A Bivalent Omicron-Containing Booster Vaccine against Covid-19

Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

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Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

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Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2

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BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection

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Immune correlates analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial

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Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa

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Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Completion of Blinded Phase

El Sahly, H. M., Baden, L. R., Essink, B., Doblecki-Lewis, S., Martin, J. M., Anderson, E. J., Campbell, T. B., Clark, J., Jackson, L. A., Fichtenbaum, C. J., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2113017 · Cited by 641

Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta variants

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Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Neutralization after mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccination

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Efficacy and Safety of an mRNA-Based RSV PreF Vaccine in Older Adults

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Evolution of the SARS‐CoV‐2 omicron variants BA.1 to BA.5: Implications for immune escape and transmission

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A Detailed Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Its Sub-Variants, Mutations and Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Immunological Landscape, Immune Escape, and Therapies

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Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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Neutralization against BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB from mRNA Bivalent Booster

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Imprinted antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages

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Strategies to reduce the risks of mRNA drug and vaccine toxicity

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Immunogenicity of BA.5 Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Boosters

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Antibody Response to Omicron BA.4–BA.5 Bivalent Booster

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Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines increase breadth of neutralization and protect against the BA.5 Omicron variant in mice

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Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses

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Effectiveness of a bivalent mRNA vaccine booster dose to prevent severe COVID-19 outcomes: a retrospective cohort study

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Knife’s edge: Balancing immunogenicity and reactogenicity in mRNA vaccines

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Durability of immune response after COVID-19 booster vaccination and association with COVID-19 omicron infection

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Safety, immunogenicity and antibody persistence of a bivalent Beta-containing booster vaccine against COVID-19: a phase 2/3 trial

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Clinical delivery of circular RNA: Lessons learned from RNA drug development

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Persistent immune imprinting occurs after vaccination with the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster in humans

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Bivalent Omicron BA.1–Adapted BNT162b2 Booster in Adults Older than 55 Years

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Fc-γR-dependent antibody effector functions are required for vaccine-mediated protection against antigen-shifted variants of SARS-CoV-2

Mackin, S., Desai, P., Whitener, B. M., Karl, C. E., Liu, M., Baric, R. S., Edwards, D. K., Chicz, T. M., McNamara, R. P., Alter, G., et al. (2023) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-023-01359-1 · Cited by 123

Predicting the efficacy of variant-modified COVID-19 vaccine boosters

Khoury, D. S., Docken, S. S., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Davenport, M. P., & Cromer, D. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02228-4 · Cited by 104

Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Immunocompetent Adults — VISION Network, Nine States, September–November 2022

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Polyvalent mRNA vaccination elicited potent immune response to monkeypox virus surface antigens

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Frameworks for transformational breakthroughs in RNA-based medicines

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In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms

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BA.2 and BA.5 omicron differ immunologically from both BA.1 omicron and pre-omicron variants

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mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Advantages and Caveats

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Comparative effectiveness of bivalent BA.4-5 and BA.1 mRNA booster vaccines among adults aged ≥50 years in Nordic countries: nationwide cohort study

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Global and regional genetic diversity of HIV-1 in 2010–21: systematic review and analysis of prevalence

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Original SARS-CoV-2 monovalent and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: phase 2/3 trial interim results

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Vaccine schedule recommendations and updates for patients with hematologic malignancy post‐hematopoietic cell transplant or CAR T‐cell therapy

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Antigenic cartography of well-characterized human sera shows SARS-CoV-2 neutralization differences based on infection and vaccination history

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Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines

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Post-vaccination Omicron infections induce broader immunity across antigenic space than prototype mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccination or primary infection

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An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial

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Safety and Immunogenicity of XBB.1.5-Containing mRNA VaccinesPreprint

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Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective

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Seasonal influenza vaccine performance and the potential benefits of mRNA vaccines

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Duration of protection of ancestral-strain monovalent vaccines and effectiveness of bivalent BA.1 boosters against COVID-19 hospitalisation in England: a test-negative case-control study

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Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Fraser, R., Resendiz, A. O., Mazein, A., & Dockrell, D. H. (2023) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.003 · Cited by 61

Comparison of bivalent and monovalent SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines: the phase 2 randomized open-label COVAIL trial

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Evolution of antibody immunity following Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection

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Effectiveness of Monovalent mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent Adults During BA.1/BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 Predominant Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in the United States — IVY Network, 18 States, December 26, 2021–August 31, 2022

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Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine booster doses against Omicron severe outcomes

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T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination

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Strategies for the development and approval of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics in the post-pandemic period

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Interim Report of the Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 XBB–Containing Vaccines

Chalkias, S., McGhee, N., Whatley, J. L., Essink, B. J., Brosz, A. B., Tomassini, J. E., Girard, B., Edwards, D. K., Wu, K., Nasir, A., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae067 · Cited by 56

School closures during COVID-19: an overview of systematic reviews

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Omicron BA.1-containing mRNA-1273 boosters compared with the original COVID-19 vaccine in the UK: a randomised, observer-blind, active-controlled trial

Lee, I. T., Cosgrove, C. A., MOORE, P. J., Bethune, C., Nally, R., Bula, M., Kalra, P. A., Clark, R., Dargan, P. I., Boffito, M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00295-5 · Cited by 55

Effectiveness of bivalent mRNA vaccines against medically attended symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospital admission among SARS-CoV-2-naive and previously infected individuals: a retrospective cohort study

Tan, C. Y., Chiew, C. J., Pang, D., Lee, V. J., Ong, B. K. C., Wang, L., Ren, E. C., Lye, D. C., & Tan, K. B. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00373-0 · Cited by 49

Toward a pan-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeting conserved epitopes on spike and non-spike proteins for potent, broad and durable immune responses

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Three-month antibody persistence of a bivalent Omicron-containing booster vaccine against COVID-19

Chalkias, S., Harper, C., Vrbicky, K. W., Walsh, S. R., Essink, B. J., Brosz, A. B., McGhee, N., Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., Chang, Y., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38892-w · Cited by 46

When to update COVID-19 vaccine composition

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Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Immunocompetent Adults — VISION Network, Nine States, September–November 2022

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Mucosal vaccine-induced cross-reactive CD8+ T cells protect against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 respiratory tract infection

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COVID-19 Booster Dose Vaccination Coverage and Factors Associated with Booster Vaccination among Adults, United States, March 2022

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Broad-spectrum pan-genus and pan-family virus vaccines

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Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines

Spinardi, J., & Srivastava, A. K. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020370 · Cited by 47

Low levels of neutralizing antibodies against XBB Omicron subvariants after BA.5 infection

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Characterizing SARS-CoV-2 neutralization profiles after bivalent boosting using antigenic cartography

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Fast-evolving COVID variants complicate vaccine updates

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Risk factors for long coronavirus disease 2019 (long COVID) among healthcare personnel, Brazil, 2020–2022

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Timing of elective surgery and risk assessment after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: 2023 update

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Efficacy of smallpox vaccines against Mpox infections in humans

Christodoulidou, M. M., & Mabbott, N. A. (2023) · Immunotherapy Advances · doi:10.1093/immadv/ltad020 · Cited by 45

Antibody responses to Omicron BA.4/BA.5 bivalent mRNA vaccine booster shotPreprint

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AS03 adjuvant enhances the magnitude, persistence, and clonal breadth of memory B cell responses to a plant-based COVID-19 vaccine in humans

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A third dose of inactivated vaccine augments the potency, breadth, and duration of anamnestic responses against SARS-CoV-2

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Modeling memory B cell responses in a lymphoid organ-chip to evaluate mRNA vaccine boosting

Jeger‐Madiot, R., Planas, D., Staropoli, I., Debarnot, H., Kervevan, J., Mary, H., Collina, C., Fonseca, B. F., Robinot, R., Gellenoncourt, S., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20240289 · Cited by 43

Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a next-generation mRNA-1283 COVID-19 vaccine compared with the mRNA-1273 vaccine (NextCOVE): results from a phase 3, randomised, observer-blind, active-controlled trial

Chalkias, S., Dennis, P., Petersen, D., Radhakrishnan, K., Vaughan, L. B., Handforth, R., Rossi, A., Wahid, R., Edwards, D. K., Feng, J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00236-1 · Cited by 38

Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: An Indian Perspective of Vaccination and Management

Chavda, V. P., Balar, P. C., Vaghela, D. A., Solanki, H., Vaishnav, A., Hala, V., & Vora, L. K. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010160 · Cited by 39

Immunogenicity of bivalent omicron (BA.1) booster vaccination after different priming regimens in health-care workers in the Netherlands (SWITCH ON): results from the direct boost group of an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Tan, N. H., Geers, D., Sablerolles, R. S. G., Rietdijk, W. J. R., Goorhuis, A., Postma, D. F., Visser, L. G., Bogers, S., van Dijk, L. L. A., Gommers, L., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00140-8 · Cited by 37

Long-term safety and effectiveness of mRNA-1273 vaccine in adults: COVE trial open-label and booster phases

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Safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1345 RSV vaccine coadministered with an influenza or COVID-19 vaccine in adults aged 50 years or older: an observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial

Goswami, J., Cardona, J. F., Hsu, D. C., Simorellis, A. K., Wilson, L. A., Dhar, R., Tomassini, J. E., Wang, X., Kapoor, A., Collins, A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00589-9 · Cited by 37

Estimating long-term vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants: a model-based approach

Hogan, A. B., Doohan, P., Wu, S. L., Mesa, D. O., Toor, J., Watson, O. J., Winskill, P., Charles, G. D., Barnsley, G., Riley, E. M., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39736-3 · Cited by 33

mRNA vaccines against respiratory viruses

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Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against Omicron infection and severe events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies

Song, S., Madewell, Z. J., Liu, M., Longini, I. M., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195908 · Cited by 34

The relative prevalence of the Omicron variant within SARS-CoV-2 infected cohorts in different countries: A systematic review

Sarkar, A., Omar, S., Alshareef, A. H., Fanous, K., Sarker, S., Alroobi, H., Zamir, F., Yousef, M., & Zakaria, D. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2212568 · Cited by 35

Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses

Maltseva, M., Keeshan, A., Cooper, C., & Langlois, M. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2384192 · Cited by 34

Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 recombinants and emerging Omicron sublineages

Wang, Y., Long, Y., Wang, F., Li, C., & Liu, W. Y. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.79116 · Cited by 33

Bivalent mRNA-1273.214 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 omicron XBB* infections

Chemaitelly, H. S., Ayoub, H. H., AlMukdad, S., Faust, J. S., Tang, P., Coyle, P. V., Yassine, H. M., Thani, A. A. A., Al-Khatib, H. A., Hasan, M. R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taad106 · Cited by 32

Immune Imprinting and Implications for COVID-19

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Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination (BA.1 or BA.4/BA.5) increases neutralization of matched Omicron variants

Springer, D. N., Bauer, M. W., Medits, I., Camp, J. V., Aberle, S. W., Burtscher, C., Höltl, E., Weseslindtner, L., Stiasny, K., & Aberle, J. H. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00708-9 · Cited by 32

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of bivalent mRNA booster vaccines against Omicron variants

Song, S., Madewell, Z. J., Liu, M., Yu, M., Xiang, S., Huo, Y., Sarkar, S., Chowdhury, A., Longini, I. M., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.049 · Cited by 32

An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Mambelli, F., de Araujo, A. C. V. S. C., Farias, J. P., de Andrade, K. Q., Ferreira, L. C. D. S., Minoprio, P. M. C., Leite, L. C. C., & Oliveira, S. C. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14010023 · Cited by 32

Comparative effectiveness of the bivalent BA.4-5 and BA.1 mRNA-booster vaccines in the Nordic countriesPreprint

Andersson, N. W., Thiesson, E. M., Baum, U., Pihlström, N., Starrfelt, J., Faksová, K., Poukka, E., Meijerink, H., Ljung, R., & Hviid, A. P. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.23284764 · Cited by 31

Comparative Effectiveness of Bivalent (Original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults

Kopel, H., Nguyễn, V. H., Boileau, C., Bogdanov, A., Winer, I. H., Ducruet, T., Zeng, N., Bonafede, M., Esposito, D. B., Martin, D., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11111711 · Cited by 33

Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting a conserved silent face of spike RBD resist extreme SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift

Song, G., Yuan, M., Liu, H., Capozzola, T., Lin, R. N., Torres, J. L., He, W., Musharrafieh, R., Dueker, K., Zhou, P.-P., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115948 · Cited by 30

Safety of monovalent and bivalent BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine boosters in at-risk populations in Israel: a large-scale, retrospective, self-controlled case series study

Yamin, D., Yechezkel, M., Arbel, R., Beckenstein, T., Sergienko, R., Duskin‐Bitan, H., Yaron, S., Peretz, A., Netzer, D., & Shmueli, E. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00207-4 · Cited by 30

Efficacy of mRNA-1273 and Novavax ancestral or BA.1 spike booster vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 infection in nonhuman primates

Routhu, N. K., Stampfer, S. D., Lai, L., Akhtar, A., Tong, X., Yuan, D., Chicz, T. M., McNamara, R. P., Jakkala, K., Davis-Gardner, M. E., et al. (2023) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.adg7015 · Cited by 28

Structural Immunology of SARS ‐ CoV ‐2

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SARS-CoV-2 Variant Vaccine Boosters Trial: Preliminary AnalysesPreprint

Branche, A. R., Rouphael, N., Diemert, D. J., Falsey, A. R., Losada, C., Baden, L. R., Frey, S. E., Whitaker, J. A., Little, S. J., Anderson, E. J., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.22277336 · Cited by 26

Towards a post-pandemic future for global pathogen genome sequencing

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Safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent SARS-CoV-2 protein booster vaccine, SCTV01C, in adults previously vaccinated with mRNA vaccine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 clinical trial

Hannawi, S., Eldin, L. S., Abuquta, A., Alamadi, A., Mahmoud, S., Hassan, A., Liu, D., Yan, L., & Xie, L. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104386 · Cited by 27

Immunologic Effect of Bivalent mRNA Booster in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Huth, L., Schäfer, L., Almanzar, G., Lupoli, G., Bischof, M. L., Wratil, P. R., Stövesand, T., Drechsler, C., Keppler, O. T., & Prelog, M. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2216309 · Cited by 27

Emergence of COVID-19 Variants: An Update

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Understanding low COVID-19 booster uptake among US adults

Jacobs, E. T., Cordova-Marks, F. M., Farland, L. V., Ernst, K. C., Andrews, J., Vu, S., Heslin, K. M., Catalfamo, C. J., Chen, Z., & Pogreba-Brown, K. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.080 · Cited by 27

Monovalent SARS-COV-2 mRNA vaccine using optimal UTRs and LNPs is highly immunogenic and broadly protective against Omicron variants

Ye, Z., Bonam, S. R., McKay, L. G. A., Plante, J. A., Walker, J. L., Zhao, Y., Huang, C., Chen, J., Xu, C., Li, Y., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2311752120 · Cited by 25

Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines increase breadth of neutralization and protect against the BA.5 Omicron variantPreprint

Scheaffer, S. M., Lee, D. W., Whitener, B. M., Ying, B., Wu, K., Jani, H., Martin, P., Amato, N. J., Avena, L. E., Berrueta, D. M., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507614 · Cited by 26

Vaccination for Patients Receiving Dialysis

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Three immunizations with Novavax’s protein vaccines increase antibody breadth and provide durable protection from SARS-CoV-2

Lenart, K., Cerveira, R. A., Hellgren, F., Ols, S., Sheward, D. J., Kim, C., Cagigi, A., Gagné, M., Davis, B. J., Germosen, D., et al. (2024) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-024-00806-2 · Cited by 26

Computationally designed proteins mimic antibody immune evasion in viral evolution

Youssef, N., Gurev, S. F., Ghantous, F., Brock, K. P., Jaimes, J. A., Thadani, N. N., Dauphin, A., Sherman, A. C., Yurkovetskiy, L., Soto, D., et al. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.015 · Cited by 34

LB750. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Bivalent Omicron-Containing Booster Vaccine against COVID-19

Chalkias, S., Harper, C., Vrbicky, K. W., Walsh, S. R., Essink, B. J., Brosz, A. B., McGhee, N., Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., Chang, Y., et al. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1873

Safety and Immunogenicity of Omicron BA.4/BA.5 Bivalent Vaccine Against Covid-19Preprint

Chalkias, S., Whatley, J. L., Eder, F. S., Essink, B. J., Khetan, S. K., Bradley, P., Brosz, A. B., McGhee, N., Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.12.11.22283166 · Cited by 9

A Randomized Trial Comparing Omicron-Containing Boosters with the Original Covid-19 Vaccine mRNA-1273Preprint

Lee, I. T., Cosgrove, C. A., MOORE, P. J., Bethune, C., Nally, R., Bula, M., Kalra, P. A., Clark, R., Dargan, P. I., Boffito, M., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.23284869 · Cited by 9

2363. Three-Month Safety and Immunogenicity of Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-Containing Booster Vaccines: Interim Results From a Phase 3, Randomized, Observer-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial

Lee, I. T., Cosgrove, C. A., MOORE, P. J., Bula, M., Kalra, P. A., Dargan, P. I., Clark, R., Boffito, M., Sheridan, R., Bethune, C., et al. (2023) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad500.1984 · Cited by 1

Original SARS-CoV-2 monovalent and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: phase 2/3 trial interim results

Chalkias, S., Whatley, J. L., Eder, F. S., Essink, B. J., Khetan, S. K., Bradley, P., Brosz, A. B., McGhee, N., Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02517-y · Cited by 72