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Cited by 255Child Nutrition and Feeding IssuesAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

Nutrient Intake From Food in Children With Autism

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Hyman, Susan L., Stewart, Patricia A., Schmidt, Brianne, Cain, Usa, Lemcke, Nicole, Foley, Jennifer T., Peck, Robin, Clemons, Traci +7 more·2012·Pediatrics
DOI 10.1542/peds.2012-0900lPMC PMC4536585
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The impact of abnormal feeding behaviors reported for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) on their nutritional status is unknown. We compared nutrient intake from food consumed by children with and without ASD and examined nutrient deficiency and excess. METHODS: Prospective 3-day food records and BMI for children (2–11 years) with ASD participating in the Autism Treatment Network (Arkansas, Cincinnati, Colorado, Pittsburgh, and Rochester) were compared with both the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data and a matched subset based on age, gender, family income, and race/ethnicity (N = 252 analyzed food records). RESULTS: Children with ASD and matched controls consumed similar amounts of nutrients from food. Only children with ASD aged 4 to 8 years consumed significantly less energy, vitamins A and C, and the mineral Zn; and those 9 to 11 years consumed less phosphorous. A greater percentage of children with ASD met recommendations for vitamins K and E. Few children in either group met the recommended intakes for fiber, choline, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, and potassium. Specific age groups consumed excessive amounts of sodium, folate, manganese, zinc, vitamin A (retinol), selenium, and copper. No differences were observed in nutritional sufficiency of children given restricted diets. Children aged 2 to 5 years with ASD had more overweight and obesity, and children 5 to 11 years had more underweight. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ASD, like other children in America, consume less than the recommended amounts of certain nutrients from food. Primary care for all children should include nutritional surveillance and attention to BMI.

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  • Children with ASD may receive less sunlight due to lower outdoor activity and have inadequate intake of vitamin D, i.e., reverse causality.

    “Furthermore, children with ASD may receive less sunlight due to lower outdoor activity and have inadequate intake of vitamin D [114,118,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136], i.e., reverse causality.”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [132]

  • Although these studies illustrated a large proportion of children with ASD not meeting the recommendations for vitamin D intake, they did not find any evidence that dietary intake of vitamin D in children with ASD differed from that of typically developing controls.

    “Although these studies illustrated a large proportion of children with ASD not meeting the recommendations for vitamin D intake, they did not find any evidence that dietary intake of vitamin D in children with ASD differed from that of typically developing controls.”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [132]

  • Evidence suggests that a large proportion of children with ASD do not meet vitamin D requirements.

    “Evidence suggests that a large proportion of children with ASD do not meet vitamin D requirements [126,132,133,134,135,136].”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [132]

  • Children with ASD have inadequate micronutrient intakes and are at particular risk for specific inadequacies of vitamins and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin E.

    “Several studies have shown that children with ASD have inadequate micronutrient intakes [65,66], and they are at particular risk for specific inadequacies of vitamins and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin E [39,46,51].”

    From Dietary Patterns, Eating Behavior, and Nutrient Intakes of Spanish Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [65]

  • ASD children eat fewer vegetables and more energy-dense foods, so fiber intake is inadequate in a considerable number of children with ASD.

    “Children with ASDs eat fewer vegetables and eat more energy-dense foods [76,78], so fiber intake was inadequate in a considerable number of children with ASDs [71,73,79,80].”

    From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [80]

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Authors
Hyman, S. L., Stewart, P. A., Schmidt, B., Cain, U., Lemcke, N., Foley, J. T., Peck, R., Clemons, T., Reynolds, A., Johnson, C., Handen, B., James, S. J., Courtney, P. M., Molloy, C., & Ng, P. K.
Affiliations
  • University of Rochester Medicine (US)
  • Boston University (US)
  • EMMES Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland;
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
  • Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
Corresponding author
Hyman, Susan L.
ORCID
Venue
Pediatrics
Publisher
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published
2012-11-01
Volume
130
Issue
Supplement_2
Pages
S145-S153
ISSN
  • 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-4275
DOI
10.1542/peds.2012-0900l
PMC
PMC4536585
OpenAlex
W2110404814
Cited by
255
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
FWCI
11.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Rural Development Administration
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000077)
  • Health Resources and Services Administration
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, nutrient intake, dietary intake, nutritional status, nutritional deficiency, nutrient excess, restrictive diets, feeding behavior, childhood obesity, underweight, body mass index, vitamins, minerals, sodium intake
MeSH terms
Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Eating, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Prospective Studies

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