Cited by 1,068Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesVisual perception and processing mechanismsPrimate Behavior and Ecology

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns

Petrides, M., Pandya, D. N.·1999·European Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x

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Abstract

The cytoarchitecture of the human and the macaque monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been examined in a strictly comparative manner in order to resolve major discrepancies between the available segmentations of this cortical region in the human and the monkey brain. In addition, the connections of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical areas were re‐examined in the monkey. The present analysis showed that only a restricted portion of what had previously been labelled as area 46 in the monkey has the same characteristics as area 46 of the human brain; the remaining part of this monkey region has the characteristics of a portion of the middle frontal gyrus in the human brain that had previously been included as part of area 9. We have labelled this cortical area as 9/46 in both species. These two areas (i.e. 46 and 9/46), which constitute the lower half of the mid‐dorsolateral frontal cortex, have a well‐developed granular layer IV, and can easily be distinguished from area 9, on the upper part of the mid‐dorsolateral region, which does not have a well‐developed granular layer IV. Area 9 has the same basic pattern of connections as areas 46 and 9/46, but, unlike the latter areas, it does not receive input from the lateral parietal cortex. Caudal to area 9, on the dorsomedial portion of the frontal cortex, there is a distinct strip of cortex (area 8B) which, unlike area 9, receives significant input from the prestriate cortex and the medial parietal cortex. The present results provide a basis for a closer integration of findings from functional neuroimaging studies in human subjects with experimental work in the monkey.

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A comparative study of the endocasts of OH 5 and SK 1585: Implications for the paleoneurology of eastern and southern African Paranthropus
Beaudet, A., Holloway, R. L., & Benazzi, S. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103010 · Cited by 10
Monkey brain areas underlying remote‐controlled operation
Obayashi, S., Suhara, T., Nagai, Y., Okauchi, T., Maeda, J., & Iriki, A. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03200.x · Cited by 10
Release of premotor activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex
Gangitano, M., Mottaghy, F. M., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2008) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910701516838 · Cited by 11
Episodic Memory in Healthy Older Adults: The Role of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices
Rajah, M. N., Maillet, D., & Grady, C. L. (2015) · The Wiley Handbook on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory · doi:10.1002/9781118332634.ch17 · Cited by 9
Vascular cognitive impairment: prodrome to VaD?
Mayda, A., & DeCarli, C. (2009) · Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575976.003 · Cited by 7
The superior frontal sulcus in the human brain: Morphology and probability maps
Drudik, K., & Petrides, M. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26635 · Cited by 9
“Although the exact function of area 8B has yet to be established, its dysgranular cellular architecture would suggest involvement in aspects of more automatic re-orienting to visuospatial information (Lanzilotto et al., 2013; Petrides & Pandya, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
A concentration of visual cortex-like neurons in prefrontal cortex
Rose, O., & Ponce, C. R. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51441-3 · Cited by 9
“The most likely location for the arrays was 8A, given their proximity to the ventral-dorsal border marked by the principal sulcus 26 .”
Assessment of the Depiction of Superficial White Matter Using Ultra‐High‐Resolution Diffusion MRI
Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Ning, L., Rushmore, J., Liu, Q., Du, M., Hassanzadeh‐Behbahani, S., Legarreta, J. H., Yeterian, E. H., Makris, N., et al. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70041 · Cited by 9
Mind the food: behavioural characteristics and imaging signatures of the specific handling of food objects
Max, S. M., Schroeder, P. A., Jens Blechert, A., Giel, K. E., Ehlis, A., & Plewnia, C. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02232-9 · Cited by 9
“As part of a specific food-valuation system, hedonic values are pre-processed in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and transmitted to the dlPFC which initiates specific behaviour (Camus et al.”
MethodInfluential
Neurotransmission-related gene expression in the frontal pole is altered in subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Medina, A. M., Hagenauer, M. H., Krolewski, D. M., Hughes, E., Forrester, L. C. T., Walsh, D. M., Waselus, M., Richardson, E., Turner, C. A., Sequeira, P. A., et al. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02418-1 · Cited by 9
“BA10 has more dendritic spines per cell compared to adjoining areas [4] and extensive connections with higher-order association areas [5], suggesting high levels of input integration.”
Background
Excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not affect perceptual filling-in in healthy volunteers
Amiaz, R., Zomet, A., & Uri Polat, A. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.08.003 · Cited by 9
Phase transitions of brain evolution that produced human language and beyond
Bretas, R. V., Yamazaki, Y., & Iriki, A. (2019) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2019.11.010 · Cited by 10
“Larger primate brains have considerably increasing heterogeneous cortical areas (Fox et al., 2005; Kaas, 1997; Petrides and Pandya, 1999), whereas larger rodent brains remain as rather straightforward expansions of analogous smaller brains (Dooley and Krubitzer, 2013).”
Background
Prefrontal resting-state connectivity and antidepressant response: no associations in the ELECT-TDCS trial
Bulubas, L., Padberg, F., Mezger, E., Suen, P. J. C., Bueno, P. V. S., Duran, F., Busatto, G. F., Amaro, E., Benseñor, I. M., Lotufo, P. A., et al. (2020) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01187-y · Cited by 9
Fine-Grained Topography and Modularity of the Macaque Frontal Pole Cortex Revealed by Anatomical Connectivity Profiles
He, B., Cao, L., Xia, X., Zhang, B. B., Zhang, D., You, B., Fan, L.-Z., & Jiang, T. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00589-1 · Cited by 9
“These intrinsic and extrinsic connections were also found by Saleem et al. In addition, we also found no connections between the FPC and the parietal cortex, which is consistent with the conclusions of Saleem et al. [26], Petrides and Pandya [72], and Rushworth et al. [6].”
BackgroundInfluential
A unilateral medial frontal cortical lesion impairs trial and error learning without visual control
Amiez, C., Champod, A. S., Wilson, C. R. E., Procyk, E., & Petrides, M. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.022 · Cited by 11
“The MCC and the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) have strong reciprocal connections (Vogt and Pandya, 1987; Petrides and Pandya, 1999) and there”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Measurement of neuronal activity in a macaque monkey in response to animate images using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Wakita (2010) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00031 · Cited by 9
“Nonetheless, there are reciprocal connections between area 8b and parts of the occipital, parietal, and inferotemporal cortex, while area 9 does not project to any of these posterior cortical regions (Petrides and Pandya, 1984, 1999, 2006; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Andersen et al., 1990).”
Preconditioning prefrontal connectivity using transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation
Alkhasli, I., Mottaghy, F. M., Binkofski, F., & Sakreida, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.929917 · Cited by 8
“It is functionally interconnected with the orbitofrontal cortex, large parts of the neocortex, the parietal cortex, the cingulate cortex, and the subcortical basal ganglia, thalamus, and hippocampus (Alexander et al., 1986; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Tekin and Cummings, 2002; Tik et al., 2017).”
Background
Dissection of the Temporofrontal Extreme Capsule Fasciculus Using Diffusion MRI Tractography and Association with Lexical Retrieval
Barbeau, É. B., Badhwar, A., Kousaie, S., Bellec, P., Descoteaux, M., Klein, D., & Petrides, M. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0363-23.2023 · Cited by 8
“…priors provided by comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of macaque monkey with human cortical areas, as well as gold standard corticocortical connectivity studies in the macaque (Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2002b), have permitted the most accurate reconstruction of the TFexcF in the human brain.”
Self-citation
Neurophysiological Pathways of Unconscious Emotion Processing in Depression: Insights From a Simultaneous Electroencephalography–Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement
Schräder, J., Herzberg, L., Jo, H., Hernandez‐Pena, L., Koch, J., Habel, U., & Wagels, L. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.005 · Cited by 9
Minimal scanning duration for producing individualized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation targets
Sun, J., Du, R., Zhang, B., Hua, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ji, G., He, K., & Wang, K. (2022) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-022-00720-y · Cited by 8
“However, this anatomical “one-site-fits-all” approach does not consider the high functional heterogeneity between individuals (especially in the association cortex) (Cash et al., 2021b; Li et al., 2020; Mueller et al., 2013; Petrides & Pandya, 1999; Rajkowska & Goldman-Rakic, 1995).”
Background
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Funahashi, S. (2022) · Brain science · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7268-3_1 · Cited by 11
Anatomy of the auditory cortex then and now
Rauschecker, J. P., & Afsahi, R. K. (2023) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25560 · Cited by 10
“Another important body of work going back to Pandya was established by Petrides and his colleagues on language areas of the brain (Frey et al., 2008; Petrides & Pandya, 1999, 2009), summarized in a beautiful monograph (Petrides, 2014).”
Background
The role of adaptation in generating monotonic rate codes in auditory cortex
Lee, J. H., Wang, X., & Bendor, D. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007627 · Cited by 7
Decoding Saccade Intention From Primate Prefrontal Cortical Local Field Potentials Using Spectral, Spatial, and Temporal Dimensionality Reduction
Johnston, R., Doucet, G., Boulay, C., Miller, K. J., Martínez-Trujillo, J., & Sachs, A. J. (2021) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065721500234 · Cited by 8
Topology of the lateral visual system: The fundus of the superior temporal sulcus and parietal area H connect nonvisual cerebrum to the lateral occipital lobe
Dadario, N. B., Tanglay, O., Stafford, J. F., Davis, E. J., Young, I. M., Fonseka, R. D., Briggs, R. G., Yeung, J. T., Teo, C., & Sughrue, M. E. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2945 · Cited by 7
“…(6r and IFJp) and the cognitive portion of the anterior cingulate gyrus (p32pr), which have been linked to language processing and the integration of top-down and bottom-up processing of language (Amiez & Petrides, 2009; Calvert & Campbell, 2003; Petrides & Pandya, 1999; Shackman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationship between Atrophy of the Medial Temporal Areas and Cognitive Functions in Elderly Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Shimada, H., Kato, T., Ito, K., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Yoshida, D., Shimokata, H., Washimi, Y., Endo, H., & Suzuki, T. (2012) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000334845 · Cited by 8
Frontal theta activity during working memory in test anxiety
Shi, Z., Gao, X., & Zhou, R. (2015) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000334 · Cited by 8
Extreme Capsule
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0014 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Modelling Memory and Learning Consistently from Psychology to Physiology
Coward, L. A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1452-1_3 · Cited by 7
“The cortical sheet is separated into at least 50 areas (Brodmann 1908; Petrides and Pandya 1999, 2002; Morasan et al. 2001).”
Background
Telencephalon: Neocortex
(2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34686-9_15 · Cited by 9
“Experimental studies in rhesus monkeys [578, 580, 581] have shown that the various prefrontal areas are tightly and reciprocally interconnected and that this connectional network extends uninterruptedly over the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions [89, 516].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Deciphering prefrontal circuits underlying stress and depression: exploring the potential of volume electron microscopy
Nagai, H. (2024) · Microscopy · doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfae036 · Cited by 8
Mapping cerebral blood perfusion and its links to multi-scale brain organization across the human lifespan
Farahani, A., Liu, Z.-Q., Ceballos, E. G., Hansen, J. Y., Wennberg, K., Zeighami, Y., Dadar, M., Gauthier, C. J., Dagher, A., & Mišić, B. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003277 · Cited by 13
“The link between perfusion and layer IV dovetails with the fact that layer IV is prominent in sensory cortex and in the lower half of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (e.g., area 9–46) [184].”
Involvement of the Rostromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Human-Robot Interaction: fNIRS Evidence From a Robot-Assisted Motor Task
Le, D. T., Watanabe, K., Ogawa, H., Matsushita, K., Imada, N., Taki, S., Iwamoto, Y., Imura, T., Araki, H., Araki, O., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2022.795079 · Cited by 8
Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Perineuronal Nets in the Human Prefrontal Cortex—A Possible Link to Microcircuitry Specialization
Banovac, I., Prkačin, M. V., Kirchbaum, I., Trnski, S., Bobić‐Rasonja, M., Sedmak, G., Petanjek, Z., & Milošević, N. J. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04306-1 · Cited by 8
Low-anxiety rats are more sensitive to amphetamine in comparison to high-anxiety rats
Lehner, M., Taracha, E., Kaniuga, E., Wisłowska-Stanek, A., Gryz, M., Sobolewska, A., Turzyńska, D., Skórzewska, A., & Płaźnik, A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116667708 · Cited by 7
“The M1/M2 areas are the part of dorsal prefrontal cortex (dPFC) that plays a pivotal role in executive functions, including attentional processes and response selection (Bolla et al., 1998; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Stone et al., 2006).”
Background
Cerebral metabolic correlates of attention networks in Alzheimer's Disease: A study of the Stroop
Melrose, R. J., Young, S., Weissberger, G. H., Natta, L. E., Harwood, D. G., Mandelkern, M. A., & Sultzer, D. L. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.020 · Cited by 7
“Regions were determined using Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images (Damasio, 2005) and MRIcro (Rorden and Brett, 2000) and Petrides and Pandya (1999) were used to approximate Brodmann's regions (Damasio, 2005; Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Temporally remote destabilization of prediction after rare breaches of expectancy
Kühn, A. B., & Schubotz, R. I. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21325 · Cited by 7
In your eyes only: deficits in executive functioning after frontal TMS reflect in eye movements
Lüthi, M., Henke, K., Gutbrod, K., Nyffeler, T., Chaves, S., & Müri, R. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00007 · Cited by 7
“Because of the extended size and the lack of precisely defined target regions within the DLPFC (Petrides and Pandya, 1999), a round coil (Magnetic Coil MC-125, Medtronic) was used for DLPFC stimulation.”
Method
Neuroimaging and Neurocircuitry of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder
Ducharme, S., Dougherty, D. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-495-7_3 · Cited by 8
Bootstrapping your brain
Miller, E. K., & Buschman, T. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012372540-0/50011-x · Cited by 7
Effects of PER3 clock gene polymorphisms on aging-related changes of the cerebral cortex
Dewandre, D., Atienza, M., Sanchez-Espinosa, M. P., & Cantero, J. L. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1513-0 · Cited by 7
“Abbreviations for the middle frontal region (square with orange borders): MFG middle frontal gyrus, 8Ad dorsal part of area 8A, 8Av ventral part of area 8A, 9 superior frontal gyrus, 9/46d dorsal part of middle frontal gyrus, 9/46v ventral part of middle frontal gyrus, 10 frontal pole, IFs inferior frontal sulcus, PCs…”
Background
Synaptic development of layer V pyramidal neurons in the prenatal human prefrontal neocortex: a Neurolucida-aided Golgi study
He, L.-X., Wan, L., Xiang, W., Li, J.-M., Pan, A.-H., & Lu, D.-H. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.274345 · Cited by 7
“Some prefrontal cortical areas, including Brodmann area 46, are considered critical for the formation of short-term memory (Petrides and Pandya, 1999) or working memory (Andrews et al.”
Altered brain network centrality in middle‐aged patients with retinitis pigmentosa: A resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Lin, Q., Zhu, F., Shu, Y., Zhu, P., Ye, L., Shi, W., Min, Y., Li, B., Yuan, Q., & Shao, Y. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1983 · Cited by 6
“The superior frontal gyrus is thought to consist of several cytoarchitecturally different subregions including BA6, 8, 9, and 32 (Petrides & Pandya, 1999, 2002).”
Background
Working Memory
Nee, D. E., & D'Esposito, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00050-6 · Cited by 6

Authors: Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. N.
Affiliations: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Petrides, M.
ORCID: Petrides, M.
Venue: European Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 1011-1036
ISSN: 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
1460-9568
DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x
OpenAlex: W1965597399
Cited by: 1,068
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 10.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1029 d)
Locations: European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cytoarchitecture, human-macaque comparison, area 46, middle frontal gyrus, corticocortical connections, lateral parietal cortex, medial parietal cortex, prestriate cortex
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain Mapping, Humans, Interneurons, Macaca mulatta, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns

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