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New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy

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Abrahamse, Heidi, Hamblin, Michael R.·2016·Biochemical Journal
DOI 10.1042/bj20150942
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Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has since become a well-studied therapy for cancer and various non-malignant diseases including infections. PDT uses photosensitizers (PSs, non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to initially form the excited singlet state, followed by transition to the long-lived excited triplet state. This triplet state can undergo photochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can destroy cancer cells, pathogenic microbes and unwanted tissue. The dual-specificity of PDT relies on accumulation of the PS in diseased tissue and also on localized light delivery. Tetrapyrrole structures such as porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines with appropriate functionalization have been widely investigated in PDT, and several compounds have received clinical approval. Other molecular structures including the synthetic dyes classes as phenothiazinium, squaraine and BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene), transition metal complexes, and natural products such as hypericin, riboflavin and curcumin have been investigated. Targeted PDT uses PSs conjugated to antibodies, peptides, proteins and other ligands with specific cellular receptors. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to PDT, giving rise to approaches such as nanoparticle delivery, fullerene-based PSs, titania photocatalysis, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles to increase light penetration into tissue. Future directions include photochemical internalization, genetically encoded protein PSs, theranostics, two-photon absorption PDT, and sonodynamic therapy using ultrasound.

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Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Abrahamse, H., & Hamblin, M. R.
Venue
Biochemical Journal
Publisher
Portland Press Ltd.
Published
2016-02-09
Volume
473
Issue
4
Pages
347-364
ISSN
  • 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
  • 1470-8728
DOI
10.1042/bj20150942
OpenAlex
W2278726896
Cited by
2,033
References
3
FWCI
120.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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Abrahamse, H., & Hamblin, M. R. (2016). New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Biochemical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20150942

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