. (2015) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7120042 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
6TiSCH Wireless Industrial Networks: Determinism Meets IPv6
Palattella, M. R., Thubert, P., Vilajosana, X., Watteyne, T., Wang, Q., & Engel, T. (2014) · Smart sensors, measurement and instrumentation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04223-7_5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationArchitecting information centric ETSI-M2M systems
Grieco, L. A., Alaya, M. B., Monteil, T., et al. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomw.2014.6815203 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Leveraging SDN for the 5G Networks
Hakiri, A., & Berthou, P. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118900253.ch5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The case for software-defined networking in heterogeneous networked environments
Mendonca, M., Obraczka, K., & Turletti, T. (2012) · doi:10.1145/2413247.2413283 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leveraging SDN for The 5G Networks: Trends, Prospects and ChallengesPreprint
Hakiri, A., & Berthou, P. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1506.02876 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Joint Subcarrier and Power Allocation for Cooperative Communications in LTE-Advanced Networks
Zhang, X., Shen, X., & Xie, L. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2013.010214.122030 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
LTE-advanced self-organizing network conflicts and coordination algorithms
Lateef, H. Y., Imran, A., Imran, M. A., Giupponi, L., & Döhler, M. (2015) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.2015.7143333 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
SDN-Based Data Offloading for 5G Mobile Networks
Amani, M., Amani, Toktam, et al. (2014) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Aspects of Personal Privacy in Communications - Problems, Technology and Solutions
Køien, G. M., & Oleshchuk, V. A. (2024) · River Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003614364 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Why to Decouple the Uplink and Downlink in Cellular Networks and How To Do ItPreprint
Boccardi, F., Andrews, J. G., Elshaer, H., et al. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.06746 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Want, R. (2015) · doi:10.1145/2753476.2753496 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- J. Pontin, "Bill joy's six webs," in MIT Technology Review, September 2005.
- IEEE std. 802.15.4, Part. 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE standard for Information Technology, Sep. 2009.
- IEEE std. 802.15.4e, Part. 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendament 1: MAC sublayer, IEEE standard for Information Technology, April 2012.
- IETF WG, "IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH)." Available online: http://tools.ietf.org/wg/6tisch/.
- S. Thareefeh, "Zero-capex smart city," MSc Thesis, King's College London, Tech. Rep., September 2015, supervised by Prof. M. Dohler.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions
Sisinni, E., Saifullah, A., Han, S., Jennehag, U., & Gidlund, M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2852491 · Cited by 2,380 · see citing works
Low power wide area networks: an overview
Raza, U., Kulkarni, P., & Sooriyabandara, M. (2017) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2652320 · Cited by 2,047 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Survey on Internet of Things (IoT) Toward 5G Wireless Systems
Chettri, L., & Bera, R. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2948888 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges
Akpakwu, G. A., Silva, B. J., Hancke, G. P., & Abu-Mahfouz, A. M. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2779844 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
A Survey on Mobile Edge Networks: Convergence of Computing, Caching and Communications
Wang, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., YANG, J., & Wang, W. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2685434 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
Internet of Things (IoT): A review of enabling technologies, challenges, and open research issues
Čolaković, A., & Hadžialić, M. (2018) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2018.07.017 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Smart contract-based access control for the internet of things
Zhang, Y., Kasahara, S., Shen, Y., Jiang, X., & Wan, J. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2847705 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
An IoT-cloud Based Wearable ECG Monitoring System for Smart Healthcare
Yang, Z., Zhou, Q., Lei, L., Zheng, K., & Xiang, W. (2016) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-016-0644-9 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
A Survey on Technologies, Standards and Open Challenges in Satellite IoT
Centenaro, M., Costa, C. E., Granelli, F., Sacchi, C., & Vangelista, L. (2021) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3078433 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Federated Learning With Cooperating Devices: A Consensus Approach for Massive IoT Networks
Savazzi, S., Nicoli, M., & Rampa, V. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2964162 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
A Survey on Emerging SDN and NFV Security Mechanisms for IoT Systems
Farris, I., Taleb, T., Khettab, Y., & Song, J. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2862350 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Ahmad, I., Shahabuddin, S., Kumar, T., Okwuibe, J., Gurtov, A., & Ylianttila, M. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2916180 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
5G-based smart healthcare network: architecture, taxonomy, challenges and future research directions
Ahad, A., Tahir, M., & Yau, K.-L. A. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2930628 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
6G Visions: Mobile ultra-broadband, super internet-of-things, and artificial intelligence
Zhang, L., Liang, Y.-C., & Niyato, D. (2019) · China Communications · doi:10.23919/jcc.2019.08.001 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Optimal Schedule of Mobile Edge Computing for Internet of Things Using Partial Information
Lyu, X., Ni, W., Tian, H., Liu, R. P., Wang, X., Giannakis, G. B., & Paulraj, A. (2017) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2017.2760186 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Multiband Spectrum Sensing and Resource Allocation for IoT in Cognitive 5G Networks
Ejaz, W., & Ibnkahla, M. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2775959 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Intelligence in IoT-Based 5G Networks: Opportunities and Challenges
Javaid, N., Sher, A., Nasir, H., & Guizani, N. (2018) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2018.1800036 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Secure data sharing and searching at the edge of cloud-assisted internet of things
Mollah, M. B., Azad, M. A. K., & Vasilakos, A. (2017) · IEEE Cloud Computing · doi:10.1109/mcc.2017.9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Review of Security and Privacy for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
Hatzivasilis, G., Soultatos, O., Ioannidis, S., Verikoukis, C., Demetriou, G., & Tsatsoulis, C. (2019) · 2019 15th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS) · doi:10.1109/dcoss.2019.00091 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Millimetre wave frequency band as a candidate spectrum for 5G network architecture: A survey
Al-Falahy, N., & Alani, O. Y. K. (2019) · Physical Communication · doi:10.1016/j.phycom.2018.11.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Costanzo, A., & Masotti, D. (2017) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2017.2664001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Future Industry Internet of Things with Zero-trust Security
Li, S., Iqbal, M., & Saxena, N. (2024) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10199-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The impact of 6G-IoT technologies on the development of agriculture 5.0: a review
Polymeni, S., Plastras, S., Skoutas, D. N., Kormentzas, G., & Skianis, C. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12122651 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Virtual and Augmented Reality on the 5G Highway
Orlosky, J., Kiyokawa, K., & Takemura, H. (2017) · Journal of Information Processing · doi:10.2197/ipsjjip.25.133 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Sverko, M., Grbac, T. G., & Mikuc, M. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3211288 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…defined as a result of relying on general definitions of IoT, which cover a technologically wider area, and refers to consumers IoT that is closely related to consumers electronics that directly affects people’s quality of life in their environments varying form smart homes to smart cities [75].”
BackgroundDarsena, D., Gelli, G., Iudice, I., & Verde, F. (2023) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3223297 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Abozariba, R., Naeem, M. K., Patwary, M., Seyedebrahimi, M., Bull, P., & Aneiba, A. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sekar, K., Shah, S. A., & Antony Athithan, A. (2021) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1128/1/012010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Palattella, M. R., Dohler, M., Grieco, A., Rizzo, G., Torsner, J., Engel, T., & Ladid, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Polytechnic University of Bari (IT)
- HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (CH)
- Ericsson (Finland) (FI)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 510-527
- ISSN
- 0733-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2273675851
- Cited by
- 1,459
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 210 · 2020: 216 · 2019: 236 · 2018: 194 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 34
- FWCI
- 87.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orbilu.uni.lu
- Locations
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (publishedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion)
- ArODES (HES-SO (https://www.hes-so.ch/)) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission H2020 5GPPP projects NORMA, VirtuWind
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (ICT-671660)
- CoSDN project (INTER/POLLUX/12/4434480)
- Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Data and IoT Technologies
- Keywords
- Internet of Things, 5G, heterogeneous devices, IoT architecture, business models, standardization, cellular networks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
