Cited by 1,068Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesVisual perception and processing mechanismsPrimate Behavior and Ecology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns

Petrides, M., Pandya, D. N.·1999·European Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The cytoarchitecture of the human and the macaque monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been examined in a strictly comparative manner in order to resolve major discrepancies between the available segmentations of this cortical region in the human and the monkey brain. In addition, the connections of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical areas were re‐examined in the monkey. The present analysis showed that only a restricted portion of what had previously been labelled as area 46 in the monkey has the same characteristics as area 46 of the human brain; the remaining part of this monkey region has the characteristics of a portion of the middle frontal gyrus in the human brain that had previously been included as part of area 9. We have labelled this cortical area as 9/46 in both species. These two areas (i.e. 46 and 9/46), which constitute the lower half of the mid‐dorsolateral frontal cortex, have a well‐developed granular layer IV, and can easily be distinguished from area 9, on the upper part of the mid‐dorsolateral region, which does not have a well‐developed granular layer IV. Area 9 has the same basic pattern of connections as areas 46 and 9/46, but, unlike the latter areas, it does not receive input from the lateral parietal cortex. Caudal to area 9, on the dorsomedial portion of the frontal cortex, there is a distinct strip of cortex (area 8B) which, unlike area 9, receives significant input from the prestriate cortex and the medial parietal cortex. The present results provide a basis for a closer integration of findings from functional neuroimaging studies in human subjects with experimental work in the monkey.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging
Belliveau, J. W., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J., & Rosen, B. R. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1948051 · Cited by 1,883
A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex
Zeki, S., Watson, J. D. G., Lueck, C. J., Friston, K. J., Christopher Kennard, C., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-03-00641.1991 · Cited by 1,717
A Parametric Study of Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Human Working Memory
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., & Noll, D. C. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0247 · Cited by 1,694
The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe
Dum, R., & Strick, P. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-03-00667.1991 · Cited by 1,447
Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen
Economo, C. V., & Koskinas, G. N. (1925) · Springer eBooks · Cited by 1,234
Handbook of neuropsychology
Eling, P. (1993) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(93)90027-o · Cited by 1,198
Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: II. Evidence for segregated corticocortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with the frontal lobe
Cavada, C., & Goldman, P. S. (1989) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902870403 · Cited by 1,140
Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey
Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. (1984) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902280110 · Cited by 1,101
Self-citation
Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex.
Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Mishkin, M., Carson, R. E., Herscovitch, P., Schapiro, M. B., & Rapoport, S. I. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.5.1621 · Cited by 1,041
An Area Specialized for Spatial Working Memory in Human Frontal Cortex
Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5355.1347 · Cited by 950

Show all 43 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Brodmann K., 1905, Beitraege zur histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. III. Mitteilung. Die Rindenfelder der niederen Affen, J. Psychol. Neurol. (Lzp.), 4, 177
Brodmann K., 1908, Beitraege zur histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. VI. Mitteilung: Die Cortexgliederung des Menschen, J. Psychol. Neurol. (Lzp.), 10, 231
Murray E.A., 1981, Multiple Somatic Sensory Areas, 167
Petrides M., 1998, Working memory and the mid‐dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Soc., Neurosci. Abstract., 24, 18
Petrides M., 1994, Handbook of Neuropsychology, 17
Vogt C., 1919, Allgemeinere Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung, J. Psych. Neur., 25, 279

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,001

Natural grouping of neural responses reveals spatially segregated clusters in prearcuate cortex
Kiani, R., Cueva, C. J., Reppas, J., Peixoto, D., Ryu, S., & Newsome, W. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.014 · Cited by 96
“l Responses Reveals”
Neuromodulation of Decision-Making in the Addictive Brain
Fecteau, S., Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Camprodon, J. A., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2010) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2010.482434 · Cited by 98
“…activations in the DLPFC, composed of the middle frontal gyrus, including Brodmann areas 9 and 9/46 (according to the anatomical criteria from Petrides and Pandya, 1999) while performing decision-making tasks such as the Risk Task (Rogers et al., 1999), a two-choice prediction task (Paulus…”
Method
Cortical Input to the Frontal Pole of the Marmoset Monkey
Burman, K. J., Reser, D. H., Yu, H., & Rosa, M. G. P. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq239 · Cited by 96
Modulatory effects of acupuncture on brain networks in mild cognitive impairment patients
Chen, S., Tan, T., Wang, D., Huang, J.-K., Zhou, X., Xu, Y., Liang, J.-P., Yin, L., Xie, H.-L., Jia, X., et al. (2017) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.200808 · Cited by 91
“Lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can lead to impaired short-term memory and difficulty inhibiting behavioral responses (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Volumetric Correlates of Spatiotemporal Working and Recognition Memory Impairment in Aged Rhesus Monkeys
Shamy, J. L., Habeck, C. G., Hof, P. R., Amaral, D. G., Fong, S., Buonocore, M. H., Stern, Y., Barnes, C. A., & Rapp, P. R. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq210 · Cited by 88
“The rewarded location was randomized, and the left and right wells were baited equally often across trials within a test session.”
Instructed Delay Activity in the Human Prefrontal Cortex is Modulated by Monetary Reward Expectation
Ramnani, N. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.3.318 · Cited by 92
“These are dorsal sectors of the lateral prefrontal cortex (Leon and Shadlen, 1999; Watanabe, 1996) and the basal ganglia (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Hassani et al., 2001), areas that are heavily interconnected with both the motor system and with systems involved in the processing of reward-related…”
Background
Reference Region Modeling Approaches for Amphetamine Challenge Studies with [ 11 C]FLB 457 and PET
Sandiego, C. M., Gallezot, J., Lim, K., Ropchan, J. R., Lin, S.-F., Gao, H., Morris, E. D., & Cosgrove, K. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.237 · Cited by 90
A Functional Connection Between Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Orofacial Motor Cortex in Human
Greenlee, J. D. W., Oya, H., Kawasaki, H., Volkov, I. O., Kaufman, O., Kovach, C. K., Howard, M. A., & Brugge, J. F. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00609.2003 · Cited by 89
Distinct Information Representation and Processing for Goal-Directed Behavior in the Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and the Dorsal Premotor Cortex
Yamagata, T., Nakayama, Y., Tanji, J., & Hoshi, E. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2398-12.2012 · Cited by 93
“However, it is established that the PMd and lPFC are separate entities with anatomical distinctions (Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2002; Luppino et al., 2003).”
Background
The Basal Ganglia
Haber, S. N., Adler, A., & Bergman, H. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374236-0.10020-3 · Cited by 94
Research progress on the role of type I vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1) in nervous system diseases
Du, X., Li, J., Li, M., Yang, X., Qi, Z., Xu, B., Liu, W., Xu, Z., & Deng, Y. L. (2020) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-020-00393-4 · Cited by 92
Selective involvement of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the coding of the serial order of visual stimuli in working memory
Amiez, C., & Petrides, M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706220104 · Cited by 89
Self-citation
Temporal and spatial neural dynamics in the perception of basic emotions from complex scenes
Costa, T., Cauda, F., Crini, M., Tatu, K., Celeghin, A., de Gelder, B., & Tamietto, M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst164 · Cited by 96
“These two regions are closely interconnected (Petrides and Pandya, 1999), and, for example, activity in the ACC increases when depressed subjects respond positively to pharmacological treatments (Mayberg et al.”
Background
Contrasting Patterns of Cortical Input to Architectural Subdivisions of the Area 8 Complex: A Retrograde Tracing Study in Marmoset Monkeys
Reser, D. H., Burman, K. J., Yu, H., Chaplin, T. A., Richardson, K. E., Worthy, K. H., & Rosa, M. G. P. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs177 · Cited by 88
“TH – 0.1 – 0.1 0.1 0.1 – TFO/TLO – – 0.3 0.1 0.2 – * Posterior parietal (ppc) AIP – – – – 0.4 2.0 – LIP – – 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.5 3.7 MIP – – – – 1.2 1.5 1.9 VIP – – – 0.2 – 1.1 – PE/PEC – – 0.6 0.7 0.4 5.1 1.8 PF – – 2.8 0.8 – 2.0 0.4 PFG * 0.1 – – * 2.8 1.2 PG – – 0.5 1.8 0.1 3.3 0.2 Opt – – – – 0.2 1.6 0.9 PGM 0.5 * 0.3…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Right temporal cortex is critical for utilization of melodic contextual cues in a pitch constancy task
Warrier, C. M., & Zatorre, R. J. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh183 · Cited by 87
“This region is particularly interesting in relation to the present study due to its connections with dorsolateral and inferior frontal regions, areas known to be involved in working memory (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Romanski et al., 1999).”
Background
Cortico-cortical connections of areas 44 and 45B in the macaque monkey.
Frey, S., Mackey, S., & Petrides, M. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.05.005 · Cited by 80
“We therefore interpret these neurons to be due to the spilling of the tracer in area 8A, consistent with previous research which showed strong connections of area 9/46d with the peri-arcuate cortex from the region around the end of the principal sulcus (e.g., Petrides & Pandya, 1999).”
MethodResultSelf-citation
Behavioral inhibition and prefrontal cortex in decision-making
Sakagami, M., Pan, X., & Uttl, B. (2006) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2006.05.040 · Cited by 85
On the cortical connectivity in the macaque brain: a comparison of diffusion tractography and histological tracing data
Girard, G., Caminiti, R., Battaglia-Mayer, A., St-Onge, E., Ambrosen, K. S., Eskildsen, S. F., Krug, K., Dyrby, T. B., Descoteaux, M., Thiran, J.-P., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117201 · Cited by 83
Targeted Stimulation of Human Orbitofrontal Networks Disrupts Outcome-Guided Behavior
Howard, J. D., Reynolds, R., Smith, D. E., Voss, J. L., Schoenbaum, G. M., & Kahnt, T. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.007 · Cited by 86
An fMRI investigation of the role of the basal ganglia in reasoning
Melrose, R. J., Poulin, R. M., & Stern, C. E. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.060 · Cited by 86
“…implicit Serial ReactionTime (SRT) task, an implicit motor learning task in which subjects unknowingly repeat a sequence of motor movements, have found basal ganglia activation (Hazeltine et al., 1997; Passingham et al., 2000; Poldrack et al., 2005; Schendan et al., 2003; Willingham et al., 2002).”
What Can the Organization of the Brain’s Default Mode Network Tell us About Self-Knowledge?
Moran, J. M., Kelley, W. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00391 · Cited by 90
“Finally, mPFC is almost exclusively interconnected with other heteromodal processing regions in the prefrontal cortex (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Petrides and Pandya, 1999), anterior temporal cortex (Amaral and Price, 1984; Morán et al., 1987), and the cingulate gyrus (Morecraft and Van Hoesen, 1993;…”
Topographic organization in the brain: searching for general principles
Patel, G. H., Kaplan, D. M., & Snyder, L. H. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.03.008 · Cited by 85
Effort shapes social cognition and behaviour: A neuro-cognitive framework
Contreras-Huerta, L. S., Pisauro, M. A., & Apps, M. A. J. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.003 · Cited by 91
Homotopic local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from resting-state functional connectivity
Yan, X., Kong, R., Xue, A., Yang, Q., Orbán, C., An, L., Holmes, A. J., Qian, X., Chen, J., Zuo, X., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120010 · Cited by 86
Dynamic Encoding of Responses and Outcomes by Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Luk, C.-H., & Wallis, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0386-09.2009 · Cited by 88
“Both regions have strong connections with motor areas (Dum and Strick, 1993; Carmichael and Price, 1995b; Petrides and Pandya, 1999) and are activated by tasks requiring high-level cognition (Duncan and Owen, 2000).”
Background
Reward prediction based on stimulus categorization in primate lateral prefrontal cortex
Pan, X., Sawa, K., Tsuda, I., Tsukada, M., & Sakagami, M. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2128 · Cited by 84
Fiber Connections between the Cerebral Cortex and the Corpus Callosum in Alzheimer's Disease: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Sydykova, D., Stahl, R., Dietrich, O., Ewers, M., Reiser, M. F., Schoenberg, S. O., Möller, H. ‐., Hampel, H. J., & Teipel, S. J. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl136 · Cited by 84
Effect of continuous theta burst stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cerebral blood flow changes during decision making
Cho, S. S., Pellecchia, G., Ko, J. H., Ray, N. J., Obeso, I., Houle, S., & Strafella, A. P. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.007 · Cited by 86
“The rPFC (BA 10) is located dorsal to the DLPFC and both are closely interconnected [46,47].”
Background
Rostral–caudal gradients of abstraction revealed by multi-variate pattern analysis of working memory
Nee, D. E., & Brown, J. W. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.034 · Cited by 80
“These theories are supported by anatomical data that demonstrate that rostral areas of the LFC are primarily connected to caudal areas of the LFC (Petrides and Pandya, 2007), which are in turn connected to more posterior cortices (Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Petrides and Pandya, 1984, 1999).”
Contributions of Low and High Spatial Frequency Processing to Impaired Object Recognition Circuitry in Schizophrenia
Calderone, D., Hoptman, M. J., Martı́nez, A., Nair-Collins, S., Mauro, C. J., Bar, M., Javitt, D. C., & Butler, P. D. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs169 · Cited by 83
Single pulse TMS to the DLPFC, compared to a matched sham control, induces a direct, causal increase in caudate, cingulate, and thalamic BOLD signal
Dowdle, L. T., Brown, T. R., George, M. S., & Hanlon, C. A. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.02.014 · Cited by 84
Dissociating the white matter tracts connecting the temporo-parietal cortical region with frontal cortex using diffusion tractography
Barbeau, É. B., Descoteaux, M., & Petrides, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64124-y · Cited by 82
Self-citation
Performance monitoring in neurological and psychiatric patients
Ullsperger, M. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.06.010 · Cited by 80
Neural correlates of semantic ambiguity processing during context verification
Hoenig, K., & Scheef, L. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.044 · Cited by 82
“Our current proposal is also consistent with previously reported functional differentiations within DLPFC (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Rowe et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResult
Investigation of Unmedicated Early Onset Restless Legs Syndrome by Voxel-Based Morphometry, T2 Relaxometry, and Functional MR Imaging during the Night-Time Hours
Margariti, P. N., Astrakas, L. G., Tsouli, S. G., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Konitsiotis, S., & Argyropoulou, M. I. (2011) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2829 · Cited by 82
“This system is known to be involved in motivated behaviors and the induction of self-generated repetitive and/or compulsive actions.(37) Additionally, the ventral anterior cingulum is a region that is associated with emotion processing, drug dependence, and control of chronic pain.”
Background
Microglial activation is inversely associated with cognition in individuals living with HIV on effective antiretroviral therapy
Rubin, L. H., Sacktor, N. C., Creighton, J. A., Du, Y., Endres, C. J., Pomper, M. G., & Coughlin, J. M. (2018) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001858 · Cited by 81
“The mechanistic links between disease, microglial activation and domainspecific cognitive performance may be probed with direct study of brain tissue using mouse models as done in Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer H psychosis [59], wherein the TSPO signal in medial prefrontal cortex of rodents is akin to the DLPFC in hu…”
A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum—Chapter 1: Introduction, Methods, and Significance
Baker, C. M., Burks, J. D., Briggs, R. G., Conner, A. K., Glenn, C. A., Sali, G., McCoy, T. M., Battiste, J. D., OʼDonoghue, D. L., & Sughrue, M. E. (2018) · Operative Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/ons/opy253 · Cited by 84
The Frontal Cortex
Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374236-0.10026-4 · Cited by 81
Self-citation
Aberrant Functional Connectivity in Dissociable Hippocampal Networks Is Associated with Deficits in Memory
Voets, N., Zamboni, G., Stokes, M. G., Carpenter, K., Stacey, R. J., & Adcock, J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4281-13.2014 · Cited by 81
“The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was formed by combining superior and middle frontal gyrus atlas regions corresponding grossly to areas 9 and 9/46 as described by (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Method
Functional brain abnormalities in psychiatric disorders: Neural mechanisms to detect and resolve cognitive conflict and interference
Melcher, T., Falkai, P., & Gruber, O. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.06.003 · Cited by 79
“The notion of IFJ involvement in attentional selection of task-relevant information is additionally supported by the fact that the posterior lateral PFC is anatomically strongly interconnected with posterior processing regions (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981; Petrides and Pandya, 1984, 1999).”
Background
Differences in Cortical Serotonergic Innervation among Humans, Chimpanzees, and Macaque Monkeys: A Comparative Study
Raghanti, M. A., Stimpson, C. D., Marcinkiewicz, J. L., Erwin, J. M., Hof, P. R., & Sherwood, C. C. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm089 · Cited by 81
“This resulted in 3 blocks for each macaque left hemisphere, the middle block containing the primary motor cortex (area 4).”
Background
Asymmetry in resting intracortical activity as a buffer to social threat
Koslov, K., Mendes, W. B., Pajtas, P. E., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611403156 · Cited by 80
“Specifically, the left and right Brodmann’s areas (BAs) 9 and 46 were anatomically defined using the Talairach Daemon (Lancaster et al., 2000) and anatomical landmarks (Petrides & Pandya, 1999; Rajkowska & Goldman-Rakic, 1995a, 1995b; Fig.”
Method
Chronic MPTP administration regimen in monkeys: a model of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson’s disease
Masilamoni, G. J., & Smith, Y. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1774-z · Cited by 86
“…I is a widespread target of dense dopaminergic innervation in all areas of the macaque and human neocortex, while it is mainly confined to prefrontal cortical regions in rats (Berger et al. 1992; Berger et al. 1988; Gaspar et al. 1989; Petrides and Pandya 1999; Zilles et al. 1996) (Preuss 1995).”
Event‐Related fMRI of Inhibitory Control in the Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of ADHD
Solanto, M. V., Schulz, K. P., Fan, J., Tang, C. Y., & Newcorn, J. H. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2008.00289.x · Cited by 84
Chronometry of parietal and prefrontal activations in verbal working memory revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation
Mottaghy, F. M., Gangitano, M., Krause, B. J., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00010-7 · Cited by 82
“For each subject, the middle third of the left and right middle frontal gyrus [assumed to represent Brodmann area 46/9 (Brodmann, 1909; Petrides and Pandya, 1999)] and the posterior third of the intraparietal sulcus (IP) of each hemisphere were identified on the brain MRI and then the spot was…”
BackgroundMethod
Architecture of the Human Cerebral Cortex
Zilles, K. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012547626-3/50028-4 · Cited by 91
Architecture of the Cerebral Cortex
Zilles, K., & Amunts, K. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374236-0.10023-9 · Cited by 81
Abstract task representations for inference and control
Vaidya, A. R., & Badre, D. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.03.009 · Cited by 78
Organization of the Human Frontal Pole Revealed by Large-Scale DTI-Based Connectivity: Implications for Control of Behavior
Orr, J. M., Smolker, H. R., & Banich, M. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124797 · Cited by 77
Architectural subdivisions of medial and orbital frontal cortices in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)
Burman, K., & Rosa, M. (2009) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21976 · Cited by 83
Specialization of the Rostral Prefrontal Cortex for Distinct Analogy Processes
Volle, E., Gilbert, S. J., Benoit, R. G., & Burgess, P. W. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq012 · Cited by 83
T2 relaxometry and fMRI of the brain in late-onset restless legs syndrome
Astrakas, L. G., Konitsiotis, S., Margariti, P. N., Tsouli, S. G., Tzarouhi, L., & Argyropoulou, M. I. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000325914.50764.a2 · Cited by 77
Segregated Pathways Carrying Frontally Derived Top-Down Signals to Visual Areas MT and V4 in Macaques
Ninomiya, T., Sawamura, H., Inoue, K., & Takada, M. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6295-11.2012 · Cited by 78
“Neuronal labeling in area 46v was located primarily around the lip of the principal sulcus (PS), corresponding to area 9/46v as designated in the study by Petrides and Pandya (1999).”
Background
A Meta‐analysis on the neural basis of planning: Activation likelihood estimation of functional brain imaging results in the Tower of London task
Nitschke, K., Schumacher, L. V., Finkel, L., Weiller, C., & Kaller, C. P. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23368 · Cited by 88
“Critically although, BA 46 and 9/46, but not BA 9, are reciprocally connected to medial as well as inferior and superior lateral parietal areas and send efferents to the retrosplenial cortex [Petrides, 2005; Petrides et al., 2012; Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2006].”
BackgroundInfluential
Reversible Silencing of the Frontopolar Cortex Selectively Impairs Metacognitive Judgment on Non-experience in Primates
Miyamoto, K., Setsuie, R., Osada, T., & Miyashita, Y. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.040 · Cited by 78
“…to be located at area 10 in the frontopolar cortex by all of the three independent anatomical criteria based on cytoarchitecture and axonal projection patterns (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Sallet et al., 2013; Walker, 1940) in each hemisphere of each monkey (Figures S5A and S5B; see Discussion).”
Domain-specific distribution of working memory processes along human prefrontal and parietal cortices: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Gruber, O., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2001) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01665-7 · Cited by 76
The anatomy of the human frontal lobe
Catani, M. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00006-9 · Cited by 84
Organization of prefrontal outflow toward frontal motor‐related areas in macaque monkeys
Takada, M., Nambu, A., Hatanaka, N., Tachibana, Y., Miyachi, S., Taira, M., & Inase, M. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03425.x · Cited by 75
Computational Architecture of the Parieto-Frontal Network Underlying Cognitive-Motor Control in Monkeys
Caminiti, R., Borra, E., Visco‐Comandini, F., Battaglia‐Mayer, A., Averbeck, B. B., & Luppino, G. (2017) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0306-16.2017 · Cited by 77
“Based on connectional evidence (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Gerbella et al., 2013; Saleem et al., 2014), both the dorsal (46d) and the ventral (46v) parts of area 46 have been further subdivided into a rostral and a caudal sector, as also done for caudal area 46v (46vc).”
BackgroundMethod
Are you gonna leave me? Separation anxiety is associated with increased amygdala responsiveness and volume
Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., Opel, N., Kaufmann, C., Zwitserlood, P., Kugel, H., Heindel, W., Donges, U.-S., Suslow, T., Arolt, V., et al. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu055 · Cited by 73
Proactive and reactive control by the medial frontal cortex
Stuphorn, V., & Emeric, E. E. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2012.00009 · Cited by 86
“Area 45, the cortex anterior to the inferior spur of the arcuate sulcus and lateral to the principal sulcus, is the most likely monkey homolog of the rIFG (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Background
Enhanced brain connectivity in math-gifted adolescents: An fMRI study using mental rotation
Prescott, J. R. V., Gavrilescu, M. C., Cunnington, R., O’Boyle, M. W., & Egan, G. F. (2010) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2010.506951 · Cited by 99
“Electrophysiological (Rizzolatti, Luppino, & Matelli, 1998 ) and cytoarchitectonic studies (Petrides & Pandya, 1999 ) of the cortical motor system of the macaque monkey reveal that the superior frontal gyrus receives primary inputs from the superior parietal areas as well as connections from the inferior parietal regi…”
Background
Integrative parietal cortex processes: Neurological and psychiatric aspects
Teixeira, S. S., Machado, S. E. D. C., Velasques, B., Sanfim, A., Minc, D., Peressutti, C., Bittencourt, J., Budde, H., Cagy, M., Anghinah, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.12.025 · Cited by 72
Coordination of High Gamma Activity in Anterior Cingulate and Lateral Prefrontal Cortical Areas during Adaptation
Rothé, M., Quilodran, R., Sallet, J., & Procyk, E. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1016-11.2011 · Cited by 75
“Recording sites in LPFC were located mostly on the posterior third of the principal sulcus (area 9/46 from Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Background
Cortical control of spatial memory in humans: The visuooculomotor model
Pierrot‐Deseilligny, C., Müri, R. M., Rivaud-Péchoux, S., Gaymard, B. M., & Ploner, C. J. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10273 · Cited by 73
Cortical connections of the lateral mediodorsal thalamus in cynomolgus monkeys
Erickson, S. L., & Lewis, D. A. (2004) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20084 · Cited by 74
“…on MD– cortical connectivity (Giguere and Goldman-Rakic, 1988; Ray and Price, 1993) together suggest a parcellation of area 46 similar to that of Petrides and Pandya (1999), who have designated the cortex around the very outer edges of the caudal half of the PS as area 9/46 and who have…”
Method
Differential prefrontal-like deficit in children after cerebellar astrocytoma and medulloblastoma tumor
Vaquero, E., Gómez, C. M., Quintero-Gallego, E. A., González-Rosa, J. J., & Márquez-Rivas, J. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-18 · Cited by 79
Interactive effects of age and estrogen on cortical neurons: implications for cognitive aging
Bailey, M. E., Wang, A. C. J., Hao, J., Janssen, W. G. M., Hara, Y., Dumitriu, D., Hof, P. R., & Morrison, J. H. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.045 · Cited by 62
“An additional benefit of the NHP model is the structural nd functional similarity of the NHP prefrontal cortex to that f humans (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Limits and reproducibility of resting-state functional MRI definition of DLPFC targets for neuromodulation
Ning, L., Makris, N., Camprodon, J. A., & Yogesh Rathi, A. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.004 · Cited by 71
Visual Activation in Prefrontal Cortex is Stronger in Monkeys than in Humans
Denys, K., Vanduffel, W., Fize, D., Nelissen, K., Sawamura, H., Georgieva, S., Vogels, R., Essen, D. C. V., & Orban, G. A. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042568505 · Cited by 73
“Both studies illustrate the advantages of a comparative functional imaging approach, as the evolution of prefrontal cortex function can be assessed by powerful new tools that complement cytoarchitectonics and anatomical size comparisons (Semendeferi et al., 2002; Petrides & Pandya, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Prefrontal Selection and Medial Temporal Lobe Reactivation in Retrieval of Short-term Verbal Information
Sakai, K. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh050 · Cited by 70
“The PFC and MTL are the two structures that are connected with almost all parts of the posterior association areas in the parietal and temporal lobes (Van Hoesen, 1982; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Lavenex et al., 2002).”
Background
Overlapping prefrontal systems involved in cognitive and emotional processing in euthymic bipolar disorder and following sleep deprivation: A review of functional neuroimaging studies
McKenna, B. S., & Eyler, L. T. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.003 · Cited by 69
“Structurally, the PFC has been subdivided by cryoarchitecture and/or gross anatomic markers into subregions with varying specificity (Ongur, Ferry, & Price, 2003; Petrides & Pandya, 1994, 1999, 2002).”
Automatic and controlled processing in the corticocerebellar system
Ramnani, N. (2014) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63356-9.00010-8 · Cited by 70
Acute Changes in Frontoparietal Activity after Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in a Cued Reaction Time Task
Rounis, E., Stephan, K. E., Lee, L., Siebner, H. R., Pesenti, A., Friston, K. J., Rothwell, J. C., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2657-06.2006 · Cited by 67
“The presence of direct connections between the DLPFC and both VLPFC and IPS in humans remains speculative because it relies on comparative work to establish correspondences between macaque and human brain areas (Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2002).”
Background
Behavioral Effect of Chemogenetic Inhibition Is Directly Related to Receptor Transduction Levels in Rhesus Monkeys
Upright, N. A., Brookshire, S. W., Schnebelen, W., Damatac, C. G., Hof, P. R., Browning, P. G. F., Croxson, P. L., Rudebeck, P. H., & Baxter, M. G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1422-18.2018 · Cited by 65
“This region encompassed most of area 46 and 9/46d, and portions of areas 9/46v, 8b, 8Ad, and 9, as defined by Petrides and Pandya (1999).”
Background
Preparation and performance of obstacle steps: interaction between brain and spinal neuronal activity
Haefeli, J., Vögeli, S., Michel, J., & Dietz, V. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07494.x · Cited by 75
“This area is assumed to be responsible for concentration on and monitoring of motor performance in space by the working memory (Petrides & Pandya, 1999).”
Background
Epidural Cortical Stimulation of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Refractory Major Depressive Disorder
Kopell, B. H., Halverson, J. L., Butson, C. R., Dickinson, M. D., Bobholz, J. A., Harsch, H. H., Rainey, C. J., Kondziolka, D. S., Howland, R. H., Eskandar, E. N., et al. (2011) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e318229cfcd · Cited by 68
Neurons in the Rostral Cingulate Motor Area Monitor Multiple Phases of Visuomotor Behavior With Modest Parametric Selectivity
Hoshi, E., Sawamura, H., & Tanji, J. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01201.2004 · Cited by 68
“…or indirectly from the orbital and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Bates and Goldman-Rakic 1993; Lu et al. 1994; Morecraft and Van Hoesen 1993; Petrides and Pandya 1999, 2002; Takada et al. 2004; Van Hoesen et al. 1993); this raises the possibility that the CMAr also participates in the…”
Background
Levodopa reinstates connectivity from prefrontal to premotor cortex during externally paced movement in Parkinson's disease
Herz, D. M., Siebner, H. R., Hulme, O. J., Florin, E., Christensen, M. S., & Timmermann, L. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.023 · Cited by 66
Social Cognition and the Prefrontal Cortex
Wood, J. N. (2003) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582303002002002 · Cited by 70
Effects of two years of estrogen loss or replacement on nucleus basalis cholinergic neurons and cholinergic fibers to the dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex of monkeys
Tinkler, G. P., Tobin, J. R., & Voytko, M. L. (2004) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.11028 · Cited by 67
“More recent cytoarchitectonic studies subdivided area 46 into two separate regions, area 46 and area 9/46, in order to address issues of homology between macaque and human nomenclature (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Method
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is required for performance of a strategy implementation task but not reinforcer devaluation effects in rhesus monkeys
Baxter, M. G., Gaffan, D., Kyriazis, D. A., & Mitchell, A. S. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06740.x · Cited by 65
“It contains a number of subregions that can be differentiated based on cytoarchitectonics, chemoarchitectonics and anatomical connections (Mrzljak & Goldman-Rakic, 1992; Carmichael & Price, 1994, 1995a,b; Petrides & Pandya, 1999, 2002).”
Background
Sensory-Biased and Multiple-Demand Processing in Human Lateral Frontal Cortex
Noyce, A. L., Cestero, N., Michalka, S., Shinn‐Cunningham, B. G., & Somers, D. C. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0660-17.2017 · Cited by 67
“Our findings are consistent with nonhuman primate studies that find distinct auditory processing and visual processing regions in lateral frontal cortex (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Romanski and Goldman-Rakic, 2002; Romanski, 2007); however, the anatomically interdigitated organization (visual-, auditory-, visual-, and…”
BackgroundResult
A representational similarity analysis of cognitive control during color-word Stroop
Freund, M. C., Bugg, J. M., & Braver, T. S. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2956-20.2021 · Cited by 71
Gestures, Vocalizations, and Memory in Language Origins
Aboitiz, F. (2012) · Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnevo.2012.00002 · Cited by 66
“…PARIETAL CONNECTION According to several studies in monkeys, areas 45 and 44 receive strong or moderate afferences from the inferior parietal lobe (Mesulam et al., 1977; Petrides and Pandya, 1984, 1999, 2002, 2009; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991c; Leichnetz, 2001).”
Background
A revised perspective on the evolution of the lateral frontal cortex in primates
Amiez, C., Sallet, J., Giacometti, C., Verstraete, C., Gandaux, C., Morel-Latour, V., Meguerditchian, A., Hadj‐Bouziane, F., Hamed, S. B., Hopkins, W. D., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf9445 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Evidence of altered neurogranin immunoreactivity in areas 9 and 32 of schizophrenic prefrontal cortex
Broadbelt, K. G., Ramprasaud, A., & Jones, L. B. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.028 · Cited by 66
Prefrontal and somatosensory-motor cortex effective connectivity in humans
Rolls, E. T., Deco, G., Huang, C., & Feng, J. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac391 · Cited by 63
“It also has some effective connectivity from PHT in the posterior inferior temporal visual cortex and the DLPFC (46 and p9-46v).”
BackgroundInfluential
Broca’s area – Thalamic connectivity
Bohsali, A. A., Triplett, W. T., Sudhyadhom, A., Gullett, J. M., McGregor, K., FitzGerald, D. B., Mareci, T. H., White, K. D., & Crosson, B. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.12.001 · Cited by 64
Visual attention: Linking prefrontal sources to neuronal and behavioral correlates
Clark, K., Squire, R. F., Merrikhi, Y., & Noudoost, B. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.006 · Cited by 64
“The homology of PFC in humans and monkeys has been well documented (Pandya and Yeterian, 1996; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Petrides et al., 2012).”
Background
Parallel trends in cortical gray and white matter architecture and connections in primates allow fine study of pathways in humans and reveal network disruptions in autism
Zikopoulos, B., García‐Cabezas, M. Á., & Barbas, H. (2018) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2004559 · Cited by 65
Dissecting the pathobiology of altered MRI signal in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A post mortem whole brain sampling strategy for the integration of ultra-high-field MRI and quantitative neuropathology
Pallebage‐Gamarallage, M. M., Foxley, S., Menke, R., Huszár, I. N., Jenkinson, M., Tendler, B. C., Wang, C., Jbabdi, S., Turner, M. R., Miller, K. L., et al. (2018) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-018-0416-1 · Cited by 64
“It cytoarchitectonically constitutes Brodmann areas (BA) 6, 8, 9, 46 and 10 along its caudal-rostral axis [65, 66].”
Background
Experiments in macaque monkeys provide critical insights into age-associated changes in cognitive and sensory function
Gray, D. T., & Barnes, C. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1902279116 · Cited by 63
Symbolic representations of action in the human cerebellum
Balsters, J. H., & Ramnani, N. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.010 · Cited by 65
“…ascribed to activity evoked by Symbolic Informative cues were found in the anterior portion of the inferior frontal sulcus (putatively area 9/46, Petrides and Pandya, 1999), anterior portions of the cingulate cortex, the posterior aspect of the superior frontal gyrus (area 6, dorsal premotor…”
Background
Effect of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on reaction time, clinical features and cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Sedláčková, S., Rektorová, I., Srovnalová, H., & Rektor, I. (2009) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-009-0259-0 · Cited by 63
“…Y = 32, Z = 30] were chosen based on the probable location as revealed by a PET study of verbal working memory (Petrides et al. 1993) and used by other authors (Strafella et al. 2001; Barrett et al. 2004) and corresponding to cytoarchitectonic area 9/46 as defined by Petrides and Pandya (1999).”
Method
Targeting synapses and myelin in the prevention of schizophrenia
Woo, T., & Crowell, A. L. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.022 · Cited by 62
Multimodal architectonic subdivision of the caudal ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque monkey
Gerbella, M., Belmalih, A., Borra, E., Rozzi, S., & Luppino, G. (2007) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-007-0158-9 · Cited by 66
“More recently, Petrides and Pandya (1994, 1999, 2002) have designated the caudalmost part of the prearcuate cortex as area 8, subdivided into a dorsal (8Ad) and a ventral (8Av) part (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluential
An Indexing Theory for Working Memory Based on Fast Hebbian Plasticity
Fiebig, F., Herman, P. A., & Lansner, A. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0374-19.2020 · Cited by 67
Personalized prediction of transcranial magnetic stimulation clinical response in patients with treatment-refractory depression using neuroimaging biomarkers and machine learning
Hopman, H. J., Chan, S. S. M., Chu, C. W., Lu, H., Tse, C., Chau, S. W. H., LAM, L. C. W., Mak, A. D. P., & Neggers, S. F. W. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.081 · Cited by 65
Lending a helping hand to hearing: another motor theory of speech perception
Skipper, J. I., Nusbaum, H. C., & Small, S. L. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541599.009 · Cited by 64
“These definitions (as well as those to be discussed with respect to the dorsal streams) are based on connectivity data from the macaque and cytoarchitectonic homologies with the human (Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2002).”

Authors: Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. N.
Affiliations: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Petrides, M.
ORCID: Petrides, M.
Venue: European Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 1011-1036
ISSN: 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
1460-9568
DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x
OpenAlex: W1965597399
Cited by: 1,068
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 10.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1029 d)
Locations: European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cytoarchitecture, human-macaque comparison, area 46, middle frontal gyrus, corticocortical connections, lateral parietal cortex, medial parietal cortex, prestriate cortex
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain Mapping, Humans, Interneurons, Macaca mulatta, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks