Sleep EEG, depression and gender

Armitage, Roseanne; Hoffmann, Robert F

doi:10.1053/smrv.2000.0144

Cited by 170Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and related disordersTreatment of Major Depression

Sleep EEG, depression and gender

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Armitage, Roseanne, Hoffmann, Robert F·2001·Sleep Medicine Reviews

DOI 10.1053/smrv.2000.0144

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Abstract

Despite clear evidence of an intimate connection between sleep, major depressive disorders (MDD) and gender, few studies have explored gender differences in either sleep or in wakefulness in patients as a means of better understanding the psychogenic components of MDD. Indeed, few sleep studies focus on characterising gender differences in any population. This paper will present a review of the literature on gender differences in sleep and depression. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings will also be discussed. The premise of the present review is that there is an inherent increased vulnerability to depression in women that arises out of basic gender differences in brain organisation and state regulation, particularly in response to a "biological challenge" during sleep. It is argued that the inherent properties of organisation and regulation of sleep EEG in healthy men and women, elicited under challenge conditions, show gender-specific vulnerability to organisational abnormalities that model homeostatic abnormalities in depressed men and women and contribute to the genesis of depression. 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd

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Women accumulate sleep debt more rapidly than men do and might need more sleep to be functional.
“It has been observed that women accumulate sleep debt more rapidly than men do and might need more sleep to be functional.96–98”
From Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Orexin/Hypocretin System (2025) · cites this paper as [96]
In THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS (page unavailable), the review reports a stronger slow-wave activity response in women than men after 40 hours of sleep deprivation. That supports a sex difference in response to sleep loss, but does not establish that women accumulate sleep debt faster or need more sleep to function. (LLM, conf=0.81)
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Authors: Armitage, R., & Hoffmann, R. F.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Hoffmann, Robert F
Venue: Sleep Medicine Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-06
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-246
ISSN: 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1053/smrv.2000.0144
OpenAlex: W2112695817
Cited by: 170
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 1.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH061515)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: sleep EEG, gender differences, major depressive disorder, sleep regulation, brain organization, psychogenic depression

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