Label-Free Detection of Single Living Bacteria via Electrochemical Collision Event
Open accessAbstract
We detected single living bacterial cells on ultramicroelectrode (UME) using a single-particle collision method and optical microscopic methods. The number of collision events involving the bacterial cells indicated in current-time (i-t) curves corresponds to the number of bacterial cells (i.e., Escherichia coli) on the UME surface, as observed visually. Simulations were performed to determine the theoretical current response (75 pA) and frequency (0.47 pM−1 s−1) of single Escherichia coli collisions. The experimental current response (83 pA) and frequency (0.26 pM−1 s−1) were on the same order of magnitude as the theoretical values. This single-particle collision approach facilitates detecting living bacteria and determining their concentration in solution and could be widely applied to studying other bacteria and biomolecules.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper demonstrates label-free electrochemical detection of single living *Escherichia coli* by observing staircase current decreases when bacteria collide with and block a 10 μm carbon ultramicroelectrode. Experimental current steps and collision frequencies were on the same order of magnitude as Comsol simulations, and collision counts matched fluorescence microscopy counts of EGFP-expressing *E. coli*.
Key findings
- Single *E. coli* collisions produced staircase current responses; the experimental current step was 83 pA, close to the simulated 75 pA.
- The experimental collision frequency was 0.26 pM⁻¹ s⁻¹, compared with a simulated theoretical frequency of 0.47 pM⁻¹ s⁻¹.
- In one measurement, 7 electrochemical collision responses over 500 s corresponded to 7 fluorescent *E. coli* on the UME surface.
- Collision frequency versus *E. coli* concentration was linear from 10 to 100 fM and saturated at 212 fM because the fully covered UME reduced the electroactive area and migrational flux.
Methods
- A 10 μm carbon-fiber ultramicroelectrode (C-UME) was used in a three-electrode cell with Ag/AgCl reference and Pt counter electrode; ferrocyanide oxidation generated a positive field that attracted negatively charged *E. coli*, and collision/attachment blocked redox flux.
- *E. coli* DH5α was cultivated in LB medium with kanamycin at 37 °C, and EGFP was expressed with 0.1 mM IPTG for fluorescence confirmation; collision events were measured by current-time curves and compared with fluorescence microscopy and SEM.
- 3-D and 2-D Comsol Multiphysics simulations estimated current-step height and collision frequency; control experiments used *E. coli*-free LB medium and ruthenium(III) hexamine to test the role of migrational movement.
Limitations
- The paper states that the simulation considered only diffusional and attractive migrational movement of *E. coli*, and it notes that complex *E. coli* movement hardly affected overall collision frequency.
- The paper states that high redox concentrations may damage living *E. coli*, so relatively low Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ concentrations were required; 20 mM was chosen to balance signal and cell stability.
- Text-evident limitations: detection was demonstrated only for *E. coli*; the concentration–frequency relationship was linear only from 10 to 100 fM and saturated at 212 fM; and current-step height depended on *E. coli* alignment and landing position on the UME.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
2 of 5 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
It is difficult to monitor or capture living bacteria, which are small and move by swimming, swarming, gliding, and twitching in solution.
“However, it is difficult to monitor or capture living bacteria, which are small and move by swimming, swarming, gliding, and twitching in solution14.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Kearns, D. B. A field guide to bacterial swarming motility. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8, 634–644 (2010). source
The paper’s section on studying swarming motility in the laboratory says swarming occurs over a solid surface and distinguishes it from swimming in water. That contradicts the claim that all four forms of movement occur in solution. The passages found also do not say that living bacteria are difficult to monitor or capture because they are small. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationreasoning
The complex movement of E. coli hardly affects the overall collision frequency.
“This result implies that the complex movement of E. coli hardly affects the overall collision frequency.25”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Walker, S. L., Hill, J. E., Redman, J. A. & Elimelech, M. Influence of growth phase on adhesion kinetics of Escherichia coli D21g. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 3093–3099 (2005). source
The Results and Discussion report virtually identical bacterial transfer rates for two growth phases under favorable conditions, but attribute this finding to the small difference in cell size. The copy does not address whether E. coli’s complex movement affects overall collision frequency (searched: movement, motility, swimming, collision frequency). (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Findingown data
The experimental current response (83 pA) and frequency (0.26 pM−1 s−1) were on the same order of magnitude as the theoretical values.
“The experimental current response (83 pA) and frequency (0.26 pM−1 s−1) were on the same order of magnitude as the theoretical values.”
- Also stated in: § Simulation for analysing current step decrease and collision frequency · plain
“The experimental (0.26 pM−1 s−1) and expected (0.47 pM−1 s−1) frequencies are on the same order of magnitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Simulation for analysing current step decrease and collision frequency · plain
- Findingown data
The number of collision events involving bacterial cells in current-time curves corresponds to the number of bacterial cells (E. coli) on the UME surface, as observed visually.
“The number of collision events involving the bacterial cells indicated in current-time (i-t) curves corresponds to the number of bacterial cells (i.e., Escherichia coli) on the UME surface, as observed visually.”
- Also stated in: § Detection of multiple E. coli collisions on C-UME · plain
“The number of adsorbed E. coli was in good agreement with the number of electrochemical collision responses.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“The number of collision responses observed in i-t curves correlates with the number of E. coli observed via fluorescence microscopy and predicted by theoretical calculations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Detection of multiple E. coli collisions on C-UME · plain
- Findingown data
Simulations determined the theoretical current response of single E. coli collisions to be 75 pA.
“Simulations were performed to determine the theoretical current response (75 pA) and frequency (0.47 pM−1 s−1) of single Escherichia coli collisions.”
- Also stated in: § Simulation for analysing current step decrease and collision frequency · hedged
“The height of the experimentally observed staircase current (83 pA) shown in Fig. 3A is in good agreement with the estimated signal height (75 pA) based on the simulation results shown in Fig. 4C (simulation details are provided in the Supplementary Dataset).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Also stated in: § Simulation for analysing current step decrease and collision frequency · hedged
- Findingown data
Simulations determined the theoretical collision frequency of single E. coli to be 0.47 pM−1 s−1.
“Simulations were performed to determine the theoretical current response (75 pA) and frequency (0.47 pM−1 s−1) of single Escherichia coli collisions.”
- Also stated in: § Simulation for analysing current step decrease and collision frequency · hedged
“Based on this simulation, the expected frequency was ca. 0.47 pM−1s−1, which was calculated based on the total flux of E. coli observed on the UME.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Also stated in: § Simulation for analysing current step decrease and collision frequency · hedged
- Findingown data
The paper detected single living bacterial cells on an ultramicroelectrode using a single-particle collision method and optical microscopy.
“We detected single living bacterial cells on ultramicroelectrode (UME) using a single-particle collision method and optical microscopic methods.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · boosted
“In this paper, we have demonstrated the electrochemical label-free detection of single living bacteria using the blocking methodology, as was visually confirmed using EGFP-expressing E. coli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Label-free detection of single living microbes has not been reported to date.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · boosted
- Findingown data
No collision signal was detected during the measurement time when an opposite electric field was generated by reduction of ruthenium(III) hexamine.
“As shown in Fig. S6, there was no collision signal detected during the measurement time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The plot of collision frequency vs. E. coli concentration shows good linearity in the concentration range from 10 to 100 fM.
“The plot in Supplementary Fig. S7 (collision frequency vs. E. coli concentration) shows good linearity in the concentration range from 10 to 100 fM.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The magnitude of the staircase current decrease resulting from a single E. coli collision was estimated via 3-D Comsol Multiphysics simulations.
“The magnitude of the staircase current decrease resulting from a single E. coli collision was estimated via 3-D Comsol Multiphysics simulations (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Findingown data
Small molecules in LB medium smaller than 340 nm did not cause any detectable staircase current decrease under the experimental conditions.
“These small particles did not cause any detectable staircase current decrease under our experimental conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A control experiment using E. coli-free LB medium showed no meaningful staircase signal over 500 s.
“No meaningful staircase signal was observed over 500 s in the presence of LB medium which contains several small molecules that are smaller than 340 nm (Supplementary Fig. S4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relative size of the current step (∆i/ilim) tends to increase as the landing position nears the edge of the UME, regardless of the E. coli alignment.
“The simulation results imply that the relative size of the current step (∆i/ilim), where ilim is the limiting current and ∆r is the distance from the center of the UME to the E. coli, tends to increase as the landing position nears the edge of the UME, regardless of the E. coli alignment (Fig. 4C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Findingnone given
The theoretical current responses of single E. coli collisions were obtained by Comsol Multiphysics simulations.
“The theoretical current responses of single E. coli collisions were obtained by Comsol Multiphysics simulations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Findingreasoning
The collision frequency was saturated at 212 fM of E. coli because the fully E. coli-covered UME, which had reduced electroactive area, exhibited reduced migrational E. coli flux to its surface.
“The collision frequency was saturated at 212 fM of E. coli because the fully E. coli-covered UME, which had reduced electroactive area, exhibited reduced migrational E. coli flux to its surface.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
SEM supports the adsorption of E. coli at the same position.
“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also supports the adsorption of E. coli at the same position (Supplementary Fig. S5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The expected collision frequency was ca. 0.47 pM−1s−1, calculated based on the total flux of E. coli observed on the UME.
“Based on this simulation, the expected frequency was ca. 0.47 pM−1s−1, which was calculated based on the total flux of E. coli observed on the UME.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Findingown data
The experimental (0.26 pM−1 s−1) and expected (0.47 pM−1 s−1) frequencies are on the same order of magnitude.
“The experimental (0.26 pM−1 s−1) and expected (0.47 pM−1 s−1) frequencies are on the same order of magnitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Findingown data
The height of the experimentally observed staircase current (83 pA) is in good agreement with the estimated signal height (75 pA) based on the simulation results.
“The height of the experimentally observed staircase current (83 pA) shown in Fig. 3A is in good agreement with the estimated signal height (75 pA) based on the simulation results shown in Fig. 4C (simulation details are provided in the Supplementary Dataset).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Findingown data
The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
“These simulation results are also in good agreement with the experimental results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Interpretationown data
The electrochemical signal can be used to estimate the size of the bacteria.
“The concentration of living bacteria can be measured based on the number of captured cells at the UME surface, and the electrochemical signal can be used to estimate the size of the bacteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Interpretationreasoning
The mobile living bacteria were detected at the UME according to two sequential strategies: electrophoretic migration and blockage of the electroactive area.
“The mobile living bacteria were detected at the UME according to two sequential strategies: 1) electrophoretic migration and 2) blockage of the electroactive area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Negatively charged E. coli is attracted to the UME surface through electrophoretic migration.
“Therefore, the negatively charged E. coli is attracted to the UME surface through electrophoretic migration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The rapid self-proliferation of living cells increases the difficulty of estimating their exact concentrations.
“Furthermore, the rapid self-proliferation of living cells increases the difficulty of estimating their exact concentrations15.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Reshes, G., Vanounou, S., Fishov, I. & Feingold, M. Cell shape dynamics in Escherichia coli. Biophys. J. 94 251–264 (2008). source
- Interpretationown data
The concentration of living bacteria can be measured based on the number of captured cells at the UME surface.
“The concentration of living bacteria can be measured based on the number of captured cells at the UME surface, and the electrochemical signal can be used to estimate the size of the bacteria.”
- Also stated in: § Dependency of E. coli concentration on collision frequency · hedged
“The concentration of cells in the sample could thus be predicted using the theoretical single-particle collision frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Dependency of E. coli concentration on collision frequency · hedged
- Premiseown data
As a practical guideline, the ratio of UME diameter to analyte dimension should be less than approximately 20.
“As a practical guideline, this ratio (UME diameter to analyte dimension) should be less than approximately 20.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The system can be used to detect E. coli without removing LB.
“Therefore, this system can be used to detect E. coli without removing LB, which would be highly experimentally useful.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
By observing the cells adhered to the UME, this method can provide a platform to study the properties of single cell after separation and/or attachment onto the UME surface.
“By observing the cells adhered to the UME, this method can provide a platform to study the properties of single cell after separation and/or attachment onto the UME surface.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This approach can be used to estimate the number of adsorbed E. coli on the UME based on the current transient.
“Thus, this approach can be used to estimate the number of adsorbed E. coli on the UME based on the current transient.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This method can be used to investigate attached single bacteria.
“Therefore, this method can be used to investigate attached single bacteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The stability of bacterial cells under 20 mM K4Fe(CN)6 was confirmed by a cell growth experiment.
“The stability of bacterial cells under this condition (20 mM K4 Fe(CN)6) was confirmed by a cell growth experiment (Supplementary Fig. S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The simulation considered only the diffusional and attractive migrational movement of E. coli.
“This simulation considered only the diffusional and attractive migrational movement of E. coli (between positively developed electric field near UME and negatively charged E. coli).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
- Interpretationown data
The collision signals under ferrocyanide condition originated from negatively charged E. coli.
“From these results, we can confirmed that the collision signals under ferrocyanide condition originated from negatively charged E. coli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 9
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningWhen an E. coli collides with and attaches to the UME surface, the steady-state current decreases immediately because the flux of the redox species is blocked by the E. coli, producing a staircase current response.
“When an E. coli collides with and then attaches to the UME surface, the level of the steady-state current decreases immediately because the flux of the redox species is blocked by the E. coli. Therefore, a staircase current response is observed (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOne collision signal was detected for 90 s, and after collecting the electrochemical collision signal, fluorescent microscopy showed green E. coli on the UME surface.
“As shown in Fig. 3A, one collision signal was detected for 90 s. After collecting the electrochemical collision signal, the electrode surface was observed by fluorescent microscopy (Fig. 3B). The green-colored E. coli on the UME surface were clearly observabled.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSeven collision responses were observed over 500 s, and seven fluorescent E. coli were present on the UME surface.
“In this case, 7 collision responses were observed over 500 s (Fig. 3C). As shown in Fig. 3D, 7 fluorescent E. coli were present on the UME surface (black circles).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe microscopic images confirmed that the adsorbed particle on the electrode surface is an E. coli and that the cell cannot be easily detached.
“These microscopic images confirmed that the adsorbed particle on the electrode surface is an E. coli and that the cell cannot be easily detached.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the presence of 20 mM Fe(CN)64─, E. coli collision resulted in a response of tens of pA, which exceeds the instrumental lower limit (a few pA) by one order of magnitude.
“In the presence of 20 mM Fe(CN)64─, E. coli collision resulted in a response of tens of pA, which exceeds the instrumental lower limit (a few pA) by one order of magnitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataStaircase current responses were observed upon single E. coli collision for all studied concentrations of redox species, and the current step height was proportional to the redox species concentration.
“As shown in Fig. 2, staircase current responses were observed upon single E. coli collision for all studied concentrations, and the current step height was proportional to the redox species concentration (Supplementary Fig. S1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenWhen ferrocyanide is oxidized at the electrode surface, a positive electric field is developed by the steady-state current flow.
“When the ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)64─) is oxidized at the electrode surface, a positive electric field is developed by the steady-state current flow.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe approach could be widely applied to studying other bacteria and biomolecules.
“This single-particle collision approach facilitates detecting living bacteria and determining their concentration in solution and could be widely applied to studying other bacteria and biomolecules.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“This approach can also be applied to study other biomolecules.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Label-free detection of single living microbes has not been reported to date.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe single-particle collision approach facilitates detecting living bacteria and determining their concentration in solution.
“This single-particle collision approach facilitates detecting living bacteria and determining their concentration in solution and could be widely applied to studying other bacteria and biomolecules.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Therefore, this methodology can be applied to measure the concentrations of specific-sized microbes in solution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Label-free detection of single living microbes has not been reported to date.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe concentration of 20 mM Fe(CN)64─ is low enough to prevent osmotic cell death but high enough to result in observable signal intensity.
“This concentration is low enough to prevent osmotic cell death but high enough to result in observable signal intensity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: High concentrations of redox species may cause unexpected damage to the living E. coli.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe particle size-to-UME diameter ratio must be optimized to produce an obvious staircase current.
“Next, the particle size-to-UME diameter ratio must be optimized to produce an obvious staircase current322.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Boika, A., Thorgaard, S. N. & Bard, A. J. Monitoring the electrophoretic migration and adsorption of single insulating nanoparticles at ultramicroelectrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 4371–4380 (2013). source
- cites [22] Fosdick, S. E., Anderson, M. J., Nettleton, E. G. & Crooks, R. M. Correlated Electrochemical and Optical Tracking of Discrete Collision Events. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 5994–5997 (2015). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThis blocking method is faster and simpler than the conventional methods used to detect living bacteria in solution.
“This blocking method is faster and simpler than the conventional methods used to detect living bacteria in solution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Label-free detection of single living microbes has not been reported to date.
“Interesting features of various single biomolecules have been observed1213, but label-free detection of single living microbes has not been reported to date.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm.
“in our simulation, an E. coli was assumed to have a cylindrical shape with a radius of 0.4 μm and a length of 2 μm”
The paper relies on this without support.
High concentrations of redox species may cause unexpected damage to the living E. coli.
“However, such high concentrations of redox species may cause unexpected damage to the living E. coli.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Blocking electrochemical impacts were extended to single bacteria detection for the first time in 2016 by Lee et al. with E. coli.
“Blocking electrochemical impacts have been extended to single bacteria detection for the first time in 2016 by Lee et al. with E. coli [29].”
From Trends in single-impact electrochemistry for bacteria analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
The blocking electrochemical impacts method has been widely extended to the detection of various micro- and nano-objects, with specific interest in single collisions of bio-entities such as proteins, viruses, and bacteria.
“In the following years, this method has been widely extended to the detection of various micro-and nano-objects, with a specific interest in single collisions of bio-entities such as proteins, viruses, and bacteria [19,25,29,35].”
From Trends in single-impact electrochemistry for bacteria analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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Toward the Detection and Identification of Single Bacteria by Electrochemical Collision Technique
Gao, G., Wang, D., Brocenschi, R., Zhi, J., & Mirkin, M. V. (2018) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03043 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ronspees, A. T., & Thorgaard, S. N. (2018) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Smida, H., Langlard, A., Ameline, D., Thobie-Gautier, C., Boujtita, M., & Lebègue, E. (2023) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-023-04568-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lebègue, E., Costa, N. L., Louro, R. O., & Barrière, F. (2020) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ab9e39 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Computer-Assisted Processing of Current Step Signals in Single Blocking Impact Electrochemistry
Langlard, A., Smida, H., Chevalet, R., Thobie-Gautier, C., Boujtita, M., & Lebègue, E. (2024) · ACS Measurement Science Au · doi:10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.4c00046 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tubbs, A., Ahmed, J. U., Christopher, J., & Alvarez, J. C. (2024) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d4ay00899e · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chen, X., Peng, M., Peng, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · Chemistry – A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202503631 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chávez-Ramos, A. E., Saddler, J., Katt, D., Galicia, M., & Ortiz-Ledón, C. A. (2026) · ACS Measurement Science Au · doi:10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00290
- Authors
- Lee, J. Y., Kim, B.-K., Kang, M., & Park, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Sookmyung Women's University (KR)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Jeonbuk National University (KR)
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2016-07-20
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30022-30022
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4951717
- OpenAlex
- W2484399586
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Chonbuk National University
- Sookmyung Women's University
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2015R1C1A1A01055250, NRF-2015R1C1A1A01055250, NRF-2013R1A1A1059719)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015R1C1A1A01055250)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Keywords
- label-free detection, ultramicroelectrodes, Escherichia coli, current-time curves, collision frequency, electrochemical biosensor
- MeSH terms
- Escherichia coli, Microscopy, Electrochemical Techniques, Bacterial Load
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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