Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Estimates of the rate of waning of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 are key to assess population levels of protection and future needs for booster doses to face the resurgence of epidemic waves. Objective: To quantify the progressive waning of VE associated with the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 by number of received doses. Data Sources: PubMed and Web of Science were searched from the databases' inception to October 19, 2022, as well as reference lists of eligible articles. Preprints were included. Study Selection: Selected studies for this systematic review and meta-analysis were original articles reporting estimates of VE over time against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic disease. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Estimates of VE at different time points from vaccination were retrieved from original studies. A secondary data analysis was performed to project VE at any time from last dose administration, improving the comparability across different studies and between the 2 considered variants. Pooled estimates were obtained from random-effects meta-analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes were VE against laboratory-confirmed Omicron or Delta infection and symptomatic disease and half-life and waning rate associated with vaccine-induced protection. Results: A total of 799 original articles and 149 reviews published in peer-reviewed journals and 35 preprints were identified. Of these, 40 studies were included in the analysis. Pooled estimates of VE of a primary vaccination cycle against laboratory-confirmed Omicron infection and symptomatic disease were both lower than 20% at 6 months from last dose administration. Booster doses restored VE to levels comparable to those acquired soon after the administration of the primary cycle. However, 9 months after booster administration, VE against Omicron was lower than 30% against laboratory-confirmed infection and symptomatic disease. The half-life of VE against symptomatic infection was estimated to be 87 days (95% CI, 67-129 days) for Omicron compared with 316 days (95% CI, 240-470 days) for Delta. Similar waning rates of VE were found for different age segments of the population. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against laboratory-confirmed Omicron or Delta infection and symptomatic disease rapidly wanes over time after the primary vaccination cycle and booster dose. These results can inform the design of appropriate targets and timing for future vaccination programs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A systematic meta-analysis found that the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against the omicron variant wanes to less than 20% within 6 months of primary immunisation and to less than 30% within 9 months of a booster dose.
“A systematic meta-analysis found that the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against the omicron variant wanes to less than 20% within 6 months of primary immunisation and to less than 30% within 9 months of a booster dose.24”
From Immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of a self-amplifying RNA COVID-19 vaccine (ARCT-154) versus BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Abstract Findings (page not available) report effectiveness below 20% at six months after a primary course and below 30% at nine months after a booster. However, the Results describe these as pooled estimates across different vaccine products, not estimates specifically for mRNA vaccines. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n71 · Cited by 108,283 · see citing works
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742 · see citing works
BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting
Dagan, N., Barda, N., Kepten, E., Miron, O., Perchik, S., Katz, M. A., Hernán, M. A., Lipsitch, M., Reis, B., & Balicer, R. D. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2101765 · Cited by 2,527 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We scrutinized the full texts of the remaining manuscripts to identify relevant sources among articles cited therein, and we selected manuscripts fulfilling all of the following criteria: (1) studies that included data and estimates of VE expressed as a percentage from studies comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated ind…”
MethodEffectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern
Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Kirsebom, F., Toffa, S., Rickeard, T., Gallagher, E., Gower, C., Kall, M., Groves, N., O’Connell, A.-M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.21267615 · Cited by 2,420 · see citing works
Cele, S., Jackson, L., Khoury, D. S., Khan, K., Moyo-Gwete, T., Tegally, H., San, J. E., Cromer, D., Scheepers, C., Amoako, D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.21267417 · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Feikin, D. R., Higdon, M. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Andrews, N., Araos, R., Goldberg, Y., Groome, M. J., Huppert, A., O'Brien, K. L., Smith, P. G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00152-0 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Tartof, S. Y., Slezak, J. M., Fischer, H., Hong, V., Ackerson, B. K., Ranasinghe, O. N., Frankland, T. B., Ogun, O. A., Zamparo, J. M., Gray, S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02183-8 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Israel
Goldberg, Y., Mandel, M., Bar-On, Y. M., Bodenheimer, O., Freedman, L., Haas, E. J., Milo, R., Alroy-Preis, S., Ash, N., & Huppert, A. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114228 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Waning of BNT162b2 Vaccine Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Qatar
Chemaitelly, H., Tang, P., Hasan, M. R., AlMukdad, S., Yassine, H. M., Benslimane, F. M., Al Khatib, H. A., Coyle, P., Ayoub, H. H., Al Kanaani, Z., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114114 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Duration of Protection against Mild and Severe Disease by Covid-19 Vaccines
Andrews, N., Tessier, E., Stowe, J., Gower, C., Kirsebom, F., Simmons, R., Gallagher, E., Thelwall, S., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2115481 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
The Impact of Vaccination on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreaks in the United States
Moghadas, S. M., VILCHES, T. N., Zhang, K., Wells, C. R., Shoukat, A., Singer, B. H., Ancel, L. W., Neuzil, K. M., Langley, J. M., Fitzpatrick, M. C., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab079 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
A Bivalent Omicron-Containing Booster Vaccine against Covid-19
Chalkias, S., Harper, C., Vrbicky, K., Walsh, S. R., Essink, B., Brosz, A., McGhee, N., Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., Chang, Y., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2208343 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta variants
Tseng, H. F., Ackerson, B. K., Luo, Y., Sy, L. S., Talarico, C. A., Tian, Y., Bruxvoort, K. J., Tubert, J. E., Florea, A., Ku, J. H., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.22268919 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Protection and Waning of Natural and Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Goldberg, Y., Mandel, M., Bar‐On, Y. M., Bodenheimer, O., Freedman, L. S., Ash, N., Alroy‐Preis, S., Huppert, A., & Milo, R. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2118946 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Kirsebom, F., Toffa, S., Sachdeva, R., Gower, C., Ramsay, M., & Lopez Bernal, J. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01699-1 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Buchan, S. A., Chung, H., Brown, K. A., Austin, P. C., Fell, D. B., Gubbay, J. B., Nasreen, S., Schwartz, K. L., Sundaram, M. E., Tadrous, M., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.32760 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 omicron despite mRNA vaccine booster dose
Kuhlmann, C., Mayer, C. K., Claassen, M., Maponga, T. G., Burgers, W. A., Keeton, R. S., Riou, C., Sutherland, A. D., Suliman, T., Shaw, M. L., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00090-3 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Menni, C., May, A., Polidori, L., Louca, P., Wolf, J., Pujol, J. C., Hu, C. Y., Sebastien Ourselin, A., Steves, C. J., Valdes, A. M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00146-3 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Household Secondary Attack Rates of SARS-CoV-2 by Variant and Vaccination Status
Madewell, Z. J., Yang, Y., Longini, I. M., Halloran, M. E., & Dean, N. E. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9317 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Evans, J. P., Zeng, C., Carlin, C., Lozanski, G., Saif, L. J., Oltz, E. M., Gumina, R. J., & Liu, S. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abn8057 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Bruxvoort, K. J., Sy, L. S., Qian, L., Ackerson, B. K., Luo, Y., Lee, G. S., Tian, Y., Florea, A., Aragones, M., Tubert, J. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068848 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar
Chemaitelly, H., Ayoub, H. H., AlMukdad, S., Coyle, P., Tang, P., Yassine, H. M., Al-Khatib, H. A., Smatti, M. K., Hasan, M. R., Al-Kanaani, Z., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30895-3 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the omicron (BA.2) variant in England
Kirsebom, F. C. M., Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Toffa, S., Sachdeva, R., Gallagher, E., Groves, N., O'Connell, A.-M., Chand, M., Ramsay, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00309-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Skowronski, D. M., Febriani, Y., Ouakki, M., Setayeshgar, S., El Adam, S., Zou, M., Talbot, D., Prystajecky, N., Tyson, J. R., Gilca, R., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac290 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Gram, M. A., Emborg, H.-D., Schelde, A. B., Friis, N. U., Nielsen, K. F., Moustsen-Helms, I. R., Legarth, R., Lam, J. U. H., Chaine, M., Malik, A. Z., et al. (2022) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003992 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Duration of effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 caused by the omicron variant
Higdon, M. M., Baidya, A., Walter, K. K., Patel, M. K., Issa, H., Espié, E., Feikin, D. R., & Knoll, M. D. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00409-1 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Katikireddi, S. V., Cerqueira-Silva, T., Vasileiou, E., Robertson, C., Amele, S., Pan, J., Taylor, B., Boaventura, V., Werneck, G. L., Flores-Ortiz, R., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02754-9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Sacco, C., Manso, M. D., Mateo‐Urdiales, A., Rota, M. C., Petrone, D., Riccardo, F., Bella, A., Siddu, A., Battilomo, S., Proietti, V., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01185-0 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ranzani, O., Hitchings, M. D. T., de Melo, R. L., de França, G. V. A., Fernandes, C. D. F. R., Lind, M. L., Torres, M. S. S., Tsuha, D. H., David, L. C. S., Said, R., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33169-0 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Fabiani, M., Puopolo, M., Morciano, C., Spuri, M., Alegiani, S. S., Filia, A., D’Ancona, F. “., Manso, M. D., Riccardo, F., Tallon, M., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069052 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Durability of Booster mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 Subvariants
Qu, P., Faraone, J. N., Evans, J. P., Zheng, Y.-M., Yu, L., Ma, Q., Carlin, C., Lozanski, G., Saif, L. J., Oltz, E. M., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2210546 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Arashiro, T., Arima, Y., Muraoka, H., Sato, A., Oba, K., Uehara, Y., Arioka, H., Yanai, H., Kuramochi, J., Ihara, G., et al. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac635 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 against COVID-19 in adolescents
Powell, A. A., Kirsebom, F., Stowe, J., McOwat, K., Saliba, V., Ramsay, M. E., Lopez-Bernal, J., Andrews, N., & Ladhani, S. N. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00177-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Šmíd, M., Berec, L., Přibylová, L., Májek, O., Pavlík, T., Jarkovský, J., Weiner, J., Barusová, T., & Trnka, J. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac161 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Horne, E. M. F., Hulme, W. J., Keogh, R. H., Palmer, T., Williamson, E., Parker, E. P. K., Green, A. C. A., Walker, V. M., Walker, A. J., Curtis, H. J., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071249 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Florentino, P. T. V., Millington, T., Cerqueira-Silva, T., Robertson, C., de Araújo Oliveira, V., Júnior, J. B. S., Alves, F. J. O., Penna, G. O., Vital Katikireddi, S., Boaventura, V. S., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00451-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Silva, T. C., Oliveira, V. D. A., Paixão, E. S., Bertoldo, J., Penna, G. O., Werneck, G. L., Pearce, N. E., Barreto, M. L., Boaventura, V. S., & Barral‐Netto, M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31839-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Vokó, Z., Kiss, Z., Surján, G., Surján, O., Barcza, Z., Wittmann, I., Molnár, G. A., Nagy, D., Müller, V., Bogos, K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.919408 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Zar, H. J., MacGinty, R. P., Workman, L., Botha, M., Johnson, M., Hunt, A., Burd, T., Nicol, M. P., Flasche, S., Quilty, B. J., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101655 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Malhotra, S., Mani, K., Lodha, R., Bakhshi, S., Mathur, V. P., Gupta, P., Kedia, S., Sankar, M. J., Kumar, P., Kumar, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia · doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100023 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Feng, A., Obolski, U., Stone, L., & He, D. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001211 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Chemaitelly, H., Ayoub, H. H., AlMukdad, S., Tang, P., Hasan, M. R., Yassine, H. M., Khatib, H. A. A., Smatti, M. K., Coyle, P., Kanaani, Z. A., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.22270568 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rennert, L., Ma, Z., McMahan, C. S., & Dean, D. M. D. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31469-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kodera, S., Rashed, E. A., & Hirata, A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10030430 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kissling, E., Hooiveld, M., Martínez‐Baz, I., Mazagatos, C., William, N., Vilcu, A., Kooijman, M. N., Ilić, M., Domegan, L. M., Machado, A., et al. (2022) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.21.2101104 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Richterman, A. G., Behrman, A. J., Brennan, P. J., O’Donnell, J. A., Snider, C. K., & Chaiyachati, K. H. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac454 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Imai, N., Rawson, T., Knock, E., Sonabend, R., Elmaci, Y., Perez‐Guzman, P. N., Whittles, L. K., Kanapram, D. T., Gaythorpe, K. A. M., Hinsley, W. R., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00337-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Florea, A., Sy, L. S., Luo, Y., Qian, L., Bruxvoort, K. J., Ackerson, B. K., Lee, G. S., Ku, J. H., Tubert, J. E., Tian, Y., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267824 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Veneti, L., Berild, J. D., Watle, S. V., Starrfelt, J., Greve‐Isdahl, M., Langlete, P., Bøås, H., Bragstad, K., Hungnes, O., & Meijerink, H. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.22272854 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Husin, M., Tok, P. S. K., Suah, J. L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.053 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Waning Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Against Infection in Adolescents in Israel
Prunas, O., Weinberger, D. M., Pitzer, V. E., Gazit, S., & Patalon, T. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac315 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Waning Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Against Infection in AdolescentsPreprint
Prunas, O., Weinberger, D. M., Pitzer, V. E., Gazit, S., & Patalon, T. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.22268776 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sasanami, M., Fujimoto, M., Kayano, T., Hayashi, K., & Nishiura, H. (2022) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111384 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chung, H., Austin, P. C., Brown, K. A., Buchan, S. A., Fell, D. B., Fong, C. H., Gubbay, J. B., Nasreen, S., Schwartz, K. L., Sundaram, M. E., et al. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac449 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rudan, I., Millington, T., Antal, K., Grange, Z., Fenton, L., Sullivan, C. B., Buelo, A., Wood, R., Woolford, L., Swann, O. V., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100513 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Suarez Castillo, M., Khaoua, H., & Courtejoie, N. (2022) · Global Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2022.100076 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hansen, C. H., Schelde, A. B., Moustsen‐Helms, I. R., Emborg, H., Eriksen, R. S., Stegger, M., Krause, T. G., Mølbak, K., & Valentiner‐Branth, P. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1486018/v1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fabiani, M., Puopolo, M., Filia, A., Sacco, C., Mateo‐Urdiales, A., Alegiani, S. S., Manso, M. D., D’Ancona, F. “., Vescio, M. F., Bressi, M., et al. (2022) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2064280 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evaluation of BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness in Malaysia: test negative case-control study
Lim, A. H., Rahman, N. A., Ong, S. M., Paraja, J., Rashid, R., Parmar, I. S., Dahlan, S. N., Tan, Z. S. S., Bohari, I., Peariasamy, K. M., et al. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.032 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Feikin, D. R., Higdon, M. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Andrews, N., & Araos, R. (2023) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00015-6
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [7]Cele S, Jackson L, Khoury DS,; NGS-SA; COMMIT-KZN Team. Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization. Nature. 2022; 602(7898): 654- 656. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04387-1 35016196 PMC8866126 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oda, Y., Kumagai, Y., Kanai, M., Iwama, Y., Okura, I., Minamida, T., Yagi, Y., Kurosawa, T., Greener, B., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00650-3 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms
Cankat, S., Demael, M. U., & Swadling, L. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Zhou, G., Dael, N., Verweij, S., Balafas, S., Mubarik, S., Oude Rengerink, K., Pasmooij, A. M. G., van Baarle, D., Mol, P. G. M., de Bock, G. H., et al. (2025) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0222-2024 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Menegale, F., Manica, M., Zardini, A., Guzzetta, G., Marziano, V., d'Andrea, V., Trentini, F., Ajelli, M., Poletti, P., & Merler, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Trento (IT)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (IT)
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Poletti, Piero
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2023-05-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e2310650
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10157431
- OpenAlex
- W4367834776
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 13.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (NU38OT000297)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU38OT000297)
- NextGenerationEU (PE00000007)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine effectiveness, waning immunity, Omicron variant, Delta variant, booster vaccination, symptomatic COVID-19
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Hepatitis D, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
