Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training
Abstract
The onset of whole muscle hypertrophy in response to overloading is poorly documented. The purpose of this study was to assess the early changes in muscle size and architecture during a 35-day high-intensity resistance training (RT) program. Seven young healthy volunteers performed bilateral leg extension three times per week on a gravity-independent flywheel ergometer. Cross-sectional area (CSA) in the central (C) and distal (D) regions of the quadriceps femoris (QF), muscle architecture, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and electromyographic (EMG) activity were measured before and after 10, 20, and 35 days of RT. By the end of the training period, MVC and EMG activity increased by 38.9 +/- 5.7 and 34.8% +/- 4.7%, respectively. Significant increase in QF CSA (3.5 and 5.2% in the C and D regions, respectively) was observed after 20 days of training, along with a 2.4 +/- 0.7% increase in fascicle length from the 10th day of training. By the end of the 35-day training period, the total increase in QF CSA for regions C and D was 6.5 +/- 1.1 and 7.4 +/- 0.8%, respectively, and fascicle length and pennation angle increased by 9.9 +/- 1.2 and 7.7 +/- 1.3%, respectively. The results show for the first time that changes in muscle size are detectable after only 3 wk of RT and that remodeling of muscle architecture precedes gains in muscle CSA. Muscle hypertrophy seems to contribute to strength gains earlier than previously reported; flywheel training seems particularly effective for inducing these early structural adaptations.
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Undetectable morphological changes might have occurred in muscle tissues during 4 or 6 weeks of the intervention in the present study.
“Because it is unlikely for ingestion of APP to act directly on the neural factors, we thus estimated that undetectable morphological changes might have occurred in muscle tissues during 4 or 6 weeks of the intervention in the present study (3).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Seynnes and colleagues (3) reported an increase in quadriceps cross-sectional area measured by magnetic resonance imaging system even in 20 days of resistance training.
“Seynnes and colleagues (3) reported an increase in quadriceps cross-sectional area measured by magnetic resonance imaging system even in 20 days of resistance training.”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
An individual's strength is highly, but not wholly, dependent upon muscle mass.
“An individual's strength is highly, but not wholly dependent upon muscle mass [81,82].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [82]
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Flywheel resistance training calls for greater eccentric muscle activation than weight training
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Greater neural adaptations following high- vs. low-load resistance training
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“Several morphological adaptations to resistance training have been identified (Staron et al., 1994; Aagaard et al., 2001; Williamson et al., 2001; Seynnes et al., 2007), the primary and most widely-studied of which is skeletal muscle hypertrophy (Folland and Williams, 2007).”
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BackgroundInfluentialSkeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Phillips, B. E., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Philp, A., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2015) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12532 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Changes in muscle architecture [pennation angle and fascicle length (Seynnes et al. 2007, Franchi et al. 2014)] also contribute to muscle hypertrophy and functional improvements (Aagaard et al. 2001).”
BackgroundBaumert, P., Lake, M., Stewart, C. E., Drust, B., & Erskine, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3411-1 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Eccentric resistance exercise training is a potent method of inducing muscle hypertrophy (Seynnes et al. 2007; Norrbrand et al. 2008), and may therefore be prescribed to older people to counter sarcopenia (Reeves et al.”
BackgroundAn examination of the time course of training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy
DeFreitas, J. M., Beck, T. W., Stock, M. S., Dillon, M. A., & Kasishke, P. R. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1905-4 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Seynnes et al. (2007) found a signiWcant increase in quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area (CSA) after only 20 days of training.”
BackgroundInfluentialTous‐Fajardo, J., Gonzalo‐Skok, Ó., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., & Tesch, P. A. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0010 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Assessment of quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area by ultrasound extended-field-of-view imaging
Noorkõiv, M., Nosaka, K., & Blazevich, A. J. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1402-1 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“The 4.3% standard error of the CSA measurement at the 20% section in the present study is smaller than the increase in quadriceps CSA at distal region in the study of Seynnes et al. (2007).”
MethodInfluentialCooperative control of striated muscle mass and metabolism by MuRF1 and MuRF2
Witt, C. C., Witt, S. H., Lerche, S., Labeit, D., Back, W. E., & Labeit, S. (2007) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601952 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“EMBO open Cooperative control of striated muscle mass and metabolism by MuRF1 and MuRF2 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits distribution, andreproduction inanymedium,provided theoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited.”
BackgroundArchitectural Changes of the Biceps Femoris Long Head after Concentric or Eccentric Training
Timmins, R. G., Ruddy, J. D., Presland, J. D., Maniar, N., SHIELD, A. J., Williams, M. D., & Opar, D. A. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000795 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“The very rapid response of BFlh architectural adaptations supports previous literature, which has found significant increases in fascicle length and pennation angle in the vastus lateralis within 14 d of the commencement of an eccentrically biased strength training intervention (31).”
BackgroundMethodResultVila-Chã, C., Falla, D., & Farina, D. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01213.2009 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Lasevicius, T., Ugrinowitsch, C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Roschel, H., Tavares, L. D., De Souza, E. O., Laurentino, G., & Tricoli, V. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1450898 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training—Part 1: A Brief Review of Existing Methods
Suchomel, T. J., Wagle, J. P., Douglas, J. M., Taber, C. B., Harden, M., Haff, G. G., & Stone, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk4020038 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“, 1RM) [94,95], ECC force production [91,96], power output [95,97], jump ability [95,97,98], running velocity [95,98,99], and EMG activity [53,100,101] in both untrained participants and a variety of athletic populations.”
BackgroundResultMuscle Fatigue in Males and Females during Multiple-Sprint Exercise
Billaut, F., & Bishop, D. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200939040-00001 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“the mechanical advantage of a muscle acting across a joint.([44-47]) Males, having greater segment length and muscle mass, develop higher absolute muscle force and power output than females.”
BackgroundInhomogeneous architectural changes of the quadriceps femoris induced by resistance training
Ema, R., Wakahara, T., Miyamoto, N., Kanehisa, H., & Kawakami, Y. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2700-1 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Use it or lose it: multiscale skeletal muscle adaptation to mechanical stimuli
Wisdom, K. M., Delp, S. L., & Ellen Kuhl, A. (2014) · Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology · doi:10.1007/s10237-014-0607-3 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“…Johnson and Klueber 1991) Volume ↑ (Erskine et al. 2010a; Aagaard et al. 2001) Pennation angle ↑ (Farup et al. 2012; Erskine et al. 2010a; Blazevich et al. 2007; Seynnes et al. 2007a; Aagaard et al. 2001) Fascicle length ↑ (Blazevich et al. 2007; Seynnes et al. 2007a; Brockett et al. 2001) Anat.”
BackgroundInfluentialTimmins, R. G., SHIELD, A. J., Williams, M. D., Lorenzen, C. H., & Opar, D. A. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094881 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Neuromuscular Adaptations Associated with Knee Joint Angle-Specific Force Change
Noorkõiv, M., Nosaka, K., & Blazevich, A. J. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000269 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Other authors (42) have reported greater”
BackgroundInfluentialRunning Economy from a Muscle Energetics Perspective
Fletcher, J. R., & MacIntosh, B. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00433 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“, 2003) or may not (Blazevich et al., 2007; Seynnes et al., 2007) be accompanied by a concomitant decrease in muscle fascicle length, at least in pennate muscle; changes in fascicle length appearing prior to an increase in muscle CSA.”
BackgroundDuclay, J., Martin, A., Duclay, A., Cometti, G., & Pousson, M. (2009) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21297 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Baroni, B. M., Geremia, J. M., Rodrigues, R., Franke, R. D. A., Karamanidis, K., & Vaz, M. A. (2013) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23785 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“On the other hand, Seynnes et al.32 used a flywheel ergometer with a stronger eccentric component than conventional weight-lifting machines for knee extensor exercise and found increases in VL fascicle length after only 10 days of training.”
MethodFujita, T., Brechue, W. F., Kurita, K., Sato, Y., & Abe, T. (2008) · International Journal of KAATSU Training Research · doi:10.3806/ijktr.4.1 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“The time course for increased skeletal muscle mass following HIT is on the order of 8-12 weeks, [Kraemer et al., 2002, with occasional reports of significant hypertrophy at 5-6 weeks [Abe et al., 2000; Seynnes et al., 2007].”
BackgroundInfluentialClinical Applications of Iso-Inertial, Eccentric-Overload (YoYo™) Resistance Exercise
Tesch, P. A., Fernandez‐Gonzalo, R., & Lundberg, T. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00241 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“This effect is paralleled by increases in muscle size of ∼1% per week in response to short-term (∼5 weeks) training programs (Seynnes et al., 2007; Norrbrand et al., 2008; Lundberg et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialTillin, N. A., & Folland, J. P. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2781-x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…muscle size, shifts in fibre type, and increased electrically evoked force response) within just 4 weeks of strength training (Jurimae et al. 1996; Seynnes et al. 2007; Staron et al. 1994; tillin et al. 2012b), so we cannot rule out the possibility that morphological adaptations contributed to…”
Ogasawara, R., Loenneke, J. P., Thiebaud, R. S., & Abe, T. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2013.42022 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“[26] observed a 7% increase in quadriceps femoris CSA following 35 days of lower body bilateral knee extensions.”
BackgroundStewart, V. H., Saunders, D. H., & Greig, C. A. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12123 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
McGlory, C., Devries, M. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00613.2016 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Rectus femoris (RF) ultrasound for the assessment of muscle mass in older people
Berger, J., Bunout, D. C., Barrera, G., de la Maza, M. P., Henríquez, S., Leiva, L., & Hirsch, S. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.03.006 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The contribution of muscle hypertrophy to strength changes following resistance training
Erskine, R. M., Fletcher, G., & Folland, J. P. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2855-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Andersen, J. L., & Aagaard, P. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01196.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Even though hypertrophy only is manifested, or more rightly so; measurable, after 4–6 weeks of intensive resistance training from the untrained state (Seynnes et al., 2007), the processes leading to hypertrophy commence already within the first exercise session (Atherton et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialHolm, L., Olesen, J. L., Matsumoto, K., Doi, T., Mizuno, M., Alsted, T. J., Mackey, A. L., Schwarz, P., & Kjær, M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00935.2007 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Despite the fact that 3 wk of heavy resistance training were recently shown to be sufficient to induce significant muscle hypertrophy in young people (46), we exercised a group that seemed to demonstrate a diminished responsiveness and maybe with a suboptimal exercise program.”
BackgroundSiddique, U., Rahman, S., Frazer, A. K., Pearce, A. J., Howatson, G., & Kidgell, D. J. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01258-z · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Conceptual Framework for Strengthening Exercises to Prevent Hamstring Strains
Guex, K., & Millet, G. P. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0097-y · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“After a chronic intervention, the observed shift was attributed to an increase in fascicle length that suggests an addition of sarcomeres in series within the muscle [41, 53, 54].”
Arabadzhiev, T. I., Dimitrov, V., Dimitrova, N. A., & Dimitrov, G. V. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.01.008 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Consequently, looking for neural adaptation following strength/power training or muscle unloading on the basis of changes in surface IEMG only (Moritani and deVries, 1979; Hakkinen and Komi, 1983; Häkkinen, 1994; Higbie et al., 1996; Hortobágyi et al., 1996; Aagaard et al., 2000; Häkkinen et al., 2001, 2003; Aagaard e…”
BackgroundFalla, D., O’Leary, S. P., Farina, D., & Jull, G. A. (2011) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31823e9378 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Noehren, B. W., Andersen, A. H., Hardy, P., Johnson, D. L., Ireland, M. L., Thompson, K. L., & Damon, B. M. (2016) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.16.00035 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Neuromuscular and muscle-tendon system adaptations to isotonic and isokinetic eccentric exercise
Guilhem, G., Cornu, C., & Guével, A. (2010) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2010.04.003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“En ce qui concerne la longueur des fascicules musculaires, si certains protocoles d’entraı̂nement n’ont pas montré de modification de ce paramètre après un entraı̂nement en force [12], d’autres protocoles utilisant l’overloading [116] ou des vitesses élevées sur le mode pliométrique [11] ont induit une augmentation de…”
BackgroundIn vivo assessment of muscle fascicle length by extended field-of-view ultrasonography
Noorkõiv, M., Stavnsbo, A., Aagaard, P., & Blazevich, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00657.2010 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
McMahon, G. E., Morse, C. I., Burden, A., Winwood, K. L., & Onambélé-Pearson, G. L. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318297143a · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“This has been observed previously after knee extensor RT (33,34,43).”
BackgroundRecovery of muscle atrophy and bone loss from 90 days bed rest: Results from a one-year follow-up
Rittweger, J., & Felsenberg, D. (2009) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.10.044 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Although early signs of muscle hypertrophy in response to training can be seen within 10 days of training [46], it seems highly unlikely that the gain by almost 20% observed within the first 14 days after re-ambulation in this study is entirely caused by a true increase in muscle mass.”
BackgroundInfluence of Squatting Depth on Jumping Performance
Hartmann, H., WIRTH, K. J., Klusemann, M. J., Dalic, J., Matuschek, C., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824ede62 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Muscle–tendon structure and dimensions in adults and children
O’Brien, T. D., Reeves, N. D., Baltzopoulos, V., Jones, D. A., & Maganaris, C. N. (2010) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01218.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Typically, interventioninduced hypertrophy (e.g. by resistance training) is accompanied by increases in pennation angle (Kawakami et al. 1995; Kearns et al. 2000; Reeves et al. 2004; Seynnes et al. 2007; Suetta et al. 2008).”
BackgroundShort‐term training for explosive strength causes neural and mechanical adaptations
Tillin, N. A., Pain, M. T. G., & Folland, J. P. (2012) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2011.063040 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Previous studies of training for maximal strength have reported changes in muscle architecture after 4–5 weeks (Blazevich et al. 2007; Seynnes et al. 2007) and increased tendon stiffness after 9–10 weeks (Seynnes et al.”
BackgroundResultWakahara, T., Miyamoto, N., Sugisaki, N., Murata, K., Kanehisa, H., Kawakami, Y., Fukunaga, T., & Yanai, T. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2121-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…of hypertrophy is, reportedly, not uniform within a muscle along its length (Blazevich et al. 2007; Housh et al. 1992; Kanehisa et al. 2002; Kawakami et al. 1995; Melnyk et al. 2009; Narici et al. 1989; 1996; Roman et al. 1993; Seynnes et al. 2007; Smith and Rutherford 1995; Tracy et al. 1999).”
Neuromuscular and balance responses to flywheel inertial versus weight training in older persons
Onambélé-Pearson, G. L., Maganaris, C. N., Mian, O. S., Tam, E., Rejc, E., McEwan, I. M., & Narici, M. V. (2008) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.09.004 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Studies performed in young adults have previously shown the efficacy of isoinertial training in improving muscle mass (Seynnes et al., 2007) and limiting unloading-induced strength (isometric or dynamic) decrement (Tesch et al., 2004a, b).”
InfluentialVasseljen, O., & Fladmark, A. M. (2010) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2010.04.004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Muscle hypertrophy is typically found after 8e12 weeks of intensive strength training (Danneels et al., 2001; Seynnes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEffects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: a Meta-analysis
Petré, H., Wernstål, F., & Mattsson, C. M. (2018) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-018-0169-5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Four studies included a non-training passive control group [6, 15, 26, 34].”
BackgroundResultEarp, J. E., Kraemer, W. J., Newton, R. U., Comstock, B. A., Fragala, M. S., Dunn‐Lewis, C., Solomon-Hill, G., Penwell, Z. R., Powell, M. D., Volek, J. S., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d32c04 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Increases in fascicle thickness have been observed with resistance training and are highly correlated with ability to produce force (26).”
BackgroundTillin, N. A., Pain, M. T. G., & Folland, J. P. (2011) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21885 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“intervention may also have induced hypertrophy, as this adaptation has been observed previously over a similar time period.(5) However, although the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps muscles was not recorded in this study, the consistent force– agonist EMG relationship and twitch amplitude of the trained leg sugg…”
ResultSimpson, C. L., Kim, B. D. H., Bourcet, M. R., Jones, G. R., & Jakobi, J. M. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12822 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Maroto‐Izquierdo, S., López, D. G., & Fernández, J. A. D. P. (2017) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0096 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“, 1991), the main application of flywheel-resistance training with eccentricoverload (FRTEO) is to develop muscle mass (Fernandez-Gonzalo et al., 2014a; Norrbrand et al., 2008; Seynnes et al., 2007; Tesch et al., 2004), and specially to avoid muscle atrophy caused by weightlessness situations (Alkner et al.”
BackgroundNader, G. A., von Walden, F., Liu, C., Lindvall, J., Gutmann, L., Pistilli, E. E., & Gordon, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01366.2013 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Although the morphological changes observed following the commencement of training can be detected as early as 3 wk into the training program (49), this is still significantly later than the first acute bout.”
BackgroundTime course for arm and chest muscle thickness changes following bench press training
Ogasawara, R., Thiebaud, R. S., Loenneke, J. P., Loftin, M., & Abe, T. (2012) · Interventional Medicine and Applied Science · doi:10.1556/imas.4.2012.4.7 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Previous studies investigating limb muscle hypertrophy following heavy resistance training reported that a significant increase in limb muscle size had occurred after ~4 weeks of heavy resistance training [3, 7, 8].”
BackgroundInfluentialKumar, N. T. A., Oliver, J. L., Lloyd, R. S., Pedley, J. S., & Radnor, J. M. (2021) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9050059 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Weber, M. D., Krakowski‐Roosen, H., Schröder, L., Kinscherf, R., Krix, M., Kopp‐Schneider, A., Essig, M., Bachert, P., Kauczor, H., & Hildebrandt, W. (2008) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/02841860802130001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Balshaw, T. G., Massey, G. J., Maden-Wilkinson, T. M., Morales-Artacho, A. J., McKeown, A., Appleby, C. L., & Folland, J. P. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3560-x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“…et al. 1998) and morphological (hypertrophy, O’Hagan et al. 1995; Tracy et al. 1999; Erskine et al. 2010a; muscle architecture, Aagaard et al. 2001; Seynnes et al. 2006; Blazevich et al. 2007) adaptations have been widely documented to occur after RT and are presumed to explain the observed…”
Marshall, P. W., McEwen, M., & Robbins, D. W. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1944-x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Alternatively, increased muscle fiber pennation angle in response to resistance training may shift the joint torque‐angle relationship ( Seynnes et al. 2007 ).”
BackgroundEffects of exercise therapy on painful temporomandibular disorders
Shimada, A., Ishigaki, S., Matsuka, Y., Komiyama, O., Torisu, T., Oono, Y., Sato, H., Naganawa, T., Mine, A., Yamazaki, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12770 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Progressive Resistance Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: A Review of Potential Mechanisms
David, F. J., Rafferty, M. R., Robichaud, J. A., Prodoehl, J., Kohrt, W. M., Vaillancourt, D. E., & Corcos, D. M. (2011) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2012/124527 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Then it will review recent findings related to the use of PRE in individuals with PD. Finally, it will identify gaps in knowledge of using PRE in individuals with PD and makes suggestions for future research.”
BackgroundSex hormones and skeletal muscle weakness
Sipilä, S., Narici, M., Kjaer, M., Pöllänen, E., Atkinson, R. A., Hansen, M., & Kovanen, V. (2013) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9425-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Such alterations have previously been detected prior to alterations in whole muscle volume (Seynnes et al. 2007), indicating that the ultrasound method is a sensitive way to assess changes in muscle size.”
Self-citationFunctional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in health and disease.
Hortobágyi, T., Granacher, U., Fernández-Del-Olmo, M., Howatson, G., Manca, A., Deriu, F., Taube, W., Gruber, M., Márquez, G., Lundbye-Jensen, J., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.019 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“…performance could be complicated by early changes in skeletal muscle structure that amount to ~10 % (DeFreitas et al., 2011; Folland and Williams, 2007; Seynnes et al., 2007; Stock et al., 2016); therefore, inclusion of muscle-tendon architecture is warranted in future studies and mediation models.”
BackgroundBjørnsen, T., Salvesen, S., Berntsen, S., Hetlelid, K. J., Stea, T. H., Lohne‐Seiler, H., Rohde, G. E., Haraldstad, K., Raastad, T., Köpp, U. M. S., et al. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12506 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“vastus lateralis is reported during strength training (Narici et al., 1989; Seynnes et al., 2007; Norrbrand et al., 2008).”
BackgroundNuñez, F. J., Santalla, A., García, I. C., Asián-Clemente, J. A., Reina, J. I., & Suarez-Arrones, L. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193841 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Moreau, N. G., Stimpson, K. H., & Marlow, N. (2013) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968312469834 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Changes in muscle force–length properties affect the early rise of force in vivo
Blazevich, A. J., Cannavan, D., Horne, S., Coleman, D. R., & Aagaard, P. (2009) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21259 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
- Authors
- Seynnes, O. R., de Boer, M., & Narici, M. V.
- Affiliations
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 368-373
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2143870509
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle hypertrophy, high-intensity resistance training, muscle architecture, quadriceps, cross-sectional area, fascicle length, pennation angle, flywheel training, leg extension, maximal voluntary contraction, muscle electrical activity, muscle strength gain
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Hypertrophy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Muscle Contraction, Time Factors, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Ergometry, Muscle, Skeletal
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