The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade
Open accessAbstract
Instead of the dire predictions of a post-pandemic world characterized by increased global risks, decoupling of economies, shake-up of global value chains, and the retreat of globalization, this article proposes that the changes induced by heightened nationalism and protectionism will be marginal rather than fundamental in nature. These marginally higher risks can easily be handled and ameliorated by multinational enterprises through alternate cross-border business strategies and emerging technologies. Moreover, the paper gives reasons why the future world economy will need even more globalization.
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Claims the paper makes
2 of 15 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Background
Over the long term from the 1990s to 2020, most FDI and trade indicators show five- to ten-fold growth.
“most FDI and trade indicators, taken over a long-term trend line, i.e., the 1990s–2020 period, show a five- to ten-fold growth (Witt, 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites Witt, 2019 source
The State of De-Globalization (p. 3) reports rapid earlier growth in trade and FDI measures. It does not report five- to ten-fold growth for most indicators over 1990–2020; instead, it describes peaks around 2007–2011 followed by declines, and its cited data do not extend to 2020. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Background
Buckley argues that VUCA is reduced by greater information collection and improved transmission and coordination of informational resources; Liesch and Welch make a similar point.
“Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity (VUCA) are reduced “…by the increased collection of information …with greater transmission and coordination of informational resources…” (Buckley, 2020). Liesch and Welch (2019) make a similar argument.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 2 sources checked- cites Buckley, 2020 source
The VOLATILITY section contains the quoted language, but describes increased information collection, transmission and coordination as firms’ responses to increased volatility, not as a reduction of all four VUCA conditions. The VUCA section says amassing knowledge can help confront those conditions, and COLLECTING INFORMATION says uncertainty can be reduced by collecting information. These passages support a narrower claim than the citing sentence makes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Liesch and Welch (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
The MNE's role as a bridging agent that aggregates demand, arbitrages national differences, and orchestrates cross-border flows of capital, goods, services, and intellectual assets is indispensable.
“The indispensable role played by the multinational enterprise (MNE) as a bridging agent that aggregates demand and arbitrages differences across nations, as well as orchestrates and conduits the cross-border flows of capital (FDI), goods and services (trade), and intellectual assets”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The paper claims that marginally higher risks can be readily managed by multinational enterprises using alternative cross-border strategies and emerging technologies.
“These marginally higher risks can easily be handled and ameliorated by multinational enterprises through alternate cross-border business strategies and emerging technologies.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
All three international business indicators-FDI, trade, and licensing-grew faster than average GDP growth of 4.9% CAGR.
“Nevertheless, it is clear that all three international business indicators have grown at a faster rate than the average growth rate of GDP (4.9% CAGR).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified
- Finding
International licensing is much less affected by recessions and pandemics and is expected to keep growing rapidly in the knowledge economy.
“Apart from their dramatic growth, international licensing is far less affected by recessions and pandemics,5 and is likely to continue its fast growth in the knowledge economy of the future.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
After the pandemic, the new normal may differ only marginally, but globalization will continue and global coordination will become more important.
“After the pandemic, the “new normal” may be marginally different, but globalization in its various manifestations will continue, and global coordination will be even more important”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The paper presents reasons why the future world economy will require even more globalization.
“Moreover, the paper gives reasons why the future world economy will need even more globalization.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The pandemic is viewed more as an accelerator of already ongoing changes than as an event creating radically new global patterns.
“The pandemic is more an accelerator of changes that were already under way rather than an event that enforces radically new patterns globally.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Future supply-chain resilience is expected to appear through more suppliers per item and geographic diversification of sources.
“This coming “resilience” of supply chains will be manifested in four ways, (1) an increase in the number of suppliers for the same component or item (or lower likelihood of reliance on one sole-source foreign supplier), (2) geographical diversification of supply sources to more than one country”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Because remote foreign hiring is not restricted, the Zoom effect and growing familiarity with the gig economy can lead to more offshored work.
“Since there is no proposal to restrict the hiring of remote foreign employees, the “Zoom effect” and the growing worldwide familiarity with the “gig economy” can lead to even more offshored work.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
From 1990 to 2019, licensing royalties grew fastest among international business modes at 10.13% CAGR, compared with world exports at 6.62% and FDI flows at 6.37%.
“over 1990–2019, licensing royalties (and the foreign sales resulting from the transfer of intellectual assets) have been the fastest-growing method of international business (10.13% compound annual growth rate or CAGR) versus world exports (6.62% CAGR) versus FDI flows (6.37% CAGR).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The paper contends that shifts caused by stronger nationalism and protectionism after the pandemic will be minor, not fundamental.
“this article proposes that the changes induced by heightened nationalism and protectionism will be marginal rather than fundamental in nature.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Common technical standards are a necessary precondition and accompaniment of globalization, functioning as its hidden plumbing.
“Rather, common technical standards are a necessary precondition and concomitant of globalization – its hidden plumbing.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
In 1990, cross-border royalties for licensed intellectual property were US$26.74 billion; by 2019 they had reached $397.23 billion.
“cross-border payments (mainly royalties) for the licensing of intellectual property, which increased from US$26.74 billion (current dollars) in 1990 to $397.23 billion in 2019.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
Bughin et al. show large unused potential for AI in global scanning and strategic planning, including demand forecasting, risk management, pricing, logistics, and culturally adaptive marketing.
“Third, Bughin et al. (2017) show the huge – as yet unutilized – potential for the increased use of AI in global scanning and strategic planning, including demand forecasting in various national markets, forecasting and managing political or weather-related risks, input costs and selling prices, and optimization of transport and logistics, as well as culturally-adaptive marketing.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bughin et al. (2017)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
Miroudot argues that past experience shows supply chains recover quickly from disruptions, sometimes more than compensating for lost business.
“as Miroudot (2020) argues, past experiences show how quickly supply chains recover from disruptions, in some cases more than making up for the business lost during the supply interruption.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miroudot (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
Because the world remains fragmented and unequal, MNEs, traders, and alliances can continue to exploit aggregation and arbitrage opportunities.
“since inequalities and fragmentation will continue to create aggregation and arbitrage opportunities for MNEs, and for traders and alliances (Ghemawat, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ghemawat, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
Verbeke and Kano suggest that stronger relational governance and flexibility can help manage GVC disruption risk by supplementing or replacing digital information flows.
“Verbeke (2020) and Kano (2018) suggest that even stronger joint “relational governance”, accompanied by a willingness to be flexible when disruptions threaten GVCs, can further handle risk by substituting for, or augmenting, the digitized information flows discussed above.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked - Background
Early in the pandemic, a report indicated that 94% of Fortune 1000 firms were facing supply-chain disruptions from the coronavirus.
“since it was reported, early in the pandemic, that 94% of the Fortune 1000 companies were encountering coronavirus supply chain disruptions (Sherman, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sherman, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
It has been proposed that post-pandemic MNE strategies will shift fundamentally toward greater risk aversion, nationalism, and protectionism.
“In a post-pandemic world, it is proposed that a fundamental shift in MNE strategies and managerial thinking will occur and will be skewed towards greater risk aversion, nationalism, and protectionism (Fontaine, 2020)”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fontaine, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
International firms' cross-border bridging benefits host nations by demonstrating better managerial, productivity, technological, and institutional practices.
“This cross-border “bridging” function performed by international firms will continue to benefit not only them, but also the citizens and companies in host nations to which better managerial, productivity, technological and institutional practices are “demonstrated” (Caves, 1974; Swenson & Chen, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked - Background
An UNCTAD report estimated that 60% of global trade was intermediate goods and services, with about a quarter crossing borders at least twice before final assembly or release.
“an UNCTAD report that estimated that 60% of global trade consisted of intermediate goods and services (i.e., components and semi-finished items), with around a quarter re-crossing borders at least twice before final assembly or release as a finished product, software or service package (UNCTAD, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites UNCTAD, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
Purcell, Kushnier, and Law report that technical standards influence no less than 80% of cross-border trade.
“Technology standards “…directly affect at least 80% of international trade,” according to Purcell, Kushnier and Law (2016).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Purcell, Kushnier and Law (2016)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
Glennon's study concludes that stricter H1-B visa enforcement under the Trump administration has already increased offshoring of technology jobs.
“Glennon’s (2020) study concludes that the more stringent enforcement of H1-B visas by the Trump Administration has already seen an increase in the offshoring of technological jobs.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites Glennon’s (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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Digital transformation, sustainability, and purpose in the multinational enterprise
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“The introduction of the Journal of International Business Policy reflects a useful response to this shortcoming, as does the work of some individual IB scholars (Contractor, 2021).”
BackgroundWhy the world economy needs, but will not get, more globalization in the post-COVID-19 decade
Ciravegna, L., & Michailova, S. (2021) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-021-00467-6 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
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“This may accelerate the process of globalization (Contractor, 2021).”
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BackgroundMultinational enterprises and intangible capital
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“A large number of studies have shown that a high level of quality institutions promotes FDI and leads to capital flows in the international market (Contractor 2021; Kottaridi et al. 2019).”
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“In the contemporary period of globalisation, markets have transcended the constraints of specific geographical boundaries [3].”
BackgroundDe-globalization, International Trade Protectionism, and the Reconfigurations of Global Value Chains
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“As the IB literature assumes that globalization will keep surging (Contractor, 2021; Kim et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2021), our study contributes to it by considering trade-protectionism as a de-globalization activity.”
Exogenous shocks and MNEs: Learning from pandemics, conflicts, and other major disruptions
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“73”
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A multipolar geo-strategy for international business
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“Several studies have shown that high-quality institutions promote FDI inflows and lead to capital flows in the international market (Contractor, 2021; Kottaridi et al., 2019).”
Toward an institution-based paradigm
Peng, M. W., Wang, J. C., Kathuria, N., Shen, J., & Eleazar, M. J. W. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-022-09861-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Global Economy and Technology Advancements
Khan, M. A., Khan, H., Omer, M. F., Ullah, I., & Yasir, M. (2024) · Advanced technologies and societal change · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-3222-7_7 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Is offshoring dead? A multidisciplinary review and future directions
Mukherjee, D., Kumar, S., Pandey, N., & Lahiri, S. (2023) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2023.101017 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Family-owned multinational enterprises in the post-pandemic global economy
Calabrò, A., Chrisman, J. J., & Kano, L. L. (2022) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-022-00508-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
U.S. national security and de-globalization
Godsell, D., Lel, U., & Miller, D. P. (2023) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-023-00621-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In contrast, other work characterizes ad hoc protectionist interventions as only marginally affecting globalization (Contractor, 2021; Verbeke et al., 2018; World Trade Organization [WTO], 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialForeign to all but fluent in many: The effect of multinationality on shock resilience
Puhr, H., & Müllner, J. (2022) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2022.101370 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Yet to help MNEs to better manage the impact of shocks on their global operations (Contractor, 2022), IB scholarship needs to reconcile these perspectives that see multinationality either as a source of risk or as an opportunity for learning and should investigate the boundary conditions of these positions (Ciravegna…”
Background(2021) · doi:10.12700/aph.18.11.2021.11.4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Moreover, since the 1960s, the number of multi-and transnational corporations (MNCs, TNCs ) has soared, taking advantage of the gradual dismantling of barriers to international trade to expand consumption opportunities by creating trade and substitution in many areas of the world [5].”
Altman, S., Bastian, C. R., & Fattedad, D. (2024) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-024-00197-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Global value chains and regional systems of innovation: Towards a critical juncture?
Fischer, B. B., Meissner, D., Boschma, R. A., & VONORTAS, N. S. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123245 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The six faces of globalization: who wins, who loses, and why it matters
Kunczer, V. (2024) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-023-00179-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Irwin, K., Gilstrap, C., McDowell, W. C., Drnevich, P. L., & Gorbett, A. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Islam, M. T., & Chadee, D. (2024) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102248 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wang, S., Liu, Y., Du, Y., & Wang, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111116 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Most studies have examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from a macro perspective [41,85].”
BackgroundZou, T., Ertug, G., Cuypers, I. R. P., & Ferrin, D. L. (2023) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-023-00648-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kraus, S., Blake, B. D., Festing, M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2023) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2023.101444 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Challenging the orthodoxy in international business research: Directions for “new” research areas
Delios, A., Li, J., Schotter, A. P. J., & Vrontis, D. (2024) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2024.101552 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The local supply chain during disruption: Establishing resilient networks for the future
McDougall, N., & Davis, A. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142743 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Taking two to tango: A comparative nationalism view of cross-border acquisitions
Wu, S., & Fan, D. (2022) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2022.102069 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wu, S., Fan, D., & Chen, L. (2022) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-022-00466-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“It echoes the recent calls for greater consideration of national sentiments in international business (IB) studies (Arikan & Shenkar, 2021; Contractor, 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialIrwin, K., Gilstrap, C., Drnevich, P. L., & Sunny, M. (2022) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2022.23 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Does deglobalization imply the end of global supply chains?
Yücesan, E. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102398 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hong, P., Jagani, S. B., Pham, P., & Jung, E. (2023) · Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-02-2021-0098 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sauvant, K. P. (2021) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-021-00109-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This is all the more important if, indeed, ‘‘in a post pandemic world, there will be an even greater need and utility for globalization’’ (Contractor, 2021: 2– 3), with MNEs as the most visible face of this process.”
Li, J., Surana, A., Chavan, M., Kano, L. L., Schotter, A. P. J., & Chirico, F. (2025) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2025.101629 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Managing disruptive external forces in international marketing
Jeong, I., Jean, R. “., Kim, D., & Samiee, S. (2022) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-12-2021-0381 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
(2021) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3896459 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In the post-pandemic phase, the global economy will require even more globalization (Contractor, 2021), which values the importance and requires the application of the different technological dimensions.”
BackgroundBackshoring, offshoring and staying at home: evidence from the UK textile and apparel industry
Casadei, P., & Iammarino, S. (2023) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-023-00394-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“While it is unlikely that backshoring will turn into a large-scale trend, the geography of global production is expected to change and become more regionally concentrated over time (Contractor 2021; De Backer et al. 2016; Strange 2020; UNCTAD 2020).”
Adamovic, M. (2023) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12486 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A problematization review of export assistance: Debates and future directions
Kahiya, E. T. (2023) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102202 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
What is the future of regional multinational enterprises?
Verbeke, A. C., Oh, C. H., & Jain, R. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102442 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The shift to a more turbulent IB environment, and how MNEs respond to this shift
Contractor, F. J., Cantwell, J., Gereffi, G., et al. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102538 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLDA-based topic modeling for COVID-19-related sports research trends
Lee, J. W., Kim, Y., & Han, D. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033872 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“As of July 2022, several countries are in a state of lull (people have returned to normal life, lockdowns have ended, etc.) but have not completely recovered (Contractor, 2022).”
BackgroundHong, R., Zhang, Z., Chun, Z., et al. (2022) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-08-2021-0260 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vrontis, D., Shams, S. M. R., Thrassou, A., & Kafouros, M. I. (2024) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2024.101188 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhang, Z. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102777 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pillich, S. M. (2024) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-024-00414-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
How Does Protectionism Impact Multinational Firm Reshoring? Evidence from the UK
Temouri, Y., Pereira, V. E., Delis, A., & Wood, G. (2023) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-023-00521-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Other work has suggested that, given the inter-connected nature of the global economy, any protectionist turn is likely to have short-lived effects, with pressures towards reshoring amounting to less than initially assumed (Contractor, 2021).”
Serving national security? MNE responses in economic war
Witt, M. A., & Ciravegna, L. (2025) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2025.101628 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shen, Y., Giroud, A., & Xia, H. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102498 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
40th anniversary editorial: Looking backwards to move forward in management research
Robinson, S., Muratbekova‐Touron, M., Linder, C., Bouncken, R. B., Findikoglu, M. N., Garbuio, M., Hartner‐Tiefenthaler, M., Thanos, I. C., Aharonson, B. S., Ströbl, A., et al. (2022) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2022.07.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Addressing new leadership challenges in a rapidly changing world
Sekiguchi, T., & Cuyper, N. D. (2022) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12401 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sharabi, M., & Kay, A. (2023) · Contemporary Jewry · doi:10.1007/s12397-023-09480-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Andresen, M., Apospori, E., Gunz, H. P., Cotton, R. D., Hall, D. T., Shen, Y. G., Bosak, J., Dickmann, M. H., & Parry, E. (2023) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12541 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Arslan, A., Bazel‐Shoham, O., Imes, M., et al. (2023) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-023-00518-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…policies being aggressively pursued by Governments around the world, which can have far-reaching implications on location choice and foreign firms’ investment behavior-the topic is gaining increasing traction in the IB literature (e.g., Contractor, 2022; Enderwick, 2011; Evenett, 2019).”
Sourcing portfolio diversity in new product development: Antecedents and performance implications
Thakur–Wernz, P., Bruyaka, O., & Contractor, F. J. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, G. M. (2023) · Research in Globalization · doi:10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100146 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sacco, F., Magnani, G., & Previtali, P. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102460 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chen, J., Chou, S., Yu, T. H., Rizqi, Z. U., & Hang, D. T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268443 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hou, R., & Rui, H. (2024) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2024.101596 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Incubator role of foreign venture capital: evidence from overseas listing of enterprises
Qi, X., Ning, Z., & Qin, M. (2022) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2022.2142637 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“According to the World Investment Report 20212, foreign venture capital (FVC) flows to Europe and North America decreased by 80 and 40%, respectively, while the flow of capital into Asia increased by nearly 4% by 2020 (Contractor, 2021).”
BackgroundReligion and the pandemic trap: Muslim worship post-COVID-19 in Indonesia
Fernando, H., Abdullah, I., & Yusuf, M. (2021) · Culture and Religion · doi:10.1080/14755610.2023.2288344 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Multihoming: an internationalization strategy in a world of artificial intelligence ecosystems
Zhou, S., Tang, S., Li, D., & Tong, T. W. (2025) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-025-00813-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Megatrends and International Business
(2022) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95527-4_2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Surviving and recovering in times of crisis: A resource dependence view of firm ownership
Liu, Y., Peng, M. W., Wei, Z., Xu, J., & Xu, L. C. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115515 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Subsidiary strategy in the modern multinational: Grappling with change and complexity
Andersson, U. R., Ryan, P. A., Giblin, M., & Gillmore, E. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102536 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
(2021) · doi:10.3390/su132413760 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“There exists a lot of literature in support of the idea that quality institutions enhance FDI and cause capital mobility in the international market [3,4].”
BackgroundInfluentialOvdiyenko, I., Chausova, T., Brukhovetska, O. V., Verbytska, L., & Горова, О. О. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6n2.8392 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Social connections affect people's well-being, and those who maintain relationships with family and friends can avoid the stress and traumatic condition (Aristovnik et al., 2020; Contractor, 2022; Jia et al., 2022; Korniichuk et al., 2021).”
BackgroundIndustry globalization: construct, measurement and variation across industries
Sambharya, R. B., Contractor, F. J., & Rasheed, A. (2022) · Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/mbr-04-2022-0053 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, Y., & Yuen, K. F. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143661 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Peer-to-peer guanxi and unethical practices: a dynamic examination based on cultural change in China
Kang, J. H., Ling, Y., & Barclay, L. A. (2023) · Culture and Organization · doi:10.1080/14759551.2023.2251166 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yue, L. Q., & Takeda, Y. (2025) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2025.100219 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhu, Z.-Y., & Xie, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116396 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
When Great Powers Struggle: How Geopolitical Alignments of Small States Are Influenced by Their MNEs
Matala, S., & Stutz, C. (2025) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.13254 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Mi, L., Shao, X., & Bu, J. (2023) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2023.101085 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In a less globalized world, firms are compelled to reduce their over-reliance on the global economy (Contractor, 2022), balancing their reliance on external resources with the creation of new resources within the firm.”
Export intensity and its effect on women's employment
Amin, M., & Islam, A. M. (2023) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/kykl.12346 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Protectionism and its Impact on MNC Subsidiaries’ Performance
Ghauri, P. N., Xiao, S. S., Park, B. I., et al. (2023) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-023-00519-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked broad-based recourses to trade restrictions (Contractor, 2022).”
Paradigmatic reflections in cross-cultural management to make sense of a VUCA world
Primecz, H. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-09-2023-4001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Edman, J., & Stevens, C. (2025) · Academy of Management Collections · doi:10.5465/amc.2023.0011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Koster, F. (2021) · Journal of Work-Applied Management · doi:10.1108/jwam-09-2021-0054 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yin, W., & Moon, H. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220220000016011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring the antecedents of industry globalization: a longitudinal investigation
Sambharya, R. B., Rasheed, A. A., & Contractor, F. J. (2021) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-03-2021-0040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Contractor, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Contractor, Farok J.
- ORCID
- Contractor, Farok J.
- Venue
- Journal of International Business Studies
- Published
- 2021-02-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 156-171
- ISSN
- 0047-2506 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6990
- PMC
- PMC7848245
- OpenAlex
- W3126211057
- Semantic Scholar
- c7d92303a36cf881a91bf56c800666ad682f0ed5
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 25
- FWCI
- 35.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of International Business Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Globalization, Economics, and Policies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › COVID-19, Geopolitics, Technology, Migration
- Keywords
- globalization, COVID-19 pandemic, nationalism, protectionism, global value chains, multinational corporations, emerging technologies, economic decoupling, global risks
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