Pleiotropic Effects of Melatonin
Abstract
Melatonin’s pleiotropic actions begin from controlling day/night cycle and hypothalamic/pituitary axes to, for example, vasomotor effects, immunomodulation, antilipid effects, modulation of endocrine functions, direct and indirect antiapoptotic effects, interference with nitric oxide signaling, other antiexcitatory actions through ion channels and neurotransmitter systems, and most prominently the antioxidant activities which include expression of genes relevant to redox metabolism, including modulation of mitochondrial electron flux. Because of ubiquitous nature of the melatonin receptor, melatonin serves as pleiotropic molecule and its multiplicity of action goes beyond the established antioxidant activities. Melatonin exhibits pleiotropic effects essentially through four different mechanisms: binding to membrane receptors; nuclear receptors; intracellular proteins, and a receptor-independent radical scavenging function. The present review highlights some of the important pleiotropic effects of melatonin in human body.
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Melatonin is found in various tissues other than the pineal gland, involving the pancreas, liver, brain, lens, thyroid, and others.
“Melatonin is found in various tissues other than the pineal gland, involving the pancreas, liver, brain, lens, thyroid, and others (Mahmood 2019).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Mahmood 2019
On average, the pineal gland produces between 0.1 and 0.9 mg of melatonin per day.
“On average, the pineal gland produces between 0.1 and 0.9 mg of melatonin per day [4,6].”
From Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Melatonin is found throughout the body, in many tissues other than the pineal gland and gut mucosa, including the brain, retina, lens, cochlea, trachea, skin, liver, kidney, thyroid, pancreas, thymus, spleen, and reproductive tissues.
“Melatonin has been found in many tissues other than the pineal gland and gut mucosa, including the brain, retina, lens, cochlea, trachea, skin, liver, kidney, thyroid, pancreas, thymus, spleen, and reproductive tissues [6].”
From Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Melatonin synthesis is reduced by exposure to light, with artificial light reducing a person's melatonin production and increasing disease risk.
“Its synthesis is reduced by exposure to light, with artificial light reducing a person’s melatonin production and increasing disease risk [4,6].”
From Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
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“Melatonin has been found in many tissues other than the pineal gland and gut mucosa, including the brain, retina, lens, cochlea, trachea, skin, liver, kidney, thyroid, pancreas, thymus, spleen, and reproductive tissues [6].”
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- Authors
- Mahmood, D.
- Affiliations
- Qassim University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Mahmood, Danish
- ORCID
- Mahmood, Danish
- Venue
- Drug Research
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2018-07-30
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 02
- Pages
- 65-74
- ISSN
- 2194-9379 (ISSN-L)
- 2194-9387
- OpenAlex
- W2885268238
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Keywords
- melatonin, pleiotropy, antioxidant activity, melatonin receptors, nuclear receptors, nitric oxide signaling, apoptosis, immunomodulation, mitochondrial electron transport chain, redox metabolism, circadian rhythm, vasomotor effects, endocrine modulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Free Radicals, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Melatonin, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Melatonin, Circadian Clocks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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