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Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation
Open accessAbstract
The IL (interleukin)-6-type cytokines IL-6, IL-11, LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor), OSM (oncostatin M), ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1 and cardiotrophin-like cytokine are an important family of mediators involved in the regulation of the acute-phase response to injury and infection. Besides their functions in inflammation and the immune response, these cytokines play also a crucial role in haematopoiesis, liver and neuronal regeneration, embryonal development and fertility. Dysregulation of IL-6-type cytokine signalling contributes to the onset and maintenance of several diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis and various types of cancer (e.g. multiple myeloma and prostate cancer). IL-6-type cytokines exert their action via the signal transducers gp (glycoprotein) 130, LIF receptor and OSM receptor leading to the activation of the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades. This review focuses on recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IL-6-type cytokine signal transduction. Emphasis is put on the termination and modulation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway mediated by tyrosine phosphatases, the SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signalling) feedback inhibitors and PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STAT) proteins. Also the cross-talk between the JAK/STAT pathway with other signalling cascades is discussed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review summarizes IL-6-type cytokine signalling through gp130, LIFR and OSMR, covering JAK/STAT and MAPK activation and the mechanisms that terminate or modulate these pathways. It emphasizes negative regulation by tyrosine phosphatases, SOCS feedback inhibitors and PIAS proteins, as well as cross-talk with other signalling cascades.
Key findings
- IL-6-type cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, LIF, OSM, CNTF, CT-1 and CLC) signal via gp130 homodimers or gp130–LIFR/OSMR heterodimers; all potently activate STAT3 and, to a lesser extent, STAT1 through gp130, while OSMR is the most potent activator of STAT5.
- Receptor activation requires more than simple dimerization: efficient gp130 activation by monoclonal antibodies required two distinct antibodies, with the minimal requirement being one intact antibody plus the Fab of a second; insertion of one to four alanines into the gp130 membrane-proximal intracellular region gave full activation only with wild-type and the +3A mutant, interpreted as an approx. 110° twist per alanine and approx. 330° for three.
- JAK1 is essential for IL-6 signalling; gp130, LIFR and OSMR bind JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2. JAK1 mobility is approx. 100-fold lower than that of a typical cytoplasmic protein, and gp130 residues including box1 prolines and Trp666 are critical for JAK binding, while W652A abrogates JAK1 activation without affecting JAK1 association.
- Signal termination involves SHP2 and SOCS3 at gp130 pTyr759, with SOCS3 binding gp130 peptides with slightly higher affinity than SHP2; SOCS1 and SOCS3 inhibit JAKs, PIAS1 inhibits STAT1 and PIAS3 inhibits STAT3. Reported half-lives include SOCS1 1.5 h, SOCS2 1 h, SOCS3 1.6 h, IL-6Rα 2–3 h, gp130 2.5 h, JAK1 3.2 h, JAK2 1.9 h, TYK2 2 h, STAT3α 8.5 h, STAT3β 4.5 h, STAT1 16 h and SHP-2 18–20 h.
Methods
- Narrative review of molecular mechanisms of IL-6-type cytokine signal transduction, focusing on advances made during the previous 5 years in receptor activation, JAK–receptor interactions, STAT activation, signal modulation and cross-talk.
- Synthesizes structural, mutagenesis, biochemical and in vivo findings from the literature; no primary experimental dataset is presented, and the text includes models and a table of half-lives drawn from cited studies.
Limitations
- The authors state that key structural data are still missing, including the structure and conformational states of the cytoplasmic parts of cytokine receptors, and that three-dimensional structures of JAKs and SOCS proteins would be extremely valuable.
- The authors state that mathematical models of this complexity suffer from a lack of sufficient quantitative experimental data, and that cross-talk and biological outcomes depend on cell type and differentiation state.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not use a systematic search or meta-analysis, and it includes unpublished work/personal communications and unresolved conflicting findings, such as JNK versus p38 involvement in STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation and the positive versus negative regulatory functions reported for STAT3β.
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Claims the paper makes
172 Sources not found · 17 Own interpretation · 16 No basis given · 7 Not checked yet · 2 Own result
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In the paper
“Human OSM has the exceptional capability to recruit two different receptor complexes.It forms both LIFR-gp130 and OSMR-gp130 heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“LIF and OSM directly engage their signalling receptor subunits without requirement for additional α-receptor subunits (Figure 2) [4,6].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Soluble forms of cytokine receptors in vivo are formed either by limited proteolysis (shedding) of membrane-bound receptors or by translation from an alternatively spliced mRNA [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“It has been demonstrated that sIL-6Rα potentiates the antagonistic activity of sgp130.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“In contrast with IL-6, and presumably also IL-11, where all the helices are straight, the A helix of LIF, OSM and CNTF is kinked [17,18].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“The minimal requirement for receptor activation is one intact antibody and the Fab (fragment antigen binding) of the second antibody.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“It has been shown that these domains are necessary for coupling ligand binding and signal transduction, since deletion of these domains leads to signalling incompetent receptors [36,37].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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“Thus in the homodimer two different binding epitopes of gp130 are involved in ligand recognition [23].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“The interaction sites predicted by mutagenesis studies have recently been confirmed by the X-ray structure of KSHV-IL-6 bound to a soluble gp130 fragment comprising the CBM and the Ig-like domain [24].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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“In contrast with the α-receptors, the receptors that initiate signal transduction have three additional membrane-proximal FNIII domains [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“This structural divergence might reflect differences in the mechanisms of receptor recruitment, since the straight cytokines signal via gp130 homodimers, whereas the kinked cytokines signal via LIFR-gp130 or OSMR-gp130 heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Of these, JAK1 plays an essential role, because in cells lacking JAK1 IL-6 signal transduction is greatly impaired [51,52,134].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“This finding has been interpreted in a way that the bivalent intact antibody enforces receptor dimerization and the monovalent Fab adjusts the conformation required for JAK activation and downstream signalling [40].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“Some evidence has been provided that under certain circumstances gp130 and LIFR are degraded after internalization [30][31][32].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“While for gp130, the STATs were found to depend on a specific conformation in order to become phosphorylated, for the EpoR the receptor phosphorylation seems to be sensitive to changes in orientation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“KSHV-IL-6 binds the gp130 homodimer in the absence of any α-receptor [16], but with lower affinity as compared with IL-6-IL-6Rα-gp130 ternary complexes.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Internalization of gp130 seems to be independent from ligand binding [28], and is modulated by phosphorylation at Ser 782 [29] which is located adjacent to the dileucine motif.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“ErbB2 forms a complex with gp130 in an IL-6-dependent manner in prostate carcinoma cells [35].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“In certain cell types, a localization of gp130 in plasma membrane microdomains, such as lipid rafts and caveolae, has been observed [9][10][11].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“After secretion of the CLC-CLF-1 or CLC-CNTFRα complexes, signalling is dependent on CNTFRα and occurs via gp130-LIFR heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Constantinescu et al. [46] identified a hydrophobic motif in the EpoR membrane-proximal domain (Leu 253 , Ile 257 and Trp 258 ) which is conserved in many cytokine receptors and needs to be precisely orientated in order to promote signalling.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“PKCδ enhances the association of STAT3 with the receptor, which possibly involves the phosphorylation of Thr 890 of gp130 [67].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“All IL-6-type cytokines potently activate STAT3, and to a minor extent STAT1 through their common receptor subunit gp130 [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“The Cterminal tyrosine kinase domain is preceded by a pseudokinase domain, which itself is devoid of catalytic activity, but regulates the activity of the kinase domain [3].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“In the cases of LIFR and OSMR, STAT3 and STAT1, as well as STAT5, activation has been observed, with OSMR being the most potent activator of STAT5 [56].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“These results were confirmed by Chung et al. [105], who also observed that IL-6-induced STAT3 activation is MAPK independent, but sensitive to H7.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Serine phosphorylation
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In the paper
“Cdk9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9) was also found to bind to gp130, and the association increased upon IL-6 stimulation of HEK 293 cells over-expressing gp130 and Cdk9 [66].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“Deletion of these amino acids reduces IL-6-induced Hck kinase activity, ERK (extracellular-regulated kinase) activation, dephosphorylation of Pyk2 and proliferation of transfected pro-B Ba/F3 cells [65].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“A conformational change in the SH2 domain may account for this dual specificity [91].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“The recruitment of STATs to the activated receptors has been shown to be mediated by their SH2 domain and requires the phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine motifs [74,[81][82][83].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“substitution of Trp 652 with alanine (W652A) within the box1 region has no effect on JAK1 association but abrogates JAK1 activation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mutations with similar consequences (no JAK activation in spite of JAK association) have been described for the EpoR [59], indicating that cytokine receptors in general contribute to the JAK-activation process.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“human fibrosarcoma cells lacking JAK1 express less OSMR at their surface compared with the parental cells, but transient transfection of JAK1 can again increase the amount of surface-expressed receptors [49].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Box2 of gp130, a sequence dominated by hydrophobic amino acids followed by charged ones, contributes to JAK binding, presumably by increasing the affinity; a gp130 construct lacking box2 coprecipitates with JAK1 only when the kinase is over-expressed [55].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This leads to the formation of active STAT dimers, also shown to be mediated by their SH2 domains [90].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In response to IL-6, Gab1 is tyrosine phosphorylated and interacts subsequently with SHP2 and PI3K.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study [112] on STAT3 activation in response to EGF (epidermal growth factor) suggests that receptor-mediated endocytosis is required for shuttling of STAT3 from the plasma membrane to the perinuclear region.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the DNA-binding domain of STAT1, initially an NES was postulated that comprises residues 399-410 [108].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Compared with the unmethylated protein, methylated STAT1 has a higher tendency to associate with DNA, since its interaction with PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STATs) 1 (see the subsection below entitled 'PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?') seems to be weaker [106].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Methylation of STATs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [106]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The family of IL-6-type cytokines not only activates ERK1/2, a MAPK known for cellular processes that maintain cell survival, but also the stress-activated members of the MAPK family: p38 and JNK [140-142] (Figure 6).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [140]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [141]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [142]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Sensitivity to leptomycin suggests that nuclear export of STAT1 involves the nuclear export receptor CRM-1 that also acts in a Randependent manner [108,109].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, from an earlier study [113], it was concluded that nuclear translocation of STAT1 in response to IFNγ does not require cytoskeletal structures, such as actin filaments or microtubules.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [113]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“According to the current view of the SHP2-dependent activation of MAPKs adopted from EGF and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) signal transduction, SHP2 links the Grb2-SOS (growthfactor-receptor-bound protein/Son of Sevenless) complex and/or Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) to gp130 [127,129,130].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [127]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [129]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [130]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In response to IL-2, Epo, EGF, and PDGF, SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 3) becomes tyrosine phosphorylated, and subsequently binds and inactivates Ras/GTPase-activating protein.This results in the inhibition of the GTPase activity of Ras, leading to a sustained Ras/GTP and MAPK activity [139].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“SHP2 is rapidly recruited to tyrosine-phosphorylated gp130 and becomes also phosphorylated in a JAK1-dependent manner [131].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dimerization of IL-6-type cytokine receptors does not only lead to activation of the JAK/STAT-signalling pathway, but also to the induction of the MAPK cascade.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, nuclear accumulation of constitutively active STAT proteins is independent from endocytosis, because in these cases the STATs are not recruited to any plasma membrane receptor [110,114].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [114]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“PIAS1 inhibits STAT1 signalling [179], but conversely enhances the transcriptional activity of nuclear hormone receptors [180].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [179]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [180]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Whereas SHP2 modulates the amount and amplitude of STAT3 activity [131,158], PTPεC affects the kinetics of the onset of STAT3 activation [169].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [158]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [169]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that PI3K activation upon IL-6 treatment is observed in a cell-type specific manner; e.g.no significant Akt activation could be observed in IL-6treated HepG2 hepatoma cells [149].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enzyme modifies certain phosphatidylinositides, so that the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B/Akt is recruited to the plasma membrane, where it becomes activated through phosphorylation by PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Early results suggested the presence of a nuclear phosphatase which counteracts IFNγ -activated STAT1 and contributes to its nuclear export [121,173].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [121]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [173]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Interaction of SHP2 with JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2, and phosphorylation of SHP2 by JAK1 and JAK2, have at least been shown to occur in vitro [131,162].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [162]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“IL-6-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in protection against apoptosis, as well as in enhanced proliferation of multiple myeloma cells [145][146][147].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The cytoplasmic variant of PTPε, PTPεC, is expressed in haematopoietic cells and has been shown to selectively inhibit IL-6-induced gp130, JAK and STAT activation [168].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [168]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the IL-6induced activation of the MAPK cascade is impaired by mutation of Tyr 759 within gp130, indicating that SHP2, as an adaptor, has a positive function on the activation of the MAPK cascade (as shown in Figure 1).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The family of PIAS comprises five mammalian members: PIAS1, PIAS3, PIASxα, PIASxβ, and PIASy.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus methylation not only supports STAT activity (by preventing PIAS association), but also promotes its inactivation by dephosphorylation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Experiments in vivo underscore the in vitro findings in demonstrating that mice expressing gp130 lacking Tyr 759 display splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and an enhanced acute-phase reaction [161].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [161]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences suggest that signalling components requiring posttranslational modifications for their activation are long-lived, whereas the activity of short-lived proteins is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Half-lives of signalling components: party as long as you live
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Whereas the feedback inhibitors SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3 are very short-lived, STAT1, STAT3α and SHP2 have slow turnover rates.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Half-lives of signalling components: party as long as you live
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [222]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [223]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The eight members of this family (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7) contain a central SH2 domain, as well as a C-terminal domain called a SOCS box (Figure 4).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For gp130, SOCS3 has been found to bind to the phosphotyrosine motif 759 [197,198], which is also the binding site for SHP2.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [197]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [198]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Phosphorylation occurs at two tyrosine residues (Tyr 204 and Tyr 221 ) within the SOCS box and phosphorylation of Tyr 221 recruits p120 RasGAP leading to sustained ERK activation [139].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other reports, however, suggest that elongin C binding can stabilize SOCS1 and that the disruption of the interaction leads to proteasomal degradation of SOCS1 [206,215].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [206]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [215]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Expression of SOCS proteins was found to be rapidly up-regulated by IL-6 (CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3), LIF (CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3), IL-11 (SOCS3) and OSM (CIS, SOCS1 and SOCS3) [32,190,192,193].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [190]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [192]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As SOCS proteins are induced via the JAK/STAT pathway and subsequently inhibit STAT-mediated signal transduction, they are acting as classical feedback inhibitors.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These phosphotyrosine residues may be part of an activated receptor or the tyrosine-phosphorylated C-terminal tail of SHP2 (from [156]).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [156]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FKHR specifically enhanced the activity of STAT3-dependent promoters, such as the α 2 M promoter, but not that of a STAT5-responsive promoter.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other signalling pathways have been shown to induce stabilization of cytokine mRNAs as well: the JNK pathway induces stabilization of the short-lived IL-2 mRNA [219], and PI3K activation induces stabilization of IL-3 mRNA [220].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [219]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [220]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“PI3K activation induces stabilization of IL-3 mRNA [220]”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [220]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The nuclear receptor co-repressor SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoic and thyroid hormone receptors) is a potential binding partner for STAT5 and represses STAT5-dependent transcription [255].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [255]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Furthermore, FKHR and STAT3 can be co-immunoprecipitated and co-localize in the nucleus of IL-6-treated HepG2 cells [149].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the JNK pathway induces stabilization of the short-lived IL-2 mRNA [219]”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [219]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, an EZI mutant predominantly localized in the cytoplasm inhibited nuclear localization of STAT3, as well as STAT3-mediated transactivation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, Nmi itself is induced by IL-2 and IFNγ , indicating a positive feedback loop within this signal transduction.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [253]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This interaction is further modulated by Nmi (N-Myc interactor) which augments CBP recruitment to STAT1 and STAT5, and potentiates IL-2 and IFNγ signalling [253].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [253]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The authors state this as an assumption.
The membrane-proximal FNIII domains bridge the ~9 nm distance between the CBM C-termini so that the cytoplasmic parts are close enough to become activated by associated JAKs.
“The membrane-proximal FNIII domains might bridge this distance so that the cytoplasmic parts are in close enough proximity to become activated by the associated JAKs (Figure 5).This assumption is supported by a recent study on the role of the gp130 FNIII domains for heterodimerization with the LIFR [38].”
The paper relies on this without support.
gp130 is ubiquitously expressed.
“Although gp130 is ubiquitously expressed, the number of cells that respond to a certain IL-6-type cytokine is limited, since the expression of the other receptor subunits, especially of the α-receptors, is more restricted and tightly regulated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6-type cytokines form a subfamily of helix bundle cytokines.
“IL-6-type cytokines form a subfamily of the helix bundle cytokines.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All IL-6-type cytokines comprise four long α-helices A-D arranged in an up-up-down-down topology.
“All IL-6-type cytokines comprise four long α-helices termed A, B, C and D, which are arranged in a way that leads to an up-up-down-down topology (Figure 3).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each receptor contains at least one cytokine-binding module (CBM) comprising two FNIII domains.
“Each receptor contains at least one cytokine-binding module (CBM) that comprises two FNIII-domains.”
The paper relies on this without support.
JAKs bind to the membrane-proximal region of cytokine receptors, which contains conserved box1 and box2 motifs.
“JAKs bind to the membrane-proximal region of cytokine receptors, which contains conserved so-called box1 and box2 motifs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The N-terminal region of JAKs comprises a FERM domain crucial for receptor association.
“The N-terminal region of JAKs comprises a FERM (fourpoint-one, ezrin, radixin and moesin) domain which is crucial for receptor association.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The STAT family encompasses seven mammalian members.
“The STAT family of transcription factors encompasses seven mammalian members, designated STAT1, -2, -3, -4, -5a, -5b and -6.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In response to IL-6 stimulation, cytoplasmic STAT3 rapidly accumulates in the nucleus.
“In response to IL-6 stimulation, cytoplasmic STAT3 rapidly accumulates in the nucleus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nuclear accumulation is triggered by STAT dimerization in response to tyrosine phosphorylation.
“Nuclear accumulation is triggered by STAT dimerization in response to tyrosine phosphorylation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“IL-6Rα expression is normally associated with hepatocytes and leukocytes but has also been described in cancer cells, including PDAC.”
From Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The cytokine IL-6 triggers multiple downstream responses, including metabolic regulation.”
From Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“IL-6, which was discovered in 1986 (27), is a pleiotropic cytokine involved not only in immune responses but also in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, embryonic development and other fundamental processes (1, 21, 28–32).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Vascular effects of glycoprotein130 ligands--part II: biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines in children and adolescents with Down syndrome.
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Potential Avenues for Immunotherapy of Colitis-Associated Neoplasia
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The role of the glycoprotein gp130 in the serotonin mediator system in the mouse brain
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Vertebrate Neural Stem Cells: Development, Plasticity, and Regeneration
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Oncostatin M and its receptors mRNA regulation in bovine granulosa and luteal cells
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Carbon nanotubes significantly enhance the biological activity of CpG ODN in chickens
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“LIF also activates other signaling pathways, such as those involving the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and PIK3/AKT [25–27].”
BackgroundBiochemical Changes in the Niche Following Tumor Cell Invasion
Decker, A. M., Cackowski, F. C., Jung, Y., & Taichman, R. S. (2016) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.25843 · Cited by 7
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“Moreover, other substrates have been reported to become phosphorylated by JAKs, such as the adaptor protein Shc, leading to the activation of the ras-map-kinase pathway and the inositol trisphosphate (IP3) kinase, which activates pathways, which protect cells from apoptosis (Heinrich et al. 2003).”
BackgroundKiszel, P., Füst, G., Pessi, T., Hurme, M., & Prohászka, Z. (2006) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000096095 · Cited by 7
“Rivera-Chavez showed that production of IL-6 by LPS-stimulated leukocytes is related to promoter haplotype, homozygous individuals with wild-type alleles of –174 and –597 SNPs (GG) produced the highest amounts of IL-6.Taking these observations together our results strongly indicate that subjects carrying high IL-6-exp…”
ResultCharacterization and expression analysis of the chicken interleukin-11 receptor alpha chain
Kawashima, T., Hojyo, S., Nishimichi, N., et al. (2004) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2004.09.003 · Cited by 7
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Cytokine Expression and Signaling in Brain Tumors
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The Cytokine Receptor gp130: Faithfully Promiscuous
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Comprehensive view of suicide: A neuro-immune-endocrine approach
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Targeting PAD4: A Promising Strategy to Combat β-Cell Loss in Type 1 Diabetes
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“This signalling cascade results in the phosphorylation of STAT3 on tyrosine 705, activating its transcriptional function and amplifying the expression of inflammatory genes (Heinrich et al., 2003).”
Research progress of SOCS in autoimmune diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Cui, R., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1604271 · Cited by 7
Association of Chronic Inflammation-Associated Cancer With Cytokines
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“Inhibition of apoptosis: Anti-apoptotic cytokines (IL-3 and stem cell factor, erythropoietin and anamorsin) prevent or inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis), thereby promoting cell survival and health, particularly in response to injury or stress [4,15].”
Modeling exercise using optogenetically contractible Drosophila larvae
Ghosh, A. C., Hu, Y., Tattikota, S. G., Liu, Y., Comjean, A., & Perrimon, N. (2022) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-022-08845-6 · Cited by 6
“For instance, acute exercise is known to dramatically increase the expression of interleukin-6 (IL6) in the muscle, one of the very first exercise-induced myokines identified in vertebrates [64] and a known activator of JAK/STAT pathway [65].”
BackgroundRobinson, R. L., Glass, J., Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22329-3 · Cited by 6
The β1 Adrenergic Blocker Nebivolol Ameliorates Development of Endotoxic Acute Lung Injury
Temel, E. N., Savran, M., Erzurumlu, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12051721 · Cited by 6
“In addition, this triggers some post-receptor intracellular signaling mechanisms and leads to the production of some inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL) 1-beta, and IL-6 [31].”
BackgroundInfluentialGp130 Promotes Inflammation via the STAT3/JAK2 Pathway in Allergic Conjunctivitis
Bao, J., Zhang, P., Wu, B., Wang, J., Li, S., Li, A., & Jie, Y. (2023) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.64.4.5 · Cited by 7
The influence of sepsis on erythrocytes morphology: case report and literature review
Nicolescu, C. M., & Moldovan, S. D. (2024) · Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology · doi:10.47162/rjme.65.1.15 · Cited by 6
“…the presence of erythrocytes of different sizes and shapes: anisocytosis, anisochromia, burr cells, elliptocytes, stomatocytes (Figure 4); these major morphological alterations, according to some studies, are typical for septic shock state [57, 58] and could be a consequence of oxidative stress.”
BackgroundBondı̀, M., Cavaggioni, A., Gasperetti, A., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Rachmawati, M. R., Tulaar, A. B., Immanuel, S., Purba, A., Mansyur, M., Haryadi, R. D., Hadisoebroto, I., Husni, A., & Ibrahim, N. (2016) · Anatomy & Cell Biology · doi:10.5115/acb.2016.49.1.15 · Cited by 6
“The series of biomechanical abnormalities will increase the eccentric contraction of the muscle, causing higher mechanical pressure of the muscles around the lower limb joints while doing walking activity, and initiated the skeletal muscle injury [10, 11].”
BackgroundInfluentialInflammatory pathway network-based drug repositioning and molecular phenomics
Gu, J., Crosier, P. S., Hall, C. J., Chen, L., & Xu, X. (2016) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c6mb00222f · Cited by 6
Recombinant purified buffalo leukemia inhibitory factor plays an inhibitory role in cell growth
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Obesity and chronic leptin resistance foster insulin resistance
Dey, S., Murmu, N., Böse, M., Ghosh, S., & Giri, B. (2021) · BLDE University Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4103/bjhs.bjhs_29_20 · Cited by 9
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“IL-6 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that activates IL-6 [39,40], consisting of a cell surface signaling assembly.”
BackgroundAraki, T., Watanabe, Y., Okada, Y., Murakami, H., Ogo, N., & Asai, A. (2022) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113079 · Cited by 6
Kowalik, A., Majerek, M., Mrowiec, K., Solich, J., Faron‐Górecka, A., Woźnicka, O., Dziedzicka‐Wasylewska, M., & Łukasiewicz, S. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12060749 · Cited by 6
“Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a small (21 kDa) pro-inflammatory molecule that mediates the immune response [72,73].”
BackgroundJing, D., Jiang, X., Chou, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.906219 · Cited by 6
“IL-6 can also contribute to neurotrophy (37).”
Kim, K., Lee, D. C., Kim, H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713271 · Cited by 6
“EESP at all concentrations administered significantly lowered TNF-α levels and, at 150 and 500 µg/day, EESP also significantly lowered IL-6 and MCP1 levels (Figure 7).”
BackgroundInfluentialSaha, K., Ganapathy, A. S., Wang, A., Priya, A., Morris, N. M., Harris, L., Yochum, G. S., Koltun, W. A., Perdew, G. H., Nighot, M., et al. (2023) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.09.003 · Cited by 6
“IL-6 cis-or transsignaling activates the Janus kinase/signal transducer (Jak) and activator of transcription (Stat) kinases and alters the transcriptional state of the target cells to initiate inflammation 4 .”
Regulation of Germinal Center Reactions by B and T Cells
Kim, Y., Liu, X., Tanaka, S., Tran, D. Q., & Chung, Y. (2013) · Antibodies · doi:10.3390/antib2040554 · Cited by 7
“STAT3 is the main transducer of IL-6R and IL-21R signals in T and B cells [42,43].”
BackgroundTwo cytokine signaling molecules co-operate to promote axonal transport and growth
Miao, T., Wu, D., Wheeler, A. P., Wang, P., Zhang, Y., Bo, X., Yeh, J., Subang, M. C., & Richardson, P. M. (2010) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.021 · Cited by 6
“As SOCS3 binds to molecules in at least one dozen signaling pathways (Heinrich et al., 2003) including rasGAP, which influences ERK signaling (Cacalano et al., 2001), the finding that it interacts with a molecule in the JNK pathway has precedent.”
BackgroundIn vitro stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes
Dimarakis, I., Levičar, N., Nihoyannopoulos, P., et al. (2006) · Journal of Cardiothoracic-Renal Research · doi:10.1016/j.jccr.2006.06.001 · Cited by 6
Atorvastatin ameliorates tissue damage of obstructed ureter in rats
Chuang, Y.-H., Chuang, W., Huang, S., et al. (2011) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2011.09.010 · Cited by 6
Hecht, O., Dingley, A. J., Schwanter, A., et al. (2006) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bc.2006.155 · Cited by 6
“Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in hematopoiesis, regulation of immune responses, and the acute phase reaction (Taga and Kishimoto, 1997; Heinrich et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCandidate genes of Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia: current evidence and research
Bianchi, G., Sacco, A., Kumar, Rossi, G., Ghobrial, I. M., & Roccaro, A. M. (2013) · The Application of Clinical Genetics · doi:10.2147/tacg.s42690 · Cited by 7
“The first three were upregulated in CLL while MARCKS was upregulated in WM. GEP also revealed a higher expression of IL-6 in WM than in both MM and CLL. 34–37 It is widely accepted that IL-6 activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway and the transcription f…”
Gene Expression Profiling in rMd5- and rMd5Δmeq-Infected Chickens
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Aydoğan, K., Özakın, C., Sarıcaoğlu, H., et al. (2013) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.12273 · Cited by 6
Al‐Quraishy, S., Dkhil, M. A., Abdel‐Baki, A. S., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01087 · Cited by 6
“…shares a common pathway through the common signal transducer GP130 with the polyfunctional interleukin 6 class cytokine family, consisting of IL-6, IL-11, OSM (oncostatin M), CNTF (cilary neurotrophic factor), CT-1 (cardiotrophin-1), and CLC (cardiotrophin-like cytokine) (Heinrich et al., 2003).”
Immunology of the Testis and Male Reproductive Tract
Hedger, M. P. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.01112-x · Cited by 6
“…IL6 family of cytokines exert their actions via binding to specific receptors that associate with a common membrane signal transducer gp130, leading to the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Jak/Stat) and MAP kinase cascades (Heinrich et al. 2003).”
BackgroundKaur, G., Ali, S. A., Pachauri, S., Malakar, D., Kaushik, J. K., Mohanty, A. K., & Kumar, S. (2017) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000465507 · Cited by 6
“The pathway of LIF/JAK/STAT3 has been well studied and its involvement in the self-renewal for maintenance of ESCs via STAT3 has been established [Levy and Darnell, 2002; Heinrich et al., 2003; Murray, 2007].”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, X. '., Wang, P., Zhao, C., Yan, L. E., Lin, H., & Qiu, L. (2018) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.038 · Cited by 6
“We also identified a C-terminal WSxWS motif (WDYPD), which is a well-conserved motif of type-I cytokine receptors [29] (Fig.”
BackgroundTaheri, M. N., Azimi, G., Sayad, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s187414 · Cited by 6
“Among transcriptional co-regulators of this pathway are protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS).(4) The mammalian PIAS family includes proteins encoded by four genes: PIAS1, PIAS2 (PIASx), PIAS3, and PIAS4 (PIASy).”
BackgroundMarkey, K. A., Takashima, S., Hanash, A. M., & Hill, G. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812630-1.00017-7 · Cited by 5
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The interleukin-6 trans-signaling promotes progesterone production in human granulosa-lutein cells
Li, S., Chang, H., Wang, J. H., Yang, J., & Leung, P. C. K. (2022) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioac020 · Cited by 6
“Classical IL-6 signaling is mediated by a transmembrane receptor (IL-6Rα) that is mainly expressed on hepatocytes and leukocytes [52], and is associated with gp130, a membrane glycoprotein [53].”
BackgroundZhong, W., Liu, H., Li, F., Lin, Y., Ye, Y., Xu, L., Li, S., Chen, H., Li, C., Lin, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.934128 · Cited by 6
“Activated SHP2 Frontiers in Oncology 13 induces Ras/Raf signaling pathways, which in turn activate MAPK and eventually transcriptional activators such as ELK to transmit signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus (36).”
BackgroundWigmore, S. J., Sangster, K., McNally, S. J., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.19.3.413 · Cited by 6
“throughout the body (16).”
Saiyed, N., Yılmaz, A., Vishweswariah, S., Maiti, A. K., Ustun, I., Bartolone, S. N., Hughes, T. B., Thorpe, R. J., Osentoski, T., Ruff, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-220081 · Cited by 7
Development of Nano–Micro Fused LSPR Chip for In Situ Single-Cell Secretion Analysis
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Modeling the Dynamics of Acute Phase Protein Expression in Human Hepatoma Cells Stimulated by IL-6
Xu, Z., Karlsson, J. O. M., & Huang, Z. J. (2015) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr3010050 · Cited by 6
“The IL-6 signal transduction pathway has been extensively studied and the two major signaling pathways have been determined to be the JAK-STAT pathway and the MAPK-C/EBPβ pathway [2].”
BackgroundSuchorska, W. M., Dams‐Kozlowska, H., Kazimierczak, U., et al. (2011) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.2011.627852 · Cited by 6
“IL-6 type cytokines share a common gp130 receptor subunit; however, they display unique activities by utilizing also other components of the receptor complex [32].”
BackgroundChen, X., & Zhu, B. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.906968 · Cited by 6
“IL-6 is secreted by T cells and macrophages, acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine [22].”
BackgroundSanz, E., Quintana, A., Valente, T., Manso, Y., Hidalgo, J., & Unzeta, M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21892 · Cited by 6
Receptor fusion proteins for the inhibition of cytokines
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Role of TNF-alpha as a survival prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.
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ADAM10membrane protein ectodomain sheddase involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis
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The co-regulators SRC-1 and SMRT are involved in interleukin-6-induced androgen receptor activation
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“Binding of IL-6 to its receptor leads to activation of Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt kinase (PI3-K/AKT) pathways [15, 16].”
La atribución de responsabilidades sobre las políticas públicas en un sistema de gobierno multinivel
Léon, S., & Ferrín, M. (2007) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 6
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Fill a Gab(1) in Cardiac Hypertrophy Signaling
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Taneera, J., Khalique, A., Mohammed, A. K., Mussa, B. M., Sulaiman, N. D., Abu‐Gharbieh, E., El‐Huneidi, W., & Saber-Ayad, M. M. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13080685 · Cited by 5
“IL6 exerts its effects through binding to its receptor, IL6R, and activating a complex signaling pathway that modulates the expression and activity of various transcription factors [11,12].”
BackgroundAdvances and challenges in drug repurposing in precision therapeutics of colorectal cancer
Yu, X., Wu, H.-T., Wu, B., Zhi, S.-F., Lan, Y.-Z., Chen, W.-J., & Liu, J. (2025) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.4251/wjgo.v17.i7.107681 · Cited by 7
Zhe, Z., Wang, Y., Bian, Y., Zhang, Q., Yang, M., Zhang, B., Lan, Y., Yu, T., & Yanan, C. (2025) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.105781 · Cited by 5
“The MAPK signaling pathway (including p38, MEK, and ERK) plays a critical role in E. tenella -induced inflammatory responses by activating pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1 β , IL-6, TNF-α ), exacerbating intestinal damage (Heinrich, et al., 2003; Ma, et al., 2019).”
Ishida, Y., Kuninaka, Y., Komori, T., Iwabuchi, S., Nosaka, M., Kimura, A., Hashimoto, S., Morikawa, Y., Mukaida, N., & Kondo, T. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08980-2 · Cited by 5
“OSM belongs to the IL-6 family (gp130-dependent cytokines), which includes interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophicfactor(CNF),andcardiotrophin1.”
Kukreja, B., Jeon, S. T., Cao, W., Rusu, B., Harrison, C. F., Ghazisaeidi, S., Tahmasian, N., Feng, M. Y., Chan, R., Loan, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02162-3 · Cited by 8
Helicobacter pylori and Cancer: What’s the Link?
Merola, E., Pes, G. M., Graham, D. Y., & Dore, M. P. (2026) · Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology · doi:10.2147/ceg.s495588 · Cited by 5
“24 H. pylori reinforces this signaling through several mechanisms.”
DOCK8 and STAT3 cooperate to restrain IgE-inducing T follicular helper cells
Siniscalco, E. R., Fisher, C., Lu, M.-P., Grassmann, J. D. S., Mack, C. D., Yaakoubi, R., Jacobsen, D. R., Chen, Q., Lee, D., Rajamanimuthu, P., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20241707 · Cited by 5
Mechanistic Investigation of Curcuma Protection against Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Peng, H., Jiang, X., Cui, L., Zhu, Y., Ye, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/3891598 · Cited by 5
“It is produced rapidly and instantaneously during infection and tissue injury, which promotes host defense by stimulating acute phase reaction, hematopoiesis and immune response [40].”
BackgroundXu, C.-X., Qiu, X.-Y., Guo, Y., Xu, T., Traub, R. J., Feng, H.-N., & Cao, D. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110889 · Cited by 5
“IL-6 most potently activates STAT3, and to a lesser extent activates STAT1 (Heinrich et al., 2003).”
InfluentialIn Vitro Study of Interleukin-6 when Used at Low Dose and Ultra-Low Dose in Micro-Immunotherapy
Jacques, C., Marchand, F., Chatelais, M., et al. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14030375 · Cited by 5
“From a mechanistic standpoint, IL-6 signalization involves the specific IL-6 membrane-bound receptor (IL-6R) and the common glycoprotein β -receptor 130 kDa (gp130), which results in the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway [3].”
BackgroundWang, X., Guo, L., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15030372 · Cited by 5
“All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”
BackgroundInhibition of DYRK1B BY C81 impedes inflammatory processes in leukocytes by reducing STAT3 activity
Ciurus, S., Elewa, M. A. F., Palmer, M. A., Wolf, A., Hector, M., Fuhrmann, D. C., Thomas, D., Gurke, R., Schwalm, M. P., Berger, L. M., et al. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05579-y · Cited by 5
“Thus, the transcription factor STAT3 is directly associated with the IL-6/JAK-STAT axis [45].”
Hyper-Interleukin-6 Protects Against Renal Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury—A Mouse Model
Zuaiter, M., Axelrod, J. H., Pizov, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2021.605675 · Cited by 5
“This cytokine acts on a limited target tissues and cell types that express its cognate, membrane-bound receptor (IL-6R), by forming a complex with it and its co-receptor, gp130, in a mechanism called classical signaling (12).”
BackgroundImpact of Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells on the Immune System
Alhetheel, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Virology · doi:10.3389/fviro.2021.810231 · Cited by 5
“IL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by different types of cells, including macrophages and T cells, and is involved in the regulation of differentiation of many cell types (53).”
BackgroundBasha, S. S. (2021) · Bioinformation · doi:10.6026/97320630017568 · Cited by 5
Dynamic compression inhibits cytokine-mediated type II collagen degradation
Engstrøm, A., Gillesberg, F. S., Jensen, A.-C. B., et al. (2022) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open · doi:10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100292 · Cited by 5
“OSM can bind both the specific OSM receptor and the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) receptor on the chondrocytes and is believed to mainly signal through the Janus Kinase (JAK) and Signal of Transducer And Transcription (STAT) signaling pathways [27,28].”
BackgroundXiong, L., Wu, H., Zhong, T., et al. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11102014 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- HEINRICH, P. C., BEHRMANN, I., HAAN, S., HERMANNS, H. M., MÜLLER-NEWEN, G., & SCHAPER, F.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- Institut für Biochemie, RWTH Aachen, Universitätsklinikum, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2003-08-15
- Volume
- 374
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- PMC
- PMC1223585
- OpenAlex
- W2086840459
- Cited by
- 3,272
- References
- 265
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 151 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 171 · 2013: 190 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 50.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- cytokine signaling, gp130, LIF receptor, OSM receptor, JAK/STAT signaling, MAPK signaling, protein tyrosine phosphatase, suppressor of cytokine signaling, PIAS, signal termination, signal transduction, acute phase response, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple myeloma, prostate cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Infections, Models, Molecular, Phosphorylation, Protein Conformation, Wounds and Injuries, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Protein Structure, Secondary, Receptors, Interleukin-6
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