Cited by 1,068Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesVisual perception and processing mechanismsPrimate Behavior and Ecology

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns

Petrides, M., Pandya, D. N.·1999·European Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x

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Abstract

The cytoarchitecture of the human and the macaque monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been examined in a strictly comparative manner in order to resolve major discrepancies between the available segmentations of this cortical region in the human and the monkey brain. In addition, the connections of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical areas were re‐examined in the monkey. The present analysis showed that only a restricted portion of what had previously been labelled as area 46 in the monkey has the same characteristics as area 46 of the human brain; the remaining part of this monkey region has the characteristics of a portion of the middle frontal gyrus in the human brain that had previously been included as part of area 9. We have labelled this cortical area as 9/46 in both species. These two areas (i.e. 46 and 9/46), which constitute the lower half of the mid‐dorsolateral frontal cortex, have a well‐developed granular layer IV, and can easily be distinguished from area 9, on the upper part of the mid‐dorsolateral region, which does not have a well‐developed granular layer IV. Area 9 has the same basic pattern of connections as areas 46 and 9/46, but, unlike the latter areas, it does not receive input from the lateral parietal cortex. Caudal to area 9, on the dorsomedial portion of the frontal cortex, there is a distinct strip of cortex (area 8B) which, unlike area 9, receives significant input from the prestriate cortex and the medial parietal cortex. The present results provide a basis for a closer integration of findings from functional neuroimaging studies in human subjects with experimental work in the monkey.

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“Unlike the OFC, the DLPFC is not directly connected to the primary sensory cortices [37,38], but has extensive communication with the posterior cortical regions (such as the parietal areas processing spatial information; [39]) and with motor areas in the frontal lobe [40].”
Background
The Connectivity Fingerprint of the Human Frontal Cortex, Subthalamic Nucleus, and Striatum
Isaacs, B. R., Forstmann, B. U., Temel, Y., & Keuken, M. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00060 · Cited by 24
“Such atlases entail a fine-grained parcellation of the cortex, reducing the need to use non-specific terms such as the DLPFC, which reflects a functional rather than a single anatomical defined region (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Background
The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Action Perception
Raos, V., & Savaki, H. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw261 · Cited by 16
Resting‐state effective connectivity is systematically linked to reappraisal success of high‐ and low‐intensity negative emotions
Morawetz, C., Berboth, S., & Bode, S. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26667 · Cited by 19
“Through the widespread connectivity, the lateral PFC receives input from the motor cortex, temporal, and parietal cortex (Petrides, 2005; Petrides & Pandya, 1999, 2002a, 2002b).”
Background
Reward and loss incentives improve spatial working memory by shaping trial-by-trial posterior frontoparietal signals
Cho, Y., Moujaes, F., Schleifer, C. H., Starc, M., Ji, J. L., Santamauro, N. P., Adkinson, B. D., Kolobaric, A., Flynn, M., Krystal, J. H., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119139 · Cited by 19
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for the Modulation of Aggressive Behavior—A Systematic Review of Randomized Sham-Controlled Studies
Casula, A., Milazzo, B. M., Martino, G., Sergi, A., Lucifora, C., Tomaiuolo, F., Quartarone, A., Nitsche, M. A., & Vicario, C. M. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13051220 · Cited by 24
“Petrides and Pandya [37,38].”
Background
Dysregulated Salience Network Control over Default-Mode and Central-Executive Networks in Schizophrenia Revealed Using Stochastic Dynamical Causal Modeling
Thakuri, D. S., Bhattarai, P., Wong, D. F., & Chand, G. B. (2024) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2023.0054 · Cited by 22
Neuroanatomical correlates of processing in visual and visuospatial working memory
Boris Suchan, A. (2007) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-007-0186-7 · Cited by 19
Face or House Image Perception: Beta and Gamma Bands of Oscillations in Brain Networks Carry Out Decision-Making
Chand, G. B., Lamichhane, B., & Dhamala, M. (2016) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2016.0421 · Cited by 19
“The DLPFC receives visual, somatosensory, and auditory sensory inputs from occipital, parietal, and temporal cortices (Petrides and Pandya, 1999) and its anatomicalconnectionwithpremotor/motorareassupportsthe motoroutputs(Luetal.,1994).”
Response Disengagement on a Spatial Self-Ordered Sequencing Task: Effects of Regionally Selective Excitotoxic Lesions and Serotonin Depletion within the Prefrontal Cortex
Walker, S. C., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0312-09.2009 · Cited by 21
“Although there is evidence for elements of both dorsolateral and ventrolateral granular regions within marmoset PFC, whether they map onto areas 46, 9, and 47/12 (Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2002) of humans and rhesus monkeys remains unclear.”
Background
Effects of unilateral deactivations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex on saccadic eye movements
Koval, M. J., Hutchison, R. M., Lomber, S. G., & Everling, S. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00626.2013 · Cited by 21
Effects of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesion on motor habit and performance assessed with manual grasping and control of force in macaque monkeys
Badoud, S., Borgognon, S., Cottet, J., Chatagny, P., Moret, V., Fregosi, M., Kaeser, M., Fortis, E., Schmidlin, E., Bloch, J., et al. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1268-z · Cited by 20
“…studied, revealing its role in the integration of multiple cognitive attributes in the context of working memory, as well as its implication in risk related decision making (e.g., Goldman-Rakic 1987; Petrides 1994; Petrides and Pandya 1999; Watanabe and Sakagami 2007; Barber et al. 2013).”
Background
Differential Resting-State Connectivity Patterns of the Right Anterior and Posterior Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices (DLPFC) in Schizophrenia
Chechko, N., Cieslik, E. C., Müller, V. I., Nickl‐Jockschat, T., Derntl, B., Kogler, L., Aleman, A., Jardri, R., Sommer, I. E., Gruber, O., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00211 · Cited by 18
Altered Prefrontal and Inferior Parietal Activity During a Stroop Task in Individuals With Problematic Hypersexual Behavior
Seok, J., & Sohn, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00460 · Cited by 22
The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the motor placebo effect
Villa‐Sánchez, B., Andani, M. E., & Fiorio, M. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14217 · Cited by 18
Laminar Pattern of Projections Indicates the Hierarchical Organization of the Anterior Cingulate-Temporal Lobe Emotion System
Sakata, H., Kim, Y., Nejime, M., Konoike, N., Miyachi, S., & Nakamura, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00074 · Cited by 13
Cortical Volumetric Correlates of Childhood Trauma, Anxiety, and Impulsivity in Bipolar Disorder
Song, H., Chon, M., Ryu, V., Yu, R., Lee, D.-K., Lee, H., Lee, W., Lee, J. H., & Park, D. Y. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0305 · Cited by 20
Executive function is associated with brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Griffith, H. R., den Hollander, J. A., Okonkwo, O. C., Evanochko, W. T., Harrell, L. E., ZAMRINI, E. Y., Brockington, J. C., & Marson, D. C. (2007) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390600826595 · Cited by 18
“Given the association of the posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex with visual association areas ( Braak et al, 1996 ) and with the prefrontal cortex ( Baleydier & Mauguiere, 1980 ; Petrides & Pandya, 1999 ) the posterior cingulate would appear to be situated to potentially contribute to the performance of executiv…”
Chapter 4 Functional neuroimaging of cognition
Perani, D. (2008) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(07)88004-3 · Cited by 17
Appetitive and Aversive goal values are encoded in the medial orbitofrontal cortex at the time of decision-making
Plaßmann, H., O’Doherty, J. P., & Rangel, A. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70763-3 · Cited by 19
Form ‘defines’ function: Neural connectivity between aesthetic perception and product purchase decisions in an fMRI study
Chattaraman, V., Deshpande, G., Kim, H., & Sreenivasan, K. R. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1575 · Cited by 17
Tract-Specific White Matter Correlates of Age-Related Reward Devaluation Deficits in Macaque Monkeys
Gray, D. T., Umapathy, L., Burke, S. N., Trouard, T. P., & Barnes, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimaging in Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.17756/jnpn.2018-023 · Cited by 16
“numerous homologous brain regions and patterns of white matter connectivity between structures, making interspecies comparisons relatively straightforward compared to other animal models [64-66].”
Background
Brain Structures and Networks Underlying Treatment Response to Deep Brain Stimulation Targeting the Inferior Thalamic Peduncle in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Germann, J., Boutet, A., Elias, G. J. B., Gouveia, F. V., Loh, A., Giacobbe, P., Bhat, V., Kucharczyk, W., & Lozano, A. M. (2022) · Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery · doi:10.1159/000523826 · Cited by 17
Spatially directed movement and neuronal activity in freely moving monkey
Ma, Y., Ryou, J.-W., Kim, B., & Wilson, F. A. W. (2004) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(03)43048-3 · Cited by 17
Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and motor cortex of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Chawla, S., Wang, S., Moore, P., Woo, J. H., Elman, L. B., McCluskey, L. F., Melhem, E. R., Grossman, M., & Poptani, H. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5283-3 · Cited by 19
“The DLPFC, encompassing Brodmann’s areas 9, 10 and 46 [42] regulates executive functions and organizes behavioral responses and strategies in learning new tasks [2].”
Abnormal functional networks in resting-state of the sub-cortical chronic stroke patients with hemiplegia
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Yang, J., Yan, R., Zhang, J., Sang, L., Li, P., Liu, H., & Qiu, M. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.012 · Cited by 17
Layer-Specific Inhibitory Microcircuits of Layer 6 Interneurons in Rat Prefrontal Cortex
Ding, C., Emmenegger, V., Schaffrath, K., & Feldmeyer, D. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa201 · Cited by 17
The Search for Human Cognitive Specializations
Barrett, H. C. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820584-6.00039-8 · Cited by 16
A shared cognitive and neural basis underpinning cognitive apathy and planning in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Eggins, P., Wong, S., Wei, G., Hodges, J. R., Husain, M., Piguet, O., Irish, M., & Kumfor, F. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.05.012 · Cited by 20
Prefrontal cortex afferents to the anterior temporal lobe in the Macaca fascicularis monkey
Mohedano‐Moriano, A., Muñoz, M., Sanz‐Arigita, E., Pró-Sistiaga, P., Martı́nez-Marcos, A., Legidos‐Garcia, M. E., Serrano, A. M. I., Sánchez, S. C., Jiménez, M. D. M. A., Marcos, P., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23805 · Cited by 15
“Frontal lobe areas were defined according to the general scheme of Walker (1940) modified according to Barbas and Pandya (1989), Petrides and Pandya (1999, 2002), and Petrides The Journal of Comparative Neurology | Research in Systems Neuroscience 2573 et al. (2012).”
Method
Differential Contributions of Dorso-Ventral and Rostro-Caudal Prefrontal White Matter Tracts to Cognitive Control in Healthy Older Adults
Strenziok, M., Greenwood, P. M., Cruz, S. A. S., Thompson, J. C., & Parasuraman, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081410 · Cited by 16
“The anatomical connectivity of the dlPFC with the dorsal parietal cortex (dorso-dorsal pathways), and vlPFC with temporal association areas (ventro-ventral pathways), lends support to the described functional specializations [10,39,49–51].”
Background
Estimating regional cerebral blood flow using resting-state functional MRI via machine learning
Chand, G. B., Habes, M., Dolui, S., Detre, J. A., Wolk, D. A., & Davatzikos, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108528 · Cited by 14
Functional reorganization during the recovery of contralesional target selection deficits after prefrontal cortex lesions in macaque monkeys
Adam, R., Johnston, K., Menon, R. S., & Everling, S. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116339 · Cited by 17
Inferior frontal oscillations reveal visuo-motor matching for actions and speech: evidence from human intracranial recordings
Halje, P., Seeck, M., Blanke, O., & Ionta, S. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.015 · Cited by 16
“…et al., 1999; Ehrsson, et al., 2000), and its supposedly cytoarchitectonically correspondence to area F5 in monkeys (Amunts, et al., 1999; Petrides & Pandya, 1999, 2002; Rizzolatti & Arbib, 1998), an area known for being involved in arm control but also in mouth and larynx movements…”
Background
Viewing a forelimb induces widespread cortical activations
Raos, V., Kilintari, M., & Savaki, H. E. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.010 · Cited by 17
“In detail, (i) we first reconstructed the lateral prefrontal cortex, consisting of a dorsolateral component [areas 8, 9, 10, 46d and 9/46d (Petrides and Pandya, 1999)] and a ventrolateral constituent [areas 9/46v, 45 and 47/12 (Petrides and Pandya, 2002)].”
Method
Neurocognitive Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease Without Dementia
Sedláčková, S., Rektorová, I., Fanfrdlová, Z., & Rektor, I. (2008) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.22.1.14 · Cited by 16
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus and Arcuate Fasciculus
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0013 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Electrical stimulation of macaque lateral prefrontal cortex modulates oculomotor behavior indicative of a disruption of top-down attention
Schwedhelm, P., Baldauf, D., & Treue, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18153-9 · Cited by 17
Age differences in the fronto-striato-parietal network underlying serial ordering
Ye, Z., Zhang, G., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Xiao, W., Zhou, X., & Münte, T. F. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.007 · Cited by 16
Axon morphology of rapid Golgi-stained pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia
Banovac, I., Sedmak, D., Kuzman, M. R., Hladnik, A., & Petanjek, Z. (2020) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.354 · Cited by 16
Forelimb force direction and magnitude independently controlled by spinal modules in the macaque
Yaron, A., Kowalski, D. P., Yaguchi, H., Takei, T., & Seki, K. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1919253117 · Cited by 16
“Third, considering the similarity between macaque and human neuroanatomical structures (41 – 43), as well as their functions (44 – 46), our results suggest that limb movements in humans might also be generated by the combination of multiple motor modules.”
Coding of Objects in the Prefrontal Cortex in Monkeys and Humans
Rainer, G., & Charan Ranganath, A. (2002) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/107385840200800104 · Cited by 16
“In humans and macaque monkeys, the prefrontal cortex is composed of a number of highly interconnected frontal lobe areas (Petrides and Pandya 1999).”
Forgetting and Retrieval
Kuhl, B. A., & Wagner, A. D. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb001031 · Cited by 16
Anatomical segmentation of the human medial prefrontal cortex
Parada, M. C., Müller, N. C. J., Ubero, M., del Pueblo, V. M. S., Mansilla, F., Marcos, P., Artacho‐Pérula, E., Dresler, M., Insausti, R., Fernández, G., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24212 · Cited by 16
“Our analysis was guided primarily by the nonhuman primate description of the mPFC (Barbas, 1992) and by the comparative studies of human and rhesus monkey by Petrides and Pandya (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Petrides and Pandya, 2002).”
Influential
Functionally dissociating ventro-dorsal components within the rostro-caudal hierarchical organization of the human prefrontal cortex
Schumacher, F. K., Schumacher, L. V., Schelter, B. O., & Kaller, C. P. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.048 · Cited by 21
Cytoarchitecture, intersubject variability, and 3D mapping of four new areas of the human anterior prefrontal cortex
Bruno, A., Bludau, S., Mohlberg, H., & Amunts, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2022.915877 · Cited by 19
“Layer IV is well-developed, layer V contains medium-sized pyramidal cells, and layer VIa can be separated by the sparse layer VIb (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Background

Authors: Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. N.
Affiliations: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Petrides, M.
ORCID: Petrides, M.
Venue: European Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 1011-1036
ISSN: 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
1460-9568
DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x
OpenAlex: W1965597399
Cited by: 1,068
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 10.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1029 d)
Locations: European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cytoarchitecture, human-macaque comparison, area 46, middle frontal gyrus, corticocortical connections, lateral parietal cortex, medial parietal cortex, prestriate cortex
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain Mapping, Humans, Interneurons, Macaca mulatta, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns

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