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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns
Abstract
The cytoarchitecture of the human and the macaque monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been examined in a strictly comparative manner in order to resolve major discrepancies between the available segmentations of this cortical region in the human and the monkey brain. In addition, the connections of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical areas were re‐examined in the monkey. The present analysis showed that only a restricted portion of what had previously been labelled as area 46 in the monkey has the same characteristics as area 46 of the human brain; the remaining part of this monkey region has the characteristics of a portion of the middle frontal gyrus in the human brain that had previously been included as part of area 9. We have labelled this cortical area as 9/46 in both species. These two areas (i.e. 46 and 9/46), which constitute the lower half of the mid‐dorsolateral frontal cortex, have a well‐developed granular layer IV, and can easily be distinguished from area 9, on the upper part of the mid‐dorsolateral region, which does not have a well‐developed granular layer IV. Area 9 has the same basic pattern of connections as areas 46 and 9/46, but, unlike the latter areas, it does not receive input from the lateral parietal cortex. Caudal to area 9, on the dorsomedial portion of the frontal cortex, there is a distinct strip of cortex (area 8B) which, unlike area 9, receives significant input from the prestriate cortex and the medial parietal cortex. The present results provide a basis for a closer integration of findings from functional neuroimaging studies in human subjects with experimental work in the monkey.
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“Similar projections exist between each of these locations and the other domain-independent regions within this putative network [42, 66–69].”
From Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs (2017) · cites this paper as [68]
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“Therefore, we were able to unambiguously identify this homologous cortical area across species upon histological observation, and our stereologic counts of cell densities were confined to its borders.”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [45]
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“It receives visual, somatosensory, and auditory information from the occipital, temporal, and parietal cortices (Barbas & Pandya 1989, 1991; Goldman-Rakic & Schwartz 1982; Pandya & Barnes 1987; Pandya & Yeterian 1990; Petrides & Pandya 1984, 1999; Seltzer & Pandya 1989).”
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“Although the same architectonic areas can be identified in humans and monkey”
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“, 2000), and is closely interconnected to the MPFC (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Devinsky et al., 1995).”
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“…on the Brodmann atlas, we thus provide tentative labels following this nomenclature, incorporating more recent refinements where available (Vogt et al. 1995; Petrides and Pandya 1999, 2002; Ongur et al. 2003; Caspers et al. 2008; Scheperjans et al. 2008; Amunts et al. 2010; Morel et al. 2013).”
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“The architectonic subdivisions of the LPFC have been analyzed by Petrides and Pandya (1999), and their map has been used with minor modifications (Figure 3).”
MethodMapping Human Cortical Areas In Vivo Based on Myelin Content as Revealed by T1- and T2-Weighted MRI
Glasser, M. F., & Van Essen, D. C. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2180-11.2011 · Cited by 1,447
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“The DLPFC has close connections with the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (Carmichael and Price, 1996b; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Barbas, 2000; Passingham et al., 2002).”
BackgroundPhillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.65 · Cited by 1,383
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“However, there are direct anatomical connections between the subgenual (BA25) and the anterior insula and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, both of which are anticorrelated with the subgenual in the current analysis.”
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Petrides, M. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1631 · Cited by 1,212
“The caudally adjacent area 8 primarily has connections with visuo-spatial parietal and posterior visual temporal areas (Barbas & Mesulam 1981; Andersen et al. 1990; Petrides & Pandya 1999).”
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Ramnani, N., & Owen, A. M. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1343 · Cited by 1,170
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“…the dorsolateral (BA 9/46), ventrolateral (12, 44, 45, 47) and frontopolar (lateral 10) regions (for reviews, see Goldman-Rakic, 1987; Fuster, 1997; Petrides and Pandya, 1999), is an essential node in the neural network subserving executive functions, as pinpointed by different experimental…”
BackgroundThe anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex
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Precuneus shares intrinsic functional architecture in humans and monkeys
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Self-citationIs the rostro-caudal axis of the frontal lobe hierarchical?
Badre, D., & D'Esposito, M. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2667 · Cited by 946
“Here, we use the nomenclature put forth by Petrides and Pandy”
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Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Willingness to Pay in Everyday Economic Transactions
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“Finally, the DLPFC and the OFC are interconnected (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
BackgroundPetrides, M., & Pandya, D. N. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.02090.x · Cited by 882
“…temporal region were not observed when the more dorsal part of the anterior bank of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus, i.e. area 8Av, was injected with retrograde tracers (case 3 in Petrides & Pandya, 1999), consistent with earlier studies (Barbas & Mesulam, 1981; Schall et al., 1995).”
ResultSelf-citationYang, Y., & Raine, A. (2009) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012 · Cited by 888
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity Matrix for Macaque Cerebral Cortex
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“…Petrides and Pandya 1984; Ghosh and Gattera 1995; Johnson and Ferraina 1996; Matelli et al. 1998; Caminiti et al. 1999; Cipolloni and Pandya 1999; Petrides and Pandya 1999; Luppino et al. 2001; Marconi et al. 2001; TanneGariepy et al. 2002; Petrides and Pandya 2009; Morecraft et al. 2012), and 4…”
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“The DLPFC does not receive direct innervation from subcortical structures such as the amygdala that are involved in affective behavior (Petrides & Pandya, 1999).”
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“…(for a review, see Petrides, 2005), the precise localization of functions cannot be directly transposed to humans because of interspecies macroscopic anatomical differences (Petrides and Pandya, 1999) due to the considerable difference in size between the human and monkey PFC (Fuster, 1997).”
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“It has strong connections mainly with parietal and temporal cortex (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
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“…present evidence for functional variation within BA 10 mirrors neurophysiological evidence for cytoarchitectonic differences both between lateral and medial subregions of rostral PFC (Petrides & Pandya, 1999) and between rostral and caudal subregions within rostral PFC (Carmichael & Price, 1994).”
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“Similar hypotheses can be explored for the frontal cortex (FC), which is substantially expanded in humans (ϳ36% of neocortex ) compared with macaques (ϳ25% of neocortex) (Brodmann , 1905; Walker, 1940; Van Essen and Drury, 1997; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Van Essen, 2003).”
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“For example, TMS treatment of depression is limited by the inability to identify the optimal stimulation site in the left DLPFC (15, 18, 37 – 39).”
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“…on the reversal test, has parallels in work with nonhuman primates in which dorsolateral lesions impaired the ability to ‘‘monitor multiple stimuli’’ (Petrides & Pandya, 1999), as well as with neuroimaging studies of executive functions, such as those involved in dual-task performance…”
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“It is also connected with area 11m of the orbital cortex, the entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, and the amygdala (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1984; Amaral et al. 1992; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Price, 1999).”
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“…information from the occipital, temporal, and parietal cortices (Goldman-Rakic and Schwartz, 1982; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Seltzer and Pandya, 1989; Pandya and Yeterian, 1990; Petrides and Pandya, 1999) and has preferential connections with the motor system structures (Miller and Cohen, 2001).”
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“…relationship between the dLPFC and the PCC, which has been associated with the storage of autobiographical memory (Andreasen et al., 1995; Maddock et al., 2001; Maguire & Mummery, 1999), is reflected in the dense connections between the dLPFC and the PCC (Petrides, 2005; Petrides & Pandya, 1999).”
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“For example, Petrides and Pandya (1999, 2002) have shown that the dorsal and medial PFC regions are reciprocally connected with the posterior cortical regions involved in visuospatial processing, such as: superior parietal lobule, caudal portions of inferior parietal lobule, dorsal and medial…”
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Imaging-based parcellations of the human brain
Eickhoff, S. B., Yeo, B. T. T., & Genon, S. (2018) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0071-7 · Cited by 484
The role of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory
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Self-citationThe organization of dorsal frontal cortex in humans and macaques
Sallet, J., Mars, R. B., Noonan, M. P., Neubert, F.-X., Jbabdi, S., O'Reilly, J. X., Filippini, N., Thomas, A. G., & Rushworth, M. F. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5108-12.2013 · Cited by 416
“Cytoarchitectonic area 10, by contrast, is more densely interconnected with amygdala than is area 46 (Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2007) and, again, the BOLD signal of human cluster 4 was more strongly coupled with amygdala BOLD than was the case for cluster 7.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSubregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
Li, W., Qin, W., Liu, H., Fan, L., Wang, J., Jiang, T., & Yu, C. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.011 · Cited by 472
“The superior frontal gyrus (SFG) is located at the superior part of the prefrontal cortex and is considered to be composed of several cytoarchitecturally different subregions including the Brodmann areas of 6, 8, 9, and 32 (Brodmann, 1909; Petrides and Pandya, 1999, 2002).”
Neurons in the frontal lobe encode the value of multiple decision variables
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“This is consistent with the fact that the ACC and the LPFC have stronger connections with motor areas than the OFC, whereas the OFC has stronger connections with the olfactory and gustatory cortex (Petrides & Pandya, 1999 ; Carmichael & Price, 1995 ; Dum & Strick, 1993 ).”
ResultRole of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Executive Behavioral Control
Tanji, J., & Hoshi, E. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2007 · Cited by 477
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“, 1991)] and did not spread rostrally to prefrontal area 8b or area 9m where an incipient granular layer IV becomes evident (Petrides and Pandya, 1999) (see also Walker, 1940; Middleton and Strick, 2001a).”
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Efferent Association Pathways from the Rostral Prefrontal Cortex in the Macaque Monkey
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“…connections that link the caudal lateral prefrontal (areas 8A and 8B) and the midlateral prefrontal (areas 9/46 and 45) cortex with parts of the occipital, parietal, and inferotemporal cortex (Cavada and GoldmanRakic, 1989; Andersen et al., 1990; Petrides and Pandya, 1984, 1999, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWeight consistency specifies regularities of macaque cortical networks
Markov, N. T., Misery, P., Falchier, A., Lamy, C., Vezoli, J., Quilodran, R., Gariel, M. A., Giroud, P., Ercsey-Ravasz, M., Pilaz, L. J., et al. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq201 · Cited by 386
Neubert, F.-X., Mars, R. B., Thomas, A. G., Sallet, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.012 · Cited by 416
Cho, S. S., & Strafella, A. P. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006725 · Cited by 416
“In fact, because of the dense anatomical connections between DLPFC and ACC [25–27], we cannot exclude the possibility that these effects might be mediated by local activation of the nerve terminals.”
BackgroundResultNeurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs
Chong, T. T.-J., Apps, M., Giehl, K., Sillence, A., Grima, L. L., & Husain, M. (2017) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002598 · Cited by 415
Cieslik, E. C., Zilles, K., Caspers, S., Roski, C., Kellermann, T. S., Jakobs, O., Langner, R., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs256 · Cited by 391
“Given that only at the level of the 2-cluster solution, the ensuing regions showed significant differences in task-dependent and task-independent functional connectivity, we focused on this parcellation in the results and discussion.”
BackgroundBermudez, P., Lerch, J. P., Evans, A. C., & Zatorre, R. J. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn196 · Cited by 409
“Resulting GM and white matter images were convolved with a 3-dimensional Gaussian blurring kernel with a 10-mm full-width half-maximum.”
MethodThe Cortical Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Monkey Brain
Yeterian, E., Pandya, D., Tomaiuolo, F., & Petrides, M. (2011) · Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.03.004 · Cited by 382
“A detailed comparison of human and macaque monkey prefrontal cortical cytoarchitecture has recently been provided by Petrides and Pandya (1994, 1999, 2002a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFox, M. D., Halko, M. A., Eldaief, M. C., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.035 · Cited by 395
“2) which may have some precedence in track tracing results in monkeys (Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Vogt and Pandya, 1987).”
BackgroundRanganath, C. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20852 · Cited by 375
A validated network of effective amygdala connectivity
Stein, J. L., Wiedholz, L. M., Bassett, D. S., Weinberger, D. R., Zink, C. F., Mattay, V. S., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.022 · Cited by 392
“This is in good agreement with anatomical data in which OFC is extensively and reciprocally connected with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Petrides and Pandya, 1999) as well as with previously derived models in which DLPFC exerts higher-level control over lower order regions in the con…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTask Set and Prefrontal Cortex
Sakai, K. (2008) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125642 · Cited by 424
Davey, C. G., Yücel, M., & Allen, N. B. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016 · Cited by 377
“The anterior cingulate cortex, which has reciprocal connections with both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex (Barbas, 1992; Petrides and Pandya, 1999), and is itself densely innervated by dopaminergic neurons, is well placed to coordinate the monitoring of actions that are subserved by bot…”
BackgroundRushworth, M. F. S., Krams, M., & Passingham, R. E. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901750363244 · Cited by 390
The anatomy of apathy: a neurocognitive framework for amotivated behaviour
Le Heron, C., Apps., M. A. J., & Husain, M. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.003 · Cited by 380
Prefrontal Cortical Dendritic Spine Pathology in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Konopaske, G. T., LANGE, N. D., Coyle, J. T., & Benes, F. M. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1582 · Cited by 379
Neubert, F.-X., Mars, R. B., Sallet, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1410767112 · Cited by 384
“A dorsal medial frontal area in humans, area 9, was linked to decision making when the outcome had to be imagined or modeled in some way (30, 40), and its activity coupling pattern resembled area 9 (79) in the monkey medial frontal cortex.”
BackgroundA natural history of the human mind: tracing evolutionary changes in brain and cognition
Sherwood, C. C., Subiaul, F., & Zawidzki, T. W. (2008) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00868.x · Cited by 377
Unconscious Activation of the Cognitive Control System in the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Lau, H. C., & Passingham, R. E. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4335-06.2007 · Cited by 358
“The subliminal priming effect was associated with activity in the mid-DLPFC (Brodmann’s area 46) (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
BackgroundResultErnst, M., & Fudge, J. L. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.009 · Cited by 358
Paus, T., Castro‐Alamancos, M. A., & Petrides, M. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01757.x · Cited by 363
“The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex sends (and receives) dense connections with the anterior and, to a lesser extent, posterior cingulate cortices (Preuss & Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Barbas, 1992; Petrides & Pandya, 1999).”
Self-citationPlassmann, H., O'Doherty, J. P., & Rangel, A. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0788-10.2010 · Cited by 356
“Such a hypothesis is supported by anatomical studies in primate brains that have shown that the OFC and the DLPFC are heavily interconnected (Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
Petrides, M., Tomaiuolo, F., Yeterian, E. H., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2011) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.07.002 · Cited by 353
“In the present article, we shall not provide an exhaustive description of the architectonic features of the various areas since this can be found in our primary research reports (Petrides and Pandya, 1994, 1999, 2002a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFronto-striatal connections in the human brain: A probabilistic diffusion tractography study
Leh, S. E., Ptito, A., Chakravarty, M. M., & Strafella, A. P. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.049 · Cited by 352
Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex
Sherwood, C. C., Stimpson, C. D., Raghanti, M. A., Wildman, D. E., Uddin, M., Grossman, L. I., Goodman, M., Redmond, J. C., Bonar, C. J., Erwin, J. M., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605843103 · Cited by 342
Default Mode of Brain Function in Monkeys
Mantini, D., Gerits, A., Nelissen, K., Durand, J., Joly, O., Simone, L., Sawamura, H., Wardak, C., Orban, G. A., Buckner, R. L., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2318-11.2011 · Cited by 343
“…classification of human areas was conducted using the SPM Anatomy Toolbox (Eickhoff et al., 2005, 2010; Toga et al., 2006); for the areas left unclassified, we referred to comparative cytoarchitectonic studies (Vogt et al., 1987, 2006; Petrides and Pandya, 1999; Ongür et al., 2003).”
MethodThe mind of expert motor performance is cool and focused
MILTON, J. G., Solodkin, A., Hluštı́k, P., & Small, S. L. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.003 · Cited by 340
“Due to this strategic location and its connectivity patterns (with pre-frontal areas as well as anterior cingulate, superior temporal sulcus, the hippocampal complex and visual areas), the posterior cingulate region has been associated with functions such as working memory, encoding of visuomotor tasks and extraperson…”
BackgroundInfluentialThree key regions for supervisory attentional control: Evidence from neuroimaging meta-analyses
Cieslik, E. C., Mueller, V. I., Eickhoff, C. R., Langner, R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.003 · Cited by 322
Prefrontal cortex modulates placebo analgesia
Krummenacher, P., Candia, V., Folkers, G., Schedlowski, M., & Schönbächler, G. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.033 · Cited by 337
“The DLPFC has been related to the generation, maintenance and manipulation of cognitive representations within a high degree of executive control demanding working memory [29,32].”
BackgroundDynamic Perception of Facial Affect and Identity in the Human Brain
LaBar, K. S. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.10.1023 · Cited by 342
Localization of Executive Functions in Dual-Task Performance with fMRI
Szameitat, A. J., Schubert, T., Müller, K., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807195 · Cited by 348
“Anterior–superior portions of the PFC are assumed to receive input from higher-order auditory and visual association areas (Miller, 2000; Petrides & Pandya, 1999; Romanski et al., 1999).”
BackgroundA Domain-General Cognitive Core Defined in Multimodally Parcellated Human Cortex
Assem, M., Glasser, M. F., Essen, D. C. V., & Duncan, J. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa023 · Cited by 340
“While data from macaques show that putative MD regions share many anatomical connections (Mitchell et al., 2016; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1988), each also has its own unique fingerprint of connections to and from other brain regions (Markov et al., 2014; Petrides and Pandya, 1999).”
BackgroundThe frontal lobes and the regulation of mental activity
Thompson‐Schill, S. L., Bedny, M., & Goldberg, R. F. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.006 · Cited by 340
“We are not arguing against any form of organization by content; such an organization could emerge from the distinct corticocortical connectivity patterns that are associated with different regions of frontal cortex [8].”
BackgroundMcBride, D., Barrett, S. P., Kelly, J. T., Aw, A., & Dagher, A. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301075 · Cited by 334
“A DLPFC search region was determined according to the anatomical criteria proposed by Petrides and Pandya (1999) and was composed of the middle frontal gyrus from y¼ 20 to 60 mm (MNI coordinates), including Brodmann’s areas (BA) 46 and 9/46 (Petrides and Pandya, 1999), for a total volume of 38 000…”
MethodInfluentialParasuraman, R., & Rizzo, M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.001.0001 · Cited by 331
Quantitative assessment of prefrontal cortex in humans relative to nonhuman primates
Donahue, C. J., Glasser, M. F., Preuss, T. M., Rilling, J. K., & Van Essen, D. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1721653115 · Cited by 301
“1, regions filled in red) that includes granular and dysgranular frontal lobe cortex anterior to motor and premotor cortex, as has been proposed for both humans (28, 31) and macaques (35).”
Raznahan, A., Lerch, J. P., Lee, N., Greenstein, D. K., Wallace, G. L., Stockman, M., CLASEN, L. S., Shaw, P. W., & Giedd, J. N. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.028 · Cited by 304
“, 2011), and macaque (Petrides and Pandya, 1999) brain—encompassing inferior temporal, orbitofrontal, and DLPFC regions.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. N.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Petrides, M.
- ORCID
- Petrides, M.
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1011-1036
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- OpenAlex
- W1965597399
- Cited by
- 1,068
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 10.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cytoarchitecture, human-macaque comparison, area 46, middle frontal gyrus, corticocortical connections, lateral parietal cortex, medial parietal cortex, prestriate cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Humans, Interneurons, Macaca mulatta, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex
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