Advanced PFAS precursor digestion methods for biosolids
Open accessAbstract
Environmental context: The majority of biosolids produced in Australia from wastewater treatment processes are applied to agricultural land for beneficial use. We have demonstrated, through improvements to the analytical method, that levels of PFAS in biosolids are significantly higher than historically understood. The land application of biosolids could result in sensitive environments being exposed to PFAS at levels higher than previously anticipated. The current industry standard for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis is for the measurement of only 28 PFAS, even though there are greater than 4700 PFAS known to be in existence. The total oxidisable precursor (TOP) assay, originally published by Houtz and Sedlak, is widely used as an estimate of the total perfluoro alkyl acids (PFAA) content of a sample, particularly in wastewater and biosolid matrices. The total PFAA content is an important measure of potential environmental contamination, which assists in the inference of potential harm that may occur from both well characterised PFAS, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as well as lesser known precursor compounds and their breakdown products. With the majority of Australian biosolids beneficially applied to land, it is important to understand the future PFAS capacity before they are land applied to maintain the preservation of our agricultural and environmental assets. Our investigation of the TOP method and its application to biosolids involves a comparison of the Houtz and Sedlak method with a modified version coupled with a hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. The underperformance of the previously published method is demonstrated by its inability to sufficiently digest PFAS within biosolids. Therefore, the Houtz and Sedlak method significantly underestimated the levels of PFAS compared with the modified method, which showed a 10-fold increase in the measured PFAS after digestion. Further improvement of this modified method may provide a greater degree of accuracy for the TOP assay. The significant underestimation of the total PFAS load and, therefore, potential environmental harm has significant implications for public and agricultural health and compliance with regulatory limits.
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There is no standardized TOP assay method, and results from the variants available can differ greatly, with too harsh conditions leading to mineralization of terminal target PFAS.
“Furthermore, there is no standardized TOP assay method, and results from the variants available can differ greatly, with too harsh conditions leading to mineralization of terminal target PFAS 48 .”
From Underestimated burden of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in global surface waters and groundwaters (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
The Conclusion says no standard TOP assay methodology has been adopted for biosolids and warns that laboratory methods yield inconsistent results. The Introduction says increasingly aggressive conditions can mineralize PFAS. The claim omits the biosolids limitation and presents the absence of a standard as applying to TOP assays generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Hutchinson, S., Rieck, T., & Wu, X.
- Affiliations
- AUrban Utilities, SAS Laboratory, 180 Ashridge Road, Darra, Qld 4076, Australia.
- Corresponding author
- Hutchinson, Samuel
- ORCID
- Hutchinson, Samuel
- Venue
- Environmental Chemistry
- Publisher
- CSIRO Publishing
- Published
- 2020-09-11
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 558-567
- ISSN
- 1448-2517 (ISSN-L)
- 1449-8979
- OpenAlex
- W3086801613
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Keywords
- PFAS, biosolids, hydrogen peroxide pretreatment, perfluoroalkyl acids, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, biosolids land application, wastewater treatment residuals, environmental contamination, analytical method improvement
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