Body Mass Index, Dietary Intake and Feeding Problems of Turkish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Abstract
The body mass index of 164 children (aged 4-18 years) attending four autism rehabilitation centers in Istanbul, Turkey, was determined and assessed using the BMI-for-age percentile charts by the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean intake of energy and nutrients of 115 children were calculated using three-day food records. The feeding assessment surveys filled in by the parents/caregivers indicated that the major feeding problem among children was food selectivity. The majority of the children were overweight or obese (58.5%). A total of 11% of children were found to be severely thin and thin. The calcium, zinc, vitamin B6 and folate intake of the majority of children were inadequate. The salt consumption in all age groups and cholesterol intake in normal, overweight and obese children were high.
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Consistent findings across various studies indicate deficiencies in calcium, zinc, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, selenium, and copper in children with ASD.
“Consistent findings across various studies indicate additional deficiencies in micronutrients: calcium, zinc, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, selenium, and copper [58,59,60].”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [59]
A substantial number of subjects with ASDs had inadequate intakes of micronutrients, including deficiencies of calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, copper, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, riboflavin, vitamin C, vitamin B-12, folic acid, and choline.
“Substantial number of subjects with ASDs had inadequate intakes of micronutrients.”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [79]
ASD children eat fewer vegetables and more energy-dense foods, so fiber intake is inadequate in a considerable number of children with ASD.
“Children with ASDs eat fewer vegetables and eat more energy-dense foods [76,78], so fiber intake was inadequate in a considerable number of children with ASDs [71,73,79,80].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [79]
Excessive sodium consumption was reported in ASD, probably due to consumption of packaged foods.
“Excessive consumption of sodium was reported [79,84], probably due to the consumption of packaged foods.”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [79]
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- Authors
- Bicer, A. H., & Alsaffar, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Yeditepe University (TR)
- Özyeğin University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Alsaffar, Ayten Aylin
- Venue
- Research in Developmental Disabilities
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3978-3987
- ISSN
- 0891-4222 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075694944
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research in Developmental Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eResearch@Ozyegin (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, children, body mass index, overweight, obesity, underweight, dietary intake, picky eating, feeding difficulties, nutrient intake, calcium intake, zinc intake, vitamin B6, folic acid, salt intake, cholesterol intake, Turkish children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Energy Intake, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Thinness, Turkey, Body Mass Index, Overweight
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