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A balanced approach towards healthy eating in autism
Abstract
Background: This audit was undertaken to investigate the dietary intake and food‐related behaviour of children diagnosed within the autistic spectrum continuum. It was hoped to understand the difficulties faced by parents and carers and to offer a holistic service. Method: Parents of 17 autistic children aged 42–117 months were interviewed and data collected by 3‐day dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire. Weight and height measurements for each child were obtained. South Derbyshire Ethics Committee approval was given. Results: Nutrient intakes on analysis fell below reference nutrient intake (RNI) levels for 53% (nine) children in one or more of the following nutrients: vitamin C, iron, vitamin D, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B 6, calcium and zinc. One child fell below the lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI) for iron and three children aged under 4 years did not meet the LRNI for vitamin D from dietary sources. Excessive milk consumption in 13 children raised calcium intake to levels above 200% of RNI levels.Conclusion: Eating habits were extremely prescriptive. Food preferences were specific for ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ forms, colour, shaped retail products and even brand packaging. Food refusal and introduction of new foods were cited as the most difficult problems faced by parents. Oral sensitivity, poor oral motor movements and difficult eating behaviours were identified and an integrated service involving dietitian, speech therapist and paediatric clinical psychologist was advocated.
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“Evidence suggests that a large proportion of children with ASD do not meet vitamin D requirements [126,132,133,134,135,136].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [134]
In the citing paper
“Although these studies illustrated a large proportion of children with ASD not meeting the recommendations for vitamin D intake, they did not find any evidence that dietary intake of vitamin D in children with ASD differed from that of typically developing controls.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [134]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders
Cermak, S. A., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L. G. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.032 · Cited by 750
“In the UK, Cornish (6) examined the diets and weight status of 17 children with ASDs, ages 3 to 10 years, and found that 10 of the 17 children (59%) ate fewer than 20 different foods.”
InfluentialFood Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Children
Bandini, L. G., Anderson, S. E., Curtin, C., Cermak, S., Evans, E. W., Scampini, R., Maslin, M., & Must, A. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.013 · Cited by 664
Sharp, W. G., Berry, R. C., McCracken, C., Nuhu, N. N., Marvel, E., Saulnier, C. A., Klin, A., Jones, W., & Jaquess, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1771-5 · Cited by 643
Feeding Problems in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review
Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2006) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576060210030401 · Cited by 388
“In addition, other substantial feeding problems for children with ASD included food refusal, failure to eat the usual family diet, inappropriate rate of eating, obsessive eating patterns, failure to accept novel foods, and inappropriate mealtime routines (Collins et al., 2003; Cornish, 1998).”
BackgroundSensory Sensitivity and Food Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Chistol, L. T., Bandini, L. G., Must, A., Phillips, S., Cermak, S. A., & Curtin, C. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3340-9 · Cited by 297
Pediatric Feeding Disorders: A Quantitative Synthesis of Treatment Outcomes
Sharp, W. G., Jaquess, D. L., Morton, J. F., & Herzinger, C. V. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0079-7 · Cited by 282
“For example, up to 89% of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) display strong preferences for certain foods (by type, texture, color, or packaging), consume a narrower range and quantity of food when compared with peers, and/or display elevated rates of disruptive behavior when presented with non-preferred fo…”
BackgroundLukens, C. T., & Linscheid, T. R. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0401-5 · Cited by 278
“despite the fact that they are often described as having unusual eating habits, ranging from slight abnormalities in eating to clinically significant feeding problems (Cornish, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialGastrointestinal Conditions in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Developing a Research Agenda
Coury, D. L., Ashwood, P., Fasano, A., Fuchs, G., Geraghty, M., Kaul, A., Mawe, G., Patterson, P., & Jones, N. E. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900n · Cited by 264
Food variety as a predictor of nutritional status among children with autism
Zimmer, M. H., Hart, L. C., Manning-Courtney, P., Murray, D. S., Bing, N. M., & Summer, S. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1268-z · Cited by 254
“2010), vitamin B6 (Cornish 1998; Wei et al. 2010), vitamin C (Cornish 1998; Herndon et al.”
InfluentialNutrient Intake From Food in Children With Autism
Hyman, S. L., Stewart, P. A., Schmidt, B., Cain, U., Lemcke, N., Foley, J. T., Peck, R., Clemons, T., Reynolds, A., Johnson, C., et al. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900l · Cited by 255
Zazpe (2014) · doi:10.1177/0883073813498821 · Cited by 239
Herndon, A. C., DiGuiseppi, C., Johnson, S. L., Leiferman, J., & Reynolds, A. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0606-2 · Cited by 227
“Using a 3-day diet history, Cornish (1998) found that 53% of children with autism had intakes below the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for at least one of vitamin C, iron, vitamin D, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, calcium or zinc, though 13 of the 17 children drank more milk than the RNI.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAutism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions
Ristori, M. V., Quagliariello, A., Reddel, S., Ianiro, G., Vicari, S., Gasbarrini, A., & Putignani, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112812 · Cited by 214
“, hypertension, diabetes) are generally more prevalent among adults with ASD [59].”
BackgroundHubbard, K. L., Anderson, S. E., Curtin, C., Must, A., & Bandini, L. G. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.04.017 · Cited by 201
Dietary Patterns and Body Mass Index in Children with Autism and Typically Developing Children
Evans, E. W., Must, A., Anderson, S. E., Curtin, C., Scampini, R., Maslin, M., & Bandini, L. (2012) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.014 · Cited by 201
“Children with ASD who exhibit food selectivity have been found to have sensory sensitivity with concomitant aversions to specific colors, smells, temperatures, and textures, and preferences for energy-dense foods (Ahearn, Castine, Nault, & Green, 2001; Cornish, 1998; Dominick, Davis, Lainhart, TagerFlusberg, & Folstei…”
BackgroundAssociation of Sensory Processing and Eating Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Nadon, G., Feldman, D. E., Dunn, W., & Gisel, E. G. (2011) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/541926 · Cited by 191
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation Autism Research and Treatment Volume 2011, Article ID 541926, 8 pages doi:10.1155/2011/541926”
BackgroundInfluentialChildren with autism: effect of iron supplementation on sleep and ferritin
Dosman, C. F., Brian, J. A., Drmic, I. E., Senthilselvan, A., Harford, M. M., Smith, R. W., Sharieff, W., Zlotkin, S. H., Moldofsky, H., & Roberts, S. W. (2007) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.11.004 · Cited by 189
Nadon, G., Feldman, D. E., Dunn, W., & Gisel, E. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309348943 · Cited by 191
“Cornish (1998) suggested that if a child eats fewer than twenty foods, especially children under five years of age, the child should be referred for a nutritional evaluation.”
BackgroundInfluentialLeader, G., Tuohy, E., Chen, J. L., Mannion, A., & Gilroy, S. P. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04357-7 · Cited by 204
“Cornish (1998) noted that children with ASD exhibited a preference for foods composed of sugars or fats, which supports the emerging evidence for greater risks of obesity in this population (Egan et al. 2013).”
BackgroundFeeding and eating behaviors in children with autism and typically developing children
Martins, Y., Young, R. L., & Robson, D. C. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0583-5 · Cited by 182
“For example, it is generally accepted by clinicians, parents and caregivers of children with autism that many of these children have idiosyncratic food preferences and unusual feeding behaviors (Ahearn 2002; Ahearn et al. 2001; Cornish 1998; Schreck et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEsteban-Figuerola, P., Canals, J., Fernández-Cao, J. C., & Arija Val, V. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318794179 · Cited by 181
“In addition, some authors who were not included in the metaanalysis because they did not fulfil our study selection criteria found similar results in children with ASD (Bicer and Alsaffar, 2013; Bowers, 2002; Cornish, 1998; Hyman et al., 2012; Levy et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultNovel and Emerging Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Rossignol, D. A. (2009) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012370902100404 · Cited by 164
Lockner, D. W., Crowe, T. K., & Skipper, B. J. (2008) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.05.003 · Cited by 152
Sensory Processing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Impact on Functioning
Suarez, M. A. (2012) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.012 · Cited by 152
Clinical differences in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without food selectivity
Postorino, V., Sanges, V., Giovagnoli, G., Fatta, L. M., De Peppo, L., Armando, M., Vicari, S., & Mazzone, L. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.016 · Cited by 151
“The everyday management of mealtime behaviors among children with ASD can have a negative impact on family routines, become a significant stressor for families, and be a challenge for clinicians (Cornish, 1998; Williams et al., 2000).”
InfluentialMicrobiome and nutrition in autism spectrum disorder: Current knowledge and research needs
Berding, K., & Donovan, S. M. (2016) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw048 · Cited by 146
Diet can impact microbiota composition in children with autism spectrum disorder
Berding, K., & Donovan, S. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00515 · Cited by 144
“, likes to eat the same foods)” (Cornish, 1998) and “Does your child currently include more than 20 foods in his or her diet” (Nadon et al.”
BackgroundFood Selectivity in Children with Autism: Guidelines for Assessment and Clinical Interventions
Esposito, M., Mirizzi, P., Fadda, R., Pirollo, C., Ricciardi, O., Mazza, M., & Valenti, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065092 · Cited by 188
“A pioneering study observed that 70% of children with ASD in his sample showed food selectivity [43], currently this percentage varies across studies, although slightly lower than the above-mentioned.”
BackgroundResultGluten and casein free diets in autism: A study of the effects on food choice and nutrition
Cornish, E. (2002) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-277x.2002.00372.x · Cited by 137
Self-citationRogers, L. G., Magill‐Evans, J., & Rempel, G. R. (2011) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-011-9252-2 · Cited by 128
“Cornish (1998) indicated that children with ASD who have a repertoire of under 20 foods and are under 5 years of age are at particular risk for nutritional difficulties and require monitoring.”
BackgroundInfluentialIron Deficiency in Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Latif, A. H. A., Heinz, P., & Cook, R. (2002) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361302006001008 · Cited by 129
Eating and Mealtime Behaviors in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Perspectives
Margari, L., Marzulli, L., Gabellone, A., & de Giambattista, C. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s224779 · Cited by 120
Suarez, M. A., Nelson, N. W., & Curtis, A. B. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313499457 · Cited by 128
“Email: michelle.a.suarez@wmich.edu 2010) and may show preference for foods that are “fatty” or sugary” (Cornish, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review
Mazahery, H., Camargo, C., Conlon, C., Beck, K., Kruger, M., & Von Hurst, P. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040236 · Cited by 110
A Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Eating Behaviors of Boys with and Without Autism
Schmitt, L., Heiss, C. J., & Campbell, E. E. (2008) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/01.tin.0000312077.45953.6c · Cited by 101
Nutritional Deficiencies in Children on Restricted Diets
Kirby, M., & Danner, E. (2009) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.003 · Cited by 100
Obesity Prevention for Children with Developmental Disabilities
Must, A., Curtin, C., Hubbard, K. L., Sikich, L., Bedford, J., & Bandini, L. G. (2014) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0098-7 · Cited by 107
Bicer, A. H., & Alsaffar, A. A. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.024 · Cited by 93
Features of feeding difficulty in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Marshall, J., Hill, R. J., Ziviani, J. M., & Dodrill, P. (2013) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2013.808700 · Cited by 92
“Cornish (1998) suggested that consuming a limited number of foods was an indicator for referral for nutritional evaluation.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNutritional status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs): A case—Control study
Marí-Bauset, S., Llopis-González, A., Zazpe-García, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., & Morales-Suárez-Varela, M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2205-8 · Cited by 87
“Our finding of vitamin D intakes being lower than nutritional recommendations is consistent with the findings of several studies over the last 15 years concerning vitamins (Cornish 1998; Hediger et al. 2008; Herndon et al. 2009; Hyman et al. 2012; Lindsay et al. 2006, Moore et al. 2004; Sadowska and Cierebiej 2011; Zi…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAllen, S., Smith, I. M., Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., Szatmári, P., Bryson, S., Fombonne, E. J., Volden, J., Waddell, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv006 · Cited by 87
“…of the number of children with ASD presenting to feeding clinics (Schreck, Williams, & Smith, 2004), and growing concerns about the potential for feeding problems to have a negative impact on children with ASD and their families (Cornish, 1998) appear to have generated a recent surge in research.”
BackgroundMethodMedical treatment of autism spectrum disorders
Coury, D. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32833722fa · Cited by 87
Assessment of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorder
Aponte, C. A., & Romanczyk, R. G. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.09.007 · Cited by 89
Meguid, N. A., Anwar, M., Bjørklund, G., Hashish, A., Chirumbolo, S., Hemimi, M., & Sultan, E. (2017) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9948-1 · Cited by 79
“Breakfast meal frequency was still higher in healthy controls than autistic subjects (93.2% of controls vs. 66.7% cases) but about 14.7% of autistic cases vs. 10.7% of healthy controls rarely had breakfast.”
BackgroundInfluentialKerwin, M. E., Eicher, P. S., & Gelsinger, J. (2005) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1207/s15326888chc3403_4 · Cited by 76
“Feeding problems are relatively common in children, especially in children with developmental disorders such as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD; Cornish, 1998; Kerwin, 1999; Whiteley, Rodgers, & Shattock, 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIron deficiency parameters in autism spectrum disorder: clinical correlates and associated factors
Güneş, S., Ekıncı, O., & Çelik, T. (2017) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-017-0407-3 · Cited by 71
The Role of Vitamins in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know?
Bjørklund, G., Waly, M. I., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Saad, K., Dadar, M., Rahman, M. M., Elhoufey, A. A., Chirumbolo, S., Jóźwik-Pruska, J., & Kałużna‐Czaplińska, J. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1237-5 · Cited by 72
Dosman, C. F., Drmic, I., Brian, J. A., Senthilselvan, A., Harford, M., Smith, R. W., & Roberts, S. W. (2006) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162206232225 · Cited by 66
Rodrigues, J. V. S., Poli, M. C. F., Petrilli, P. H., Dornelles, R. C. M., Túrcio, K. H. L., & Theodoro, L. H. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac112 · Cited by 74
Inoue, T., Otani, R., Iguchi, T., Ishii, R., Uchida, S., Okada, A., Kitayama, S., Koyanagi, K., Suzuki, Y., Suzuki, Y., et al. (2021) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-021-00212-3 · Cited by 66
“In most cases, strong preferences (selective eating) and food refusal are the biggest problems for parents, and around 70% of parents with ASD children express concern over eating problems [37, 38].”
BackgroundEating habits and dietary patterns in children with autism
Diolordi, L., del Balzo, V., Bernabei, P., Vitiello, V., & Donini, L. M. (2014) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-014-0137-0 · Cited by 66
The Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Eating Challenges on Family Mealtimes
Ausderau, K., & Juarez, M. (2013) · ICAN Infant Child & Adolescent Nutrition · doi:10.1177/1941406413502808 · Cited by 61
Marí-Bauset, S., González, A. L., Zazpe, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., & Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316636976 · Cited by 60
“Furthermore, intakes have been reported to be lower than DRIs for vitamin A (Sadowska and Cierebiej, 2011; Xia et al., 2010), vitamin C (Cornish, 1998; Xia et al., 2010), and vitamin K (Lindsay et al., 2006) in some individuals, although growth rates do not seem to be affected (Xia et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDietary Patterns and Anthropometric Measures of Indian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Siddiqi, S., Urooj, A., & D’Souza, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3850-0 · Cited by 52
Sharp, W. G., Jaquess, D. L., Morton, J. F., & Miles, A. G. (2009) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357609349245 · Cited by 50
“…in the literature, with researchers suggesting that children with ASD demonstrate strong preferences for carbohydrate-based diets (Schreck, Williams, & Smith, 2004; Williams, Gibbons, & Schreck, 2005) and against fruits and vegetables (Ahearn, Castine, Nault, & Green, 2001; Cornish, 1998; 2002).”
BackgroundNutritional deficiencies and overweight prevalence among children with autism spectrum disorder
Shmaya, Y., Eilat-Adar, S., Leitner, Y., Reif, S. S., & Gabis, L. V. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.11.020 · Cited by 58
Zachor, D. A., & Ben‐Itzchak, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00410 · Cited by 44
“Previous studies on the prevalence of food selectivity in individuals with ASD have reported highly variable rates, ranging from 13 to 87% (Cornish, 1998; Klein and Nowak, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2000).”
BackgroundDietary status and nutrient intake of children with autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study
Barnhill, K. M., Gutierrez, A., Ghossainy, M. E., Marediya, Z., Devlin, M., Sachdev, P. K., Marti, C. N., & Hewitson, L. C. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.002 · Cited by 47
Iron deficiency in preschool children with autistic spectrum disorders
Bi̇lgi̇ç, A., Gürkan, K., Türkoğlu, S., Akça, Ö. F., Kılıç, B. G., & Uslu, R. I. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.12.008 · Cited by 41
Onset, Trajectory, and Pattern of Feeding Difficulties in Toddlers Later Diagnosed with Autism
Ashley, K., Steinfeld, M. B., Young, G. S., & Ozonoff, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000757 · Cited by 39
Lane, A. E., Geraghty, M. E., Young, G. S., & Rostorfer, J. (2014) · ICAN Infant Child & Adolescent Nutrition · doi:10.1177/1941406414523981 · Cited by 38
Patterns of Food Selectivity among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Byrska, A., Błażejczyk, I., Faruga, A., Potaczek, M., Wilczyński, K. M., & Janas-Kozik, M. (2023) · doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0875.v1 · Cited by 37
“[27] indicates the reluctance of children with ASD to eat fruits and vegetables.”
BackgroundNutritional Intake and Therapies in Autism
Geraghty, M. E., DePasquale, G. M., & Lane, A. E. (2010) · ICAN Infant Child & Adolescent Nutrition · doi:10.1177/1941406409358437 · Cited by 36
Dietary Patterns of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Study Based in Egypt
Meguid, N., Anwar, M., Zaki, S., Kandeel, W., Ahmed, N., & Tewfik, I. (2015) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2015.051 · Cited by 35
“On the other hand, Cornish 1998 reported low intake of vitamin B6 in approximately half of participated children in his study, this could be due to ethnic dietary habit variations [28].”
BackgroundOromotor skills in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review
Maffei, M. F., Chenausky, K. V., Gill, S. V., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Green, J. R. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2923 · Cited by 43
“There is much research interest in the feeding behaviors of children diagnosed with ASD since they are five times more likely to experience feeding problems compared to their peers (Sharp et al., 2013), leading to a high rate of nutritional deficiencies (Cornish, 1998).”
BackgroundSuarez, M. A., Nelson, N. W., & Curtis, A. B. (2012) · The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.15453/2168-6408.1004 · Cited by 34
“Food selectivity was categorized into three levels based on the objective evidence in a study by Cornish (1998) that addressed the degree of nutritional deficit resulting from food selectivity.”
Influentialde Oliveira, P. L., & de Souza, A. P. R. (2022) · Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2526-8910.ctore21372824 · Cited by 33
“…com TEA (Nadon et al., 2011; Leekam et al., 2007; Williams et al., 2000; Ahearn et al., 2001), bem como da restrição no número de alimentos (Cornish, 1998), que muitas vezes resulta da defensividade sensorial, em especial a tátil (Bandini et al., 2010) M. apresentou dificuldade na…”
BackgroundMarshall, J., Hill, R. J., & Dodrill, P. (2013) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2013.777972 · Cited by 32
“during mealtimes, including only eating foods with specifi c brands or packaging (Cornish, 1998; Provost et al., 2010), insistence on using the same utensils or plates repeatedly (Schreck et al., 2004; Williams, Gibbons, & Schreck, 2005), and refusing to eat unless food is prepared the same way for…”
BackgroundStough, C. C. O., Gillette, M. L. D., Roberts, M. C., Jorgensen, T. D., & Patton, S. R. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.019 · Cited by 36
“Children with ASD may display specific eating habits such as requiring foods to be particular textures, colors, shapes, or commercial brands (Cornish, 1998).”
Miyajima, A., Tateyama, K., Fuji, S., Nakaoka, K., Hirao, K., & Higaki, K. (2017) · Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.hkjot.2017.10.001 · Cited by 37
“Food selectivity can become a significant problem because it can be associated with inadequate nutrition owing to the limited nutritional intake of a restricted diet (Cornish, 1998; Dovey, Staples, Gibson, & Halford, 2008; Herndon, DiGuiseppi, Johnson, Leiferman, & Reynolds, 2009; Lockner, Crowe, & Skipper, 2008; Rait…”
BackgroundSymptomatic nutritional rickets in a teenager with autistic spectrum disorder
Stewart, C., & Latif, A. (2008) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00806.x · Cited by 29
Shmaya, Y., Eilat-Adar, S., Leitner, Y., Reif, S. S., & Gabis, L. V. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.05.004 · Cited by 34
Knox, M., Rue, H. C., Wildenger, L. K., Lamb, K., & Luiselli, J. K. (2012) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.2012.0016 · Cited by 29
“Children who demonstrate selective eating have restricted diets that can cause malnutrition, dehydration, and similar health concerns (Cornish, 1998; Emond, Emmett, Steer, & Golding, 2010).”
BackgroundMeral, B. F., & Fidan, A. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.11.009 · Cited by 28
Feeding Issues Associated with the Autism Spectrum Disorders
Nadon, G., Feldman, D. E., & Gisel, E. G. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53644 · Cited by 28
“A systematic literature review of feeding problems reported by parents, shows that many symptoms are similar to those associated with sensory feeding problems [4, 5, 10, 11, 14, 17, 20, 26, 53-55].”
BackgroundMorris, N. K., Knight, R. M., Bruni, T. P., Sayers, L., & Drayton, A. K. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.011 · Cited by 30
Patton, S. R., Stough, C. C. O., Pan, T. Y., Holcomb, L., & Gillette, M. L. D. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103676 · Cited by 29
“Feeding problems may occur in young children with ASD due to the occurrence of gastrointestinal problems, sensory impairments, and oral and fine motor skills deficits (Cornish, 1998; Dailey, 2009; Cumine, Leach, & Stevenson, 2000; Rutter, 2006).”
BackgroundMarí-Bauset, S., Zazpe, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., González, A. L., & Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.08.012 · Cited by 27
Food Choices of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Suarez, M. A., & Crinion, K. M. (2015) · International Journal of School Health · doi:10.17795/intjsh-27502 · Cited by 31
“(18) demonstrated nutritional risks for children who ate 20 or less foods and Suarez et al.”
BackgroundThe role of nutraceuticals in the management of autism
Alanazi, A. (2012) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2012.10.001 · Cited by 26
“Cornish (1998) noticed that 13 of 17 autistic children were consuming excessive amount of milk while intake of many nutrients was lower than normal, when he interviewed the parents of autistic children.”
Pediatric Scurvy: How an Old Disease Is Becoming a New Problem
Fortenberry, M., D’Amico, H., & Gaines, K. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.5863/1551-6776-25.8.735 · Cited by 26
A Systematic Review of Dietary Assessment Tools for Children Age 11 Years and Younger
Olukotun, O., & Seal, N. (2015) · ICAN Infant Child & Adolescent Nutrition · doi:10.1177/1941406415584819 · Cited by 26
Kim, S. Y., Chung, K., & Jung, S. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.01.003 · Cited by 28
Mealtime Behaviors and Food Preferences of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Park, H. J., Choi, S. J., Kim, Y., Cho, M. S., Kim, Y., & Oh, J. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10010049 · Cited by 31
“Picky eating is a cause of weakness, anemia, or chronic disease as a result of limited eating, and is an important problem that can be associated with malnutrition [15,20,21].”
BackgroundMirizzi, P., Esposito, M., Ricciardi, O., Bove, D., Fadda, R., Caffò, A. O., Mazza, M., & Valenti, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172798 · Cited by 19
Meral, B. F., & Fidan, A. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.008 · Cited by 19
“Feeding problems are historically linked with ASD (Ahearn et al., 2001; Cornish, 1998; Kanner, 1943; Ritvo & Freeman, 1978).”
BackgroundSeiverling, L. J., Williams, K. E., Ward‐Horner, J. C., & Sturmey, P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8065-6_31 · Cited by 18
“Ledford and Gast (2006) found seven descriptive studies examining the prevalence of feeding problems in children with ASD (Ahearn, Castine, Nault, & Green, 2001 ;B owers, 2002; Collins et al., 2003; Cornish, 1998, 2002; Field, Garland, & Williams, 2003; Shreck, Williams, & Smith, 2004).”
BackgroundEsposito, M. (2019) · International Journal of Autism & Related Disabilities · doi:10.29011/2642-3227.000020 · Cited by 17
Eggs, sugar, grated bones: colour-based food preferences in autism, eating disorders, and beyond
Strand, M. (2020) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2019-011811 · Cited by 19
“In general, children with autism tend to prefer crispy or crunchy food 31 as well as salty and savoury dishes, 32 but they may also be more likely to only accept foods of low texture, such as puréed foods.”
BackgroundDosman, C., Adams, D., Wudel, B., Vogels, L., Turner, J., & Vohra, S. (2013) · Pediatrics in review · doi:10.1542/pir.34-10-e36 · Cited by 18
Omar, M. K. A. E.-F. A. (2014) · International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education · doi:10.12816/0003002 · Cited by 16
“brand packaging [32,8].”
Shah, T., Tse, A., Gill, H., Wong, I. C. K., Sutcliffe, A. G., Gringras, P., APPLETON, R. E., & Tuleu, C. (2008) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03092.x · Cited by 16
“Children with autism are reported to present with unusual eating habits, feeding difficulties, and restrictive diets.(10) Physical characteristics of food, colour, brand name, or packaging can be important, with any attempt to introduce foods not corresponding to the child’s preference being met with refusal.”
BackgroundFat intake in children with autism spectrum disorder in the Mediterranean region (Valencia, Spain)
Marí-Bauset, S., González, A. L., Zazpe, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., & Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M. (2015) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/1476830515y.0000000029 · Cited by 17
Food Difficulties in Infancy and ASD: A Literature Review
Vasilakis, M., Polychronis, K., Panagouli, E. D., Tzila, E., Papageorgiou, A., Thomaidou, L., Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ., Tsolia, M. N., Sergentanis, T. Ν., & Τσίτσικα, Ά. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10010084 · Cited by 14
“According to Cornish [18], all parents of ASD cases (n = 17) reported that their babies were eating everything but suddenly at 12 months a nutritional regression to eating nothing was noted, accompanied by loss of skills and delay in their development [18].”
BackgroundInfluentialNadon, G., Feldman, D. E., & Gisel, E. G. (2008) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2008.04.022 · Cited by 14
Assessing factors that influence young children's food preferences and choices
Zonneveld, K. L. M., Neidert, P. L., Dozier, C. L., Gureghian, D. L., & Bayles, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.521 · Cited by 14
Sensory Sensitivity and Food Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Cermak, S. A., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L. G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_126 · Cited by 12
Islam, N., Hathaway, K. L., Anderson, B. S., Sharp, W. G., & Loechner, K. J. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05976-x · Cited by 14
“Maladaptive dietary patterns in children with ASD often include a strong preference for processed foods, snacks, and starches, coinciding with frequent rejection of fruits, vegetables, and dairy (Cornish, 1998).”
Nutritional Intake and Sensory Processing in School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Olson, A., Krall, J. R., Baranova, A. V., & Slavin, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17040604 · Cited by 11
“This runs counter to the much earlier literature on nutrition in autism, which once claimed that about half of autistic children may have nutrient deficiencies [54].”
Al-Ali, S. F., Russo, S. E., & Alkaissi, A. (2015) · Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Cornish, E.
- Corresponding author
- Cornish, E.
- Venue
- Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 501-509
- ISSN
- 0952-3871 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-277X
- OpenAlex
- W2171274581
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, children with autism, dietary intake, nutrient intake, micronutrient deficiency, vitamin D, iron, calcium, milk consumption, food preferences, food refusal, eating behaviour, oral sensitivity, multidisciplinary services, dietitians, speech therapy
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